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Objective: To provide guidance on ultrasound review of the fetal perineum as well as fetal sex determination and disclosure., Target Population: All individuals with ongoing pregnancies., Options: To include a review of the fetal perineum and determination of fetal sex as a component of the anatomic review during the routine second-trimester obstetric ultrasound and adhere to patient wishes regarding the disclosure of fetal sex., Outcomes: Prenatal diagnosis of fetal genital and sex anomalies or variants, parental and pregnancy caregiver knowledge of fetal sex, and adherence to parental wishes regarding knowledge of fetal sex., Benefits, Harms, and Costs: Benefits include the potential to improve perinatal outcomes through the diagnosis of fetal genital anomalies and respect for women's rightful autonomy over personal health information. Potential harms or costs include a possible error in fetal sex determination, increased time for patients and health care providers in scheduling and performing the imaging, and the minimal risk of patients choosing to abort a pregnancy if the fetus is not the desired sex., Evidence: Evidence built on the literature from the prior version of this statement through a review of international guidelines, Canadian legal rulings, and a literature search of PubMed and the Cochrane Database. English language research articles, review articles, and systematic reviews between January 1, 2003, and December 31, 2023, were included. Search terms included fetal ultrasonography, sex determination, and genitalia. The references of relevant articles were assessed, and applicable articles were included as well., Intended Audience: All care providers for pregnant individuals in Canada., Social Media Abstract: Fetal genitalia should be examined in pregnancy and the sex safely disclosed to the patient if they want this information. CONSENSUS-BASED GOOD PRACTICE STATEMENTS., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Objectives: Clinical practice guidelines recommend determining gestational age (GA) for twin pregnancies using the fetal crown rump length (CRL) of the larger fetus. This study investigated whether the CRL of the larger or smaller fetus at 11-14 weeks best predicted in vitro fertilization (IVF) assigned GA., Methods: A retrospective cohort study of twin pregnancies conceived by IVF ± intracytoplasmic sperm injection, 2004-2022, generated GA estimations for each co-twin CRL at the 11-14 week ultrasound, to determine which fetus (smaller or larger) more consistently predicted IVF-assigned GA. Monoamniotic twins and twins with known structural or vascular abnormalities were excluded. Paired t tests evaluated the ability of CRL to predict GA, and logistic regression evaluated the predictive ability of each of the co-twin groups with increasing size differences. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05., Results: Viewpoint 6 identified 359 eligible twin pairs. CRL was closest with the smaller fetus (0.38 days); CRL for both the smaller (95% CI 0.16-0.61) and the larger (2.25 days, 95% CI 2.04-2.46) fetus showed deviation from IVF-assigned GA. As the absolute difference between the small and large fetus increased, the ultrasound-estimated GA of the smaller fetus was still consistently closer to IVF-assigned GA., Conclusions: In this selected population of twins with known GA, the CRL of the smaller fetus more accurately predicted IVF-assigned GA even with increasing differences in fetal size. These findings provide important information for appropriately dating pregnancies to facilitate adherence to national guidelines to monitor for pregnancy complications, and plan frequency and type of fetal surveillance, as well as timing of delivery., (Copyright © 2023 The Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada/La Société des obstétriciens et gynécologues du Canada. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: This guideline reviews the clinical indications for first trimester ultrasound., Outcome: Proven clinical benefit has been reported from first trimester ultrasound., Evidence: A Medline search and bibliography reviews in relevant literature provided the evidence., Values: Content and recommendations were reviewed by the principal authors and the Diagnostic Imaging Committee of the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada. Levels of evidence were judged as outlined by the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care., (Copyright © 2018 The Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada/La Société des obstétriciens et gynécologues du Canada. