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Two reliable and valid instruments to assess first- and second-grade children's (N=100, M=6.8 years) environmental attitudes and behaviors are presented. A series of games derived primarily from dimensions of the new ecological paradigm theory of environmental attitudes are described for the assessment of environmental attitudes. The games include felt board construction, a board game, and an adjustable worry thermometer. Environmental behaviors are assessed in the same sample using magnitude estimation (jumping different distances to indicate frequency of engagement in behavior) based on an adoption of Kaiser's General Environmental Behavior Scale for adults. The behavior scale employs a Rasch measurement model because environmental behaviors are viewed as a consequence of attitudes in concert with difficulties to implement actions. Keywords: children; environmental attitude

This brief narrative review begins with an overview of posttraumatic response and explains the value of early treatment in reducing/eliminating symptoms of distress and possibly preventing the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or other disorders. The article then summarizes the efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy as an early intervention treatment. It outlines the historical context of EMDR early interventions and describes the three protocols which have research support from randomized controlled trials (RCTs), elaborating on their supportive evidence in seven RCTs conducted within 3 months of the traumatic event. These studies showed that EMDR early interventions significantly reduced symptoms of traumatic stress and prevented any exacerbation of symptoms. EMDR was superior to wait-list and to control conditions of critical incident stress debriefing, reassurance therapy, and supportive counseling. The article also examines the disparate evaluations of EMDR early interventions in the PTSD treatment guidelines, from the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, the World Health Organization, and the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Despite promising clinical experience and initial controlled studies, there are still substantive gaps in the evidence base for EMDR early interventions. The article concludes with recommendations for future research, emphasizing that future trials adhere to the highest standards for clinical research and that they investigate whether EMDR early intervention prevents the development of PTSD or increases resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

En 2015, plus de 1,5 million de réfugiés sont arrivés en Allemagne, beaucoup d'entre eux gravement traumatisés. La thérapie de désensibilisation et de retraitement par les mouvements oculaires (EMDR) a prouvé son efficacité dans le traitement des symptômes de stress traumatique aigus ou chroniques. Une modification de la thérapie permettant son utilisation en groupe a été développée par E. Shapiro : c'est le protocole EMDR de traitement en groupe d'épisodes traumatiques (G-TEP). Dans cette étude de terrain, nous avons étudié l'efficacité de deux séances d'EMDR G-TEP pour traiter des réfugiés victimes de traumas. Après une séance de psychoéducation, 18 réfugiés provenant de Syrie et d'Irak, arabophones, arrivés en Allemagne au cours des cinq mois précédents, ont été affectés au traitement et/ou à une liste d'attente. On utilisa en pré- et post-traitement l'échelle révisée d'impact des événements (IES-R) et l'inventaire de dépression de Beck (BDI) et les analyses furent conduites à l'aide du test U de Mann-Whitney et des tests planifiés Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Les résultats montrèrent des différences importantes entre le groupe de traitement et le groupe en liste d'attente, avec une baisse significative des notes IES-R (p >.05). Bien que les différences des notes BDI n'aient pas atteint le niveau de signification statistique (p =.06), une baisse importante des notes BDI fut observée dans le groupe de traitement. Ces résultats fournissent une preuve préliminaire indiquant que l'EMDR G-TEP pourrait permettre de traiter efficacement des personnes réfugiées souffrant de traumatismes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of the study is to investigate the efficacy of EMDR R-TEP interventions with residents suffering from post-traumatic symptoms. Method: The study employed a waitlist/delayed treatment control group design and participants were randomly allocated to either immediate or wait-list/delayed treatment conditions. The measures used included the PCL-5 post-trauma checklist for DSM-5; the PHQ-9 depression scale; the Subjective Unit of Disturbance (SUD) scale and the Brief Resilience Coping Scale (BRCS). The clinical staff of the Resilience Center (HOSEN) offered EMDR therapy treatment using the Recent Traumatic Episode Protocol (R-TEP) for 25 trauma-stricken residents referred to their center. The study began within three months after the 2014 round of hostilities. Three 90 minute sessions were given first to the intervention group and a month later to the delayed treatment control group. The follow-up measures were taken six months later. Results: The immediate treatment group had significantly improved scores on post-trauma and depression measures compared to the waitlist/delayed treatment group, who showed no improvement prior to their treatment. There were significant interactions between group and time for PCL-5, PHQ-9 and SUD. Post hoc testing of the interaction revealed that within group A, participants exhibited a significant decrease in PCL-5, PHQ-9 and SUD scores (one-tailed p: < 0.001, 0.006, 0.03). The results in resilience scores over time showed an increasing trend in group A that failed to reach significance. Repeated measures analysis of group B revealed a borderline statistically significant difference in resilience scores over time. Conclusions: This study provides further evidence, supporting the efficacy of Early EMDR Intervention for reducing post-traumatic stress and depression symptoms among civilian victims of hostility. The evidence for resilience was indecisive and requires further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2015, more than 1.5 million refugees arrived in Germany, many severely traumatized. