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Background The aims of this study were: to investigate the capacity of the rare disease healthcare network in Campania to diagnose patients with rare diseases during the outbreak of Covid-19; and to shed light on problematic diagnoses during this period. Methods To describe the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the diagnosis of patients with rare diseases, a retrospective analysis of the Campania Region Rare Disease Registry was performed. A tailored questionnaire was sent to rare disease experts to investigate major issues during the emergency period. Results Prevalence of new diagnoses of rare disease in March and April 2020 was significantly lower than in 2019 (117 versus 317, P Conclusions This study describes the effects of the Covid-19 outbreak on the diagnosis of rare disease in a single Italian region and investigates potential issues of diagnosis and management during this period.

There is a growing body of evidence indicating that patients with adult GH deficiency (GHD) are characterized by a cluster of traditional and emerging cardiovascular risk factors and markers, which can significantly increase their cardiovascular morbidity and mortality possibly linked to aberrations in GH status. Patients with adult GHD present multiple different cardiovascular abnormalities. In addition, cardiovascular risk in adult GHD is increased due to altered body composition, abnormal lipid profile, insulin resistance and impaired glucose metabolism. Cardiovascular risk factors can be reversed, at least partially, after GH replacement. However, evidence on the effects of GH replacement on cardiovascular events and mortality is too limited in adult GHD patients. Aim of this review is to provide an at-a-glance overview of the role of the GH/IGF-I on the cardiovascular system and the state of art of the effects of GH replacement on cardiovascular system.

Low vitamin D status and obesity have concomitantly reached epidemic levels worldwide. Up to now the direction of the association between low vitamin D status and obesity, the exact mechanisms responsible for this association and the clinical usefulness to increase vitamin D status for reducing adiposity still warrant further evaluation. The aim of the present review was to examine the current evidence linking low vitamin D status and obesity in relation to the role of the nutritionist. On the one side, considering obesity as a causal factor, low sun exposure in obese individuals due to their sedentary lifestyle and less outdoor activity, vitamin D sequestration in adipose tissue, and volumetric dilution of ingested or cutaneously synthesized vitamin D3 in the large fat mass of obese patients, might represent some of the factors playing a major role in the pathogenesis of the low vitamin D status. On the other side, the expression of both vitamin D3 receptors and enzymes responsible for vitamin D3 metabolism in adipocytes depicted a role for the low vitamin D status per se in the development of obesity by modulating adipocyte differentiation and lipid metabolism. Nutritionists need to accurately address the aspects influencing the low vitamin D status in obesity and the vitamin D supplementation in obese individuals.

The Mediterranean diet is a healthy dietary pattern known to actively modulate the cell membrane properties. Phase angle (PhA) is a direct measure by Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) used as marker of cell membrane integrity. Both food behaviour and PhA are influenced by age, sex and body weight. The aim of this study was to cross-sectionally evaluate the association between the adherence to Mediterranean diet and PhA in 1013 healthy adult patients stratified according to sex, age, and body mass index (BMI). The adherence to the Mediterranean diet was evaluated using the PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea (PREDIMED) questionnaire. PhA was calculated by BIA phase-sensitive system (50 kHz BIA 101 RJL, Akern Bioresearch, Florence, Italy Akern). In both sexes, at ROC analysis a PREDIMED score ≥ 6 predicted a PhA beyond the median value. At the multivariate analysis, among PREDIMED score, age, and BMI, the PREDIMED score was the major determinant of PhA, explaining 44.5% and 47.3% of PhA variability, in males and females respectively (p < 0.001). A novel association was reported between the adherence to the Mediterranean diet and PhA, independently of sex, age, and body weight. This association uncovered a new potential benefit of the Mediterranean diet on health outcomes, as in both sexes higher adherence to the Mediterranean diet was associated to larger PhAs, as expression of cell membrane integrity.

