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Entrepreneurial Self Efficacy (ESE) has gained immense importance in the past few years in the field of entrepreneurship. The focus of this study is to test the effect of each of the five dimensions of ESE and understand their importance in connection with firms’ performance. This study was carried out among small businesses entrepreneurs in Pakistan and a valid sample of 353 entrepreneurs was selected for this purpose. A survey technique was used for data collection and AMOS was used for data analysis. In line with expectation, the analysis concluded a significant positive relationship between ESE dimensions and performance of small businesses. It was also concluded that the Risk dimension of ESE contributes majorly in the improvement of firms’ performance whereas the financial control dimension of ESE contribution was least. It is also suggested that all five dimensions of ESE are important to achieve desirable performance outcomes.

It is widely recognized that leaders distinctly inspire individuals of an organization to maintain a healthy culture regardless of diverse circumstances. The need of authentic leadership has been recognized to promote positive organizational behaviors in teaching institutions. Moreover, previous research has emphasized the role of organizational citizenship behaviors in facilitating employee retention by increasing their commitment towards organizations. This study explored the role of authentic leadership in promoting organizational citizenship behaviors of teachers from public sector universities of Pakistan. The population of this study comprised permanent faculty members of public sector universities of Pakistan and a sample of 450 teachers were selected. A quantitative research strategy was employed. The cross-sectional time period has been used for the data collection through the survey questionnaire during the pandemic situation. Findings revealed a strong positive association between authentic leadership and organizational citizenship behaviors of teachers. Moreover, the findings support the research findings in other cultural contexts. It revealed that public sector teachers need authentic leadership to motivate teachers to display organizational citizenship behaviors which in turn spread positivity throughout the organization. Because when authentic leaders in teaching organizations play their positive role then teachers tend to reciprocate with beneficial behaviors within the organizations.

Objective: To detect color vision deficiency in patients presenting with ocular complaints. Study Design: Descriptive Cross Sectional study (Case Series). Setting: Department of Outpatient, THQ hospital, Daska, Sialkot. Period: 01 January 22 to 30 June 22. Material & Methods: Patients of all ages and both genders presenting to the outpatient department with ocular complaints. Patients who were uncooperative/non responsive, aware of their CVD, visually/mentally handicapped or deaf, had a medical history of systemic disease, on CNS medications, had ocular pathology (corneal, retinal disease, cataract). Color vision defects were detected using Ishihara pseudo isochromatic colored plates (38). All the data was entered and analyzed using Microsoft excel spreadsheet software. Descriptive data was represented as range and mean ± SD whereas the qualitative variables were represented as frequencies and percentages. Results: Out of 687, 65.79 % (452) were males with a mean age of 36±12.62 years and 34.2% (235) were females with a mean age of 37±9.2 years. We found color vision deficiency in 4.22% of males and in 0.58% of females. Conclusion: We found CVD was present in a significant number of patients and none were aware of their Color vision deficiency and handicap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green passport introduced by many European countries to make situation normal. But the opposition posed some reservation on implementation of green health passport. Green passport is a technology that can track down people under supervision, which means they are under constant observation; as President Biden said that we have to protect vaccinated from unvaccinated. This research contributes to highlighting the green passport concept during the Corona pandemic. This research used articles from east and west publications from the year 2021. Antconc version 4.0 and Ant Tag contributed annotations to the articles. There were 10572 words in total in the corpus. The study uses Mautner's (2016) Corpus-Linguistics technique to conduct corpus-assisted critical discourse analysis. This study combines Baker's lexical category model of concordance with a Corpus-Linguistics approach. The keywords were taken with American reference corpus which were examined via the lens of CLA. The examination of corpus data revealed that western data was great in number against the eastern corpus. The keywords grouped into themes which enabled to get insight of the data. The result showed that maximum countries are in favour of green passport with little reservation. Almost all countries agreed that green passport is a key to open normal business in the world. But needed to create justice in accepting third world green health passport. All governments are making significant efforts to implement the green passport, regardless of the concerns the WHO. The study thus recomended to investigate more newspapers' articles so that the result would be more authentic. It is important to find out the implication of green passport on people and society along with alternatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In present study, the quality of commercially brands of green and black tea available in Pakistan was analyzed on the basis of phenolic contents. Total phenolic content was analyzed through spectrophotometric measurement using the Ferrous Tartrate method. Individual catechins along with gallic acid and caffeine were determined using HPLC-UV. TPC of green tea was found to be higher than black tea. Among green tea brands, Lipton Clear Green showed higher TPC than Tapal Gulbahar. Both green and black tea polyphenols showed higher solubility in the aqueous acetone (50%, v/v) compared to water. (-)-EGCG was detected as the most abundant catechins in all green and black tea samples. Theaflavin content of Lipton Yellow Label and Vital was significantly higher than Tapal Family Mixture and Tetley. Based on catechins and theaflavins content, Lipton Clear Green, Lipton Yellow Label, and Vital Tea were considered to be of higher quality than other brands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In present study, the quality of commercially brands of green and black tea available in Pakistan was analyzed on the basis of phenolic contents. Total phenolic content was analyzed through spectrophotometric measurement using the Ferrous Tartrate