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy has been proven to be an effective treatment for acute and chronic traumatic stress symptoms. A modification for provision in group settings was developed by E. Shapiro: the EMDR Group Traumatic Episode Protocol (G-TEP). In this field study, we investigated the effectiveness of 2 sessions of EMDR G-TEP in treating traumatized refugees. After receiving a psychoeducation session, 18 Arabic-speaking refugees from Syria and Iraq who had come to Germany during the previous 5 months were assigned to treatment and/or waitlist. The Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were administered at pre- and posttreatment. Analysis was conducted using the Mann-Whitney U test and planned Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests. Results showed significant differences between the treatment and the waitlist groups, indicating a significant decline in IES-R scores (p < .05). Although differences in BDI scores did not reach significance (p = .06), a large decline in BDI scores was seen in the treatment group. These results provide preliminary evidence that it might be effective to treat groups of traumatized refugees with EMDR G-TEP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of early eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) intervention using the EMDR recent traumatic episode protocol (R-TEP) after a traumatic community event whereby a missile hit a building in a crowded area of a town. In a waitlist/delayed treatment parallel-group randomized controlled trial, 17 survivors with posttraumatic distress were treated with EMDR therapy using the R-TEP protocol. Volunteer EMDR practitioners conducted treatment on 2 consecutive days. Participants were randomly allocated to either immediate or waitlist/delayed treatment conditions. Assessments with Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) brief depression inventory took place at pre- and posttreatment and at 3 months follow-up. At 1 week posttreatment, the scores of the immediate treatment group were significantly improved on the IES-R compared to the waitlist/delayed treatment group, who showed no improvement prior to their treatment. At 3 months follow-up, results on the IES-R were maintained and there was a significant improvement on PHQ-9 scores. This pilot study provides preliminary evidence, supporting the efficacy of EMDR R-TEP for reducing posttrauma stress among civilian victims of hostility, and shows that this model of intervention briefly augmenting local mental health services following large-scale traumatic incidents, using an EMDR intervention on 2 consecutive days may be effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides an answer to a question of how to encourage consultees and trainees to prefer taps and tones rather than eye movements.

Although eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) has demonstrated efficacy in treating chronic posttraumatic stress disorder and old trauma memories, EMDR treatment of recent traumatic events has not received adequate attention from EMDR researchers or clinicians. This article presents current thinking and findings about early psychological intervention following recent traumatic events and examines the status of early EMDR intervention (EEI) concepts and research. It is contended that this area has not developed sufficient awareness and definition among EMDR clinicians. Francine Shapiro's theoretical adaptive information-processing model predicts that dysfunctionally stored trauma memories underlie many current psychological disorders. Consequently, the assumption that memories of a recent traumatic event and its sequelae are not fully consolidated offers a unique role for EEI not only in reducing acute distress but also in preventing the sensitization and accumulation of trauma memories. A call is made for a more comprehensive approach to the field of EEI to promote interest and awareness among EMDR practitioners and to generate research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines existing early EMDR intervention (EEI) procedures, presents a conceptual model, and proposes a new comprehensive protocol: the Recent-Traumatic Episode protocol (R-TEP). A review of research and important professional issues regarding application and parameters are presented. The commonly used EEI protocols and procedures are summarized, with the inclusion of descriptive case examples from the Lebanon war and a review of related research. Then a theoretical model is presented in which traumatic information processing is conceptualized as expanding from a narrow focus on the sensory image (perceptual level) to a wider focus on the event/episode (experiential level) and finally to a broad focus on the theme/identity (meaning level). The relationship of this model to the Recent-Traumatic Episode protocol is articulated and case examples are presented. Theoretical speculations are discussed relating to attention regulation and the Adaptive Information Processing (AIP) model. Further research is encouraged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose - To provide an example of how colleges can partner with local EcoVillages to further sustainability curriculum on campus and the educational mission of the EcoVillages, and to strengthen ties with the community. Design/methodology/approach - Describes four structured courses developed for the Environmental Studies Program, including sustainable communities, sustainable land use, sustainable energy and environmental futures. Additionally, independent research opportunities in wind energy, solar photovoltaics, and GIS/GPS developed as part of the curriculum. Describes numerous ancillary activities that have promoted sustainability across campus and the community. Findings - Provides information about how to develop