Background Nutrition is an environmental factor affecting bone health. Nutrition is considered essential to achieve and maintain optimal bone mass. Mediterranean diet (MD) has shown to prevent bone disease. Aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between bone health status and adherence the MD. Methods Four-hundred eighteen healthy people (105 males and 313 females, age 50 ± 14 years) were recruited in the outdoor hospital of the “Campus Salute Onlus” held in Piazza del Plebiscito in Naples, October 17–20th 2013 and 09–11th October 2014. All subjects underwent clinical assessment, calcaneal quantitative ultrasound (QUS) scanner and PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea (PREDIMED) questionnaire. Results Globally, prevalence of osteoporosis and osteopenia were 7.7 and 46.0%, respectively. The majority of subjects (60.5%) had an average score (score 6–9) of adherence to MD. The T-score showed positive correlation with PREDIMED score (r = 0.250, p

Growing evidence suggests the causal link between the endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and the global obesity epidemics, in the context in the so-called "obesogenic environment". Dietary intake of contaminated foods and water, especially in association with unhealthy eating pattern, and inhalation of airborne pollutants represent the major sources of human exposure to EDCs. This is of particular concern in view of the potential impact of obesity on chronic non-transmissible diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and hormone-sensitive cancers. The key concept is the identification of adipose tissue not only as a preferential site of storage of EDCs, but also as an endocrine organ and, as such, susceptible to endocrine disruption. The timing of exposure to EDCs is critical to the outcome of that exposure, with early lifetime exposures (e.g., fetal or early postnatal) particularly detrimental because of their permanent effects on obesity later in life. Despite that the mechanisms operating in EDCs effects might vary enormously, this minireview is aimed to provide a general overview on the possible association between the pandemics of obesity and EDCs, briefly describing the endocrine mechanisms linking EDCs exposure and latent onset of obesity.

Background: Obesity, metabolic syndrome (MetS), and psoriasis, largely driven by environmental factors, show multiple bidirectional associations, with important metabolic implications in psoriatic patients. Besides body mass index (BMI) as a measure of obesity, data on phase angle (PhA), a direct measure by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), used as a marker of cellular health and a predictor of morbidity and mortality in various diseases, are still lacking in psoriasis. In this case–control, cross-sectional study, we investigated the PhA in 180 pairs of adult psoriatic patients and healthy controls, evaluating also the potential use of the PhA as marker of the clinical severity, the quality of life, and the presence of the MetS in psoriatic patients. Methods: Anthropometric measures, metabolic profile and bioelectrical variables were evaluated. The clinical severity was assessed by standardized psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) score and c-reactive protein (CRP) levels, and the quality of life was evaluated by dermatology life quality index (DLQI). MetS was diagnosed according to Adult Treatment Panel III. Results: Psoriatic patients presented smaller PhA (p < 0.001) and higher prevalence MetS compared with controls. The PhA was significantly associated with number of parameters of MetS in both groups (p < 0.001). After adjusting for BMI, this association remained significant in psoriatic patients only (p < 0.001). Among psoriatic patients, the PhA was the major index value for the diagnosis of MetS (OR 5.87, 95 % CI 5.07–6.79) and was inversely associated with both PASI score and DLQI, independently of BMI (p < 0.001). At multiple regression analysis, the PhA well predicted the PASI score and DLQI. Based on ROC curves, the most sensitive and specific cutoffs of PhA to predict the highest PASI score and the lowest DQLI were ≤4.8° and ≤4.9°, respectively. Conclusions: We reported that psoriatic patients presented small PhAs, with a novel association between PhA, clinical severity, quality of life in psoriatic patients, and MetS. Further studies are required to validate the PhA’s prognostic ability in assessing the clinical severity and MetS in psoriatic patients.

The aim of this review is to provide a general overview of the possible associations among the vitamin D status, air pollution and obesity. Sunlight exposure accounts in humans for more than 90 % of the production of vitamin D. Among emerging factors influencing sunlight-induced synthesis of vitamin D, prospective and observational studies proved that air pollution constitutes an independent risk factor in the pathogenesis of vitamin D hypovitaminosis. In addition, environmental pollutants can affect risk of obesity when inhaled, in combination with unhealthy diet and lifestyle. In turn, obesity is closely associated with a low vitamin D status and many possible mechanisms have been proposed to explain this association. The associations of air pollution with low vitamin D status on the hand and with obesity on the other hand, could provide a rationale for considering obesity as a further link between air pollution and low vitamin D status. In this respect, a vicious cycle could operate among low vitamin D status, air pollution, and obesity, with additive detrimental effects on cardio-metabolic risk in obese individuals. Besides vitamin D supplementation, nutrient combination, used to maximize the protective effects against air pollution, might also contribute to improve the vitamin D status by attenuating the "obesogen" effects of air pollution.