method. Individual catechins along with gallic acid and caffeine were determined using HPLC-UV. TPC of green tea was found to be higher than black tea. Among green tea brands, Lipton Clear Green showed higher TPC than Tapal Gulbahar. Both green and black tea polyphenols showed higher solubility in the aqueous acetone (50%, v/v) compared to water. (-)-EGCG was detected as the most abundant catechins in all green and black tea samples. Theaflavin content of Lipton Yellow Label and Vital was significantly higher than Tapal Family Mixture and Tetley. Based on catechins and theaflavins content, Lipton Clear Green, Lipton Yellow Label, and Vital Tea were considered to be of higher quality than other brands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beautiful green leaves of Papaya are the rich source of Chlorophyll. Green color of chlorophyll has been used for a very long time as a natural colorant. Carica papaya has been considered as a good example and reasonable source of natural phytochemicals, which makes it suitable to color the food items and beverages. The aim of the present investigation is to develop the process of ultrasonic extraction in combination with solid phase extraction (SPE) to extract out chlorophyll with high yield as well as high degree of clarity. Newly customized ultrasonic-assisted extraction technique for the extraction of chlorophyll from Carica papaya leaves is optimized by taking different parameters like time, temperature, solvents concentrations, and raw material under consideration. Furthermore, the extract was purified by means of SPE and examined by using UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The highest yield of chlorophyll (dye) extract was found as 40% in solvent solution having 80 mL of ethanol and 20 mL of water with 5 minutes of extraction time, 35°C of temperature, and 1 grams of raw material in the sonication bath. Furthermore, the SPE purified sample was characterized by means of the UV-Vis spectrophotometer and here the total chlorophyll content was 34 mg/g, including chlorophyll a with a concentration of 14.1246 mg/g and chlorophyll b with concentration of 19.845 mg/g respectively. Consequently, sonication method can be suggested as a good method to get better concentration of chlorophyll. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is widely recognized that leaders distinctly inspire individuals of an organization to maintain a healthy culture regardless of diverse circumstances. The need of authentic leadership has been recognized to promote positive organizational behaviors in teaching institutions. Moreover, previous research has emphasized the role of organizational citizenship behaviors in facilitating employee retention by increasing their commitment towards organizations. This study explored the role of authentic leadership in promoting organizational citizenship behaviors of teachers from public sector universities of Pakistan. The population of this study comprised permanent faculty members of public sector universities of Pakistan and a sample of 450 teachers were selected. A quantitative research strategy was employed. The cross-sectional time period has been used for the data collection through the survey questionnaire during the pandemic situation. Findings revealed a strong positive association between authentic leadership and organizational citizenship behaviors of teachers. Moreover, the findings support the research findings in other cultural contexts. It revealed that public sector teachers need authentic leadership to motivate teachers to display organizational citizenship behaviors which in turn spread positivity throughout the organization. Because when authentic leaders in teaching organizations play their positive role then teachers tend to reciprocate with beneficial behaviors within the organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metoclopramide hydrochloride is used for the treatment of emesis. It is also used for chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and migraine induced nausea and vomiting. The objective of the study was the comparative assessment of different brands of metoclopramide hydrochloride. Different physiochemical tests according to USP were performed using different instruments. Scanning electron microscopy was also performed. Methanol, (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) was used as regents. A reported method was utilized for the assay and dissolution studies. The results in weight variation test and friability ed within the pharmacopeia specified limits. The strength of the branded tablets was 6.15±0.18 to 8.77±0.38 kg. The disintegration time was within 4.1±0.52 to 7.11± 0.39 min. FT-IR and SEM analysis depicted complete compatibility between the active and excipients. The assay and dissolution results showed determination at 272 and 309 nm with USP limits. The spectrophotometric methods assess the quality and efficacy of tablets effectively, hence the evaluation provides the evidence to choose the brands for treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the research work was to examine the in vitro antioxidant activity of the different aqueous and organic fractions of Lonicera quinquelocularis Hardwicke. The methanol extract was dissolved in distilled water and fractioned with n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol, successively. The antioxidant potential of the remaining aqueous and organic fractions was determined by using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) scavenging activity, total antioxidant activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, ferric thiocyanate assay and total phenolics method. Among these fractions ethyl acetate fraction displayed the maximum antioxidant activity with IC50 of (11.13±0.12µg/ml). It also exhibited the highest total antioxidant activity (0.595±0.00), FRAP value (128.2±4.54µg/mL) and total phenolic contents (66.89±7.73µg/g) as compared to other organic fractions. Phytochemical investigation of the above mentioned fractions showed the presence of flavanoids, phenolics, terpenoids, sugars, alkaloids, tannins, saponins and cardiac glycosides in appreciable amounts, which have major contribution towards antioxidant activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The biomarker composition of biodegraded petroleum in an oil seep was determined using GC and GC–MS techniques. The results show that many important biomarker compounds are eliminated or highly altered by biodegradation. In order to establish a correlation between the seep sample and a non-biodegraded crude oil sample from the Dhurnal field, asphaltenes were isolated from the seep and subjected to hydrous pyrolysis. The biomarker composition of the pyrolysate and the Dhurnal oil is similar, suggesting that they are generated by similar source rocks. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]