educational partnerships with community groups, foster sustainability education on campus, recruit additional faculty involvement, and influence college operations with respect to sustainability. Practical implications - A very useful source of information for those involved in building sustainability curriculum and linking it to campus operations and community outreach. Originality/value - This paper describes a unique partnership between a college and an intentional community that serves as a model for other colleges and universities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La thérapie de désensibilisation et de retraitement par les mouvements oculaires (EMDR) est considérée comme un traitement fondé sur des données probantes pour le traitement du trouble stress post-traumatique (TSPT) chez l'adulte, mais il y a des différences dans la façon dont les diverses directives internationales de traitement jugent la solidité de cette base de preuves. En outre, dans des domaines autres que le TSPT de l'adulte, les principales lignes directrices diffèrent encore davantage quant à la solidité de ces preuves et quant au moment où on utilisera l'EMDR. En 2019 a été lancée la Commission de chercheurs sur l'avenir de la thérapie EMDR (Council of Scholars : The Future of EMDR Therapy Project). Plusieurs groupes de travail ont été créés dans cette commission, l'un d'entre eux étant centré sur la recherche. Le présent article a été produit par ce groupe de travail. Le groupe a tout d'abord conclu qu'il y avait cinq domaines pour lesquels il existait une certaine base factuelle indiquant que l'EMDR était efficace, mais que davantage de données étaient nécessaires pour augmenter la probabilité qu'elle soit prise en compte dans les futures directives internationales de traitement. Ces domaines couvraient le TSPT chez les enfants et les adolescents, les interventions EMDR précoces, les TSPT liés aux conflits armés, la dépression unipolaire et la douleur chronique. Les recherches portant sur le rapport coût-efficacité de la thérapie EMDR ont été en outre identifiées comme l'une des priorités à aborder. Nous avons employé un système de hiérarchisation pour classer et évaluer les preuves dans les différents domaines abordés. Après avoir évalué les 120 études de résultats relatives à ces domaines, nous concluons ici que pour deux d'entre eux (le TSPT chez l'enfant et l'adolescent, et les recherches portant sur les interventions EMDR précoces), la force des preuves est évaluée au niveau le plus élevé, tandis que les autres domaines obtiennent le deuxième niveau le plus élevé. Nous formulons également quelques recommandations générales pour améliorer la qualité des futures recherches sur l'efficacité de la thérapie EMDR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since its inception in 1989, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy has evolved from a simple desensitization technique to treat posttraumatic stress disorder to a comprehensive psychotherapy approach that treats a broad range of clinical problems in a variety of contexts and with diverse populations. This position paper is the result of a two-year project by the Council of Scholars' "What is EMDR?" workgroup that was tasked with the particular challenge of defining EMDR therapy, as innovations in the field continue to develop and the need for a consensus definition has become essential. In addition to proposing categories of EMDR therapy, that is, EMDR psychotherapy, EMDR treatment protocols, and EMDR-derived techniques, we identified core elements of EMDR therapy that can serve as a guideline to evaluate future innovations. Additionally, with concepts and procedures evolving over the years, some of the language needed revising to be consistent with current practices. The adoption of these three categories of treatment by the EMDR community would have broad-reaching implications that would generate more qualitative as well as quantitative studies in all categories. For training and clinical practice, it offers clinicians the opportunity to train with a focus on their particular treatment setting in addition to the foundational training that would be universal to all EMDR-trained clinicians. Finally, the interplay in the Council of Scholars between the "What is EMDR?" workgroup and the research, clinical practice, and training and accreditation workgroups will lead to further developments as these areas all inform one another. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is considered an evidence-based treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults, there are differences as to how various international treatment guidelines judge the strength of this evidence base. Furthermore, in areas other than adult PTSD, major guidelines differ even more as to the strength of the evidence base and when to use EMDR. In 2019, the Council of Scholars: The Future of EMDR Therapy Project was initiated. Several working groups were established, with one assigned to the focus area of research. This article is a product of that working group. Firstly the group concluded that there were five areas where there was some base that EMDR was effective, but more data were needed to increase the likelihood that it would be considered in future international treatment guidelines. These areas were PTSD in children and adolescents, early EMDR interventions, combat PTSD, unipolar depression, and chronic pain. In addition, research into cost-effectiveness of EMDR therapy was identified as one of the priorities. A hierarchical system was used for classifying and rating evidence in the focus areas. After assessing the 120 outcome studies pertaining to the focus areas, we conclude that for two of the areas (i.e., PTSD in children and adolescents and EMDR early interventions research) the strength of the evidence is rated at the highest level, whereas the other areas obtain the second highest level. Some general recommendations for improving the quality of future research on the effectiveness of EMDR therapy are formulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]