Psoriasis is a common, chronic, immune-mediated skin disease with systemic pro-inflammatory activation, where both environmental and genetic factors contribute to its pathogenesis. Among the risk factors for psoriasis, evidence is accumulating that nutrition plays a major role, per se, in psoriasis pathogenesis. In particular, body weight, nutrition, and diet may exacerbate the clinical manifestations, or even trigger the disease. Understanding the epidemiological relationship between obesity and psoriasis is also important for delineating the risk profile for the obesity-related comorbidities commonly found among psoriatic patients. Moreover, obesity can affect both drug’s pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Additionally, the overall beneficial effects on the obesity-associated comorbidities, clinical recommendations to reduce weight and to adopt a healthy lifestyle could improve the psoriasis severity, particularly in those patients with moderate to severe disease, thus exerting additional therapeutic effects in the conventional treatment in obese patients with psoriasis. Education regarding modifiable environmental factors is essential in the treatment of this disease and represents one of the primary interventions that can affect the prognosis of patients with psoriasis. The goal is to make psoriatic patients and health care providers aware of beneficial dietary interventions. The aim of this review is to assess the relevance of the environmental factors as modifiable risk factors in psoriasis pathogenesis, with particular regard to the involvement of obesity and nutrition in the management of psoriasis, providing also specific nutrition recommendations.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to reevaluate the diagnostic accuracy of GH peak after GHRH plus arginine test (GHRH+ARG) according to patients' age, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference to diagnose GH deficiency (GHD). OUTCOME MEASURES: GH peak after GHRH+ARG and IGF-I levels reported as sd score. SUBJECTS: Subjects included 408 controls (218 women, 190 men, aged 15-80 yr) and 374 patients with hypopituitarism (167 women, 207 men, aged 16-83 yr). RESULTS: In the (elderly) healthy subjects 15-25 yr old (young), 26-65 yr old (adults) and older than 65 yr, GH cutoffs were 15.6, 11.7, and 8.5 microg/liter, 11.8, 8.1, and 5.5 microg/liter, and 9.2, 6.1, and 4.0 microg/liter, respectively, in the lean, overweight, and obese subjects. Waist circumference was the best predictor of GH peak (t = -7.6, P < 0.0001) followed by BMI (t = -6.7, P < 0.0001) and age (t = -5.7, P < 0.0001). Based on the old (

The aim of the study is to clarify the relationship between adipose tissue dysfunction, metabolic profile and growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I secretion in healthy adult subjects. We investigated the metabolic profile in a cohort of 231 consecutive healthy subjects in relation to GH, IGF-I levels, and visceral adiposity index (VAI). Anthropometric measures, lipid profile, and glucose and insulin levels during oral glucose tolerance test, Homa-IR and ISI Matsuda, IGF-I and GH peak after GHRH plus Arginine test were analyzed. The subjects with high VAI showed lower GH peak (22.8 ± 11.1 vs. 42.2 ± 21.3 µg/L; p = 0.049) and lower IGF-I (presented as IGF-I under normal range, UNR) (0.54 ± 0.14 vs. 0.64 ± 0.12; p = 0.005) than group with normal VAI. ROC curve analysis identified the cut-off, able to detect subjects with high VAI, i.e., 31.8 µg/L for GH peak and 0.63 for IGF-1 UNR. The subjects with GH peak and IGF-I UNR under the cut-off showed significantly higher levels of VAI, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, glucose and insulin levels, Homa-IR, and lower ISI Matsuda, with a concomitant worse lipid profile (all p < 0.001). A strong relationship between GH axis, VAI and metabolic risk has been demonstrated. A percentage of apparently healthy subjects show a degree of visceral adipose dysfunction associated with GH and IGF-I levels that do not meet the criteria of overt GH deficiency (GHD). Long-term prospective studies could help to clarify and confirm whether a hypothetical condition of subclinical GHD could be taken into account as a new clinical entity.

Hypovitaminosis D represent an environmental risk factors for cardiovascular (CV) disease. To investigate the prevalence of hypovitaminosis D and the correlation between GH/IGF-I deficiency and hypovitaminosis D with CV risk in GH deficiency (GHD) patients. A link between these hormones has been shown. Forty-one hypopituitaric patients with GHD (22 males, age 18-84 years) and 41 controls were enrolled in the study. Anthropometric parameters, blood pressure, glucose and lipid profile, parathyroid hormone (PTH), 25(OH) vitamin D (vitamin D), metabolic syndrome (MS), GH peak after GHRH + ARG, IGF-I, and standard deviation score (SDS) of IGF-I (zIGF-I) were assessed. Vitamin D levels were lower in patients than in controls (21.3 ± 12.3 vs. 28.2 ± 9.4, p = 0.006). Deficiency was found in 51 % of patients versus 14.6 % of controls (p < 0.01), insufficiency in 26.8 versus 41.4 % (p = 0.269) and normal vitamin D levels in 21.9 versus 43.9 % (p = 0.060). The prevalence of dyslipidemia was 51.2 % in patients versus 12.1 % in controls (p < 0.001), type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) was 7.3 versus 17 % (p = 0.292), hypertension was 44 versus 22 % (p = 0.060), and MS was 17 versus 14.6 % (p = 0.957). In patients, an association was found between the presence of hypovitaminosis D and the prevalence of dyslipidemia, hypertension and MS and between zIGF-I and the prevalence of hypertension. Hypovitaminosis D was the most powerful predictor of the prevalence of dyslipidemia and hypertension. GHD patients have an increased prevalence of hypovitaminosis D compared with controls. The presence of hypovitaminosis D was the most powerful predictor of the prevalence of dyslipidemia and hypertension in GHD patients, suggesting the involvement of both factors in the CV risk in these patients.

Background & aims: Nutrition is the major environmental factor that influences the risk of developing pathologies, such as obesity. Although a number of recent reviews pinpoint a protective effects of milk on body weight and obesity related co-morbidities, an inaccurate estimate of milk might contribute to hamper its beneficial effects on health outcomes. Seven-day food records provide prospective food intake data, reducing recall bias and providing extra details about specific food items. Milk intake stimulates the somatotropic axis at multiple levels by increasing both growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) secretion. On the other hand, obesity is associated with reduced spontaneous and stimulated GH secretion and basal IGF-1 levels. Aim of this study was to evaluate the milk consumption by using the 7-days food record in obese individuals and to investigate the association between milk intake and GH secretory status in these subjects. Methods: Cross-sectional observational study carried out on 281 adult individuals (200 women and 81 men, aged 18–74 years) with moderate-severe obesity (BMI 35.2–69.4 kg/m2). Baseline milk intake data were collected using a 7 day food record. Anthropometric measurements and biochemical profile were determined. The GH/IGF-1 axis was evaluated by peak GH response after GHRH + ARGININE and IGF-1 standard deviation score (SDS). Results: The majority of individuals (72.2%) reported consuming milk; 250 mL low-fat milk was the most frequently serving of milk consumed, while no subjects reported to consume whole milk. Milk consumers vs no milk consumers presented the better anthropometric measurements and metabolic profile. At the bivariate proportional odds ratio model, after adjusting for BMI, age and gender, milk consumption was associated the better GH status (OR = 0.60; p < 0.001). Among milk consumers, subjects consuming 250 mL reduced-fat milk vs 250 mL low-fat milk presented the better anthropometric measurements and metabolic profile. At the bivariate proportional odds ratio model, after adjusting for BMI, age and gender, the consume of 250 mL reduced-fat milk was associated better GH status (OR = 0.54; p = 0.003).Conclusions: A novel positive association between milk consumption, GH status, and metabolic profile in obese individuals was evidenced. Regardless of the pathogenetic mechanisms, this novel association might be relevant in a context where commonly obese individuals skip breakfast, and suggests the need of a growing cooperation between Nutritionists and Endocrinologists in the management of the obese patients.