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objectif: Révision des indications cliniques de l'échographie du premier trimestre. RéSULTATS: L'échographie au premier trimestre offre des avantages cliniques démontrés. DONNéES PROBANTES: Les données probantes ont été révisées au moyen de recherche dans Medline et selon la bibliographie des articles pertinents., Valeurs: Le contenu et les recommandations ont été évalués par les auteurs principaux et le Comité d'imagerie diagnostique de la Société des obstétriciens et gynécologues du Canada. Le niveau d'évidence a été défini en fonction des critères du Groupe d'étude canadien sur les soins de santé préventifs. RECOMMANDATIONS., (Copyright © 2019. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Objective: To review the biological effects and safety of obstetric ultrasound., Outcome: Outline the circumstances in which safety may be a concern with obstetric ultrasound., Evidence: The 2005 version of this guideline was used as a basis and updated following a Medline search and review of relevant publications. Sources included guidelines and reports by Health Canada and the American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine., Values: Review by principal author and the Diagnostic Imaging Committee of the SOGC. The quality of evidence and classification of recommendations have been adapted from the Report of the Canadian Task Force on the Periodic Health Examination., Benefits, Harms, and Costs: Obstetric ultrasound should only be done for medical reasons, and exposure should be kept as low as reasonably achievable because of the potential for tissue heating. Higher energy is of particular concern in the following scenarios: Doppler studies (pulsed, colour, and power), first trimester ultrasound with a long trans-vesical path (>5 cm), second or third trimester exams when bone is in the focal zone, when scanning tissue with minimal perfusion (embryonic), or in patients who are febrile. Operators can minimize risk by limiting dwell time and exposure to critical structures. It is also important to be aware of equipment-generated exposure information., (Copyright © 2018 Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To evaluate the need for increased doses of postpartum rhesus immune globulin in a woman at risk for rhesus alloimmunization., Methods: Using data from the Nova Scotia Atlee Perinatal Database (NSAPD) and the Rh Program of Nova Scotia Database, Rh negative women delivering infants with a birth weight greater than 500 grams and gestational age greater than 20 weeks at the IWK Health Centre from 1998 to 2007 were identified. Within this population, Rh(D) negative women who received both antepartum and postpartum anti-D prophylaxis were identified. Logistic regression was used to estimate peripartum predictive factors for elevated postpartum Kleihauer and the need for administration of additional rhesus immune globulin., Results: The NSAPD and Rh Program Database identified 4323 Rh negative women who received both antepartum and postpartum prophylaxis from 1998 and 2007. Following logistic regression, a postpartum Kleihauer value of > 0.2% was found to be predicted by multiparity (OR 1.47; 95% CI 1.03 to 2.08), multiple gestation (OR 3.03; 95% CI 1.61 to 5.70), antepartum risks for fetomaternal hemorrhage (OR 63.6; 95% CI 30.2 to 134), and Caesarean section (OR 2.03; 95% CI 1.42 to 2.91). A postpartum Kleihauer value of > 0.5% was found to be predicted by antepartum risks for fetomaternal hemorrhage (OR 29.1; 95% CI 12.9 to 65.5), and Caesarean section (OR 2.01; 95% CI 1.18 to 3.42)., Conclusion: While there are recognized events that increase the risk for Rh(D) alloimmunization, multiparity, multiple gestation, and Caesarean section should be additional factors for consideration, especially with rising rates of CS. Adequate postpartum prophylaxis may be optimized by conducting routine screening for fetomaternal hemorrhage, especially when lower doses of Rh(D) immune globulin are administered.

Background: In 1998, fortification of a large variety of cereal products with folic acid became mandatory in Canada. A multicentric study was carried out to assess the impact of this policy on the frequency of NTDs. The present analysis focused on spina bifida., Methods: The study population included approximately 2 million livebirths, stillbirths, and terminations of pregnancies because of fetal anomalies among women residing in seven Canadian provinces, from 1993 to 2002. Spina bifida cases were divided according to the upper limit of the defect: upper (cranial, cervical, or thoracic) and lower (lumbar or sacral) defects. Based on published results of red blood cell folate tests, the study period was divided into prefortification, partial fortification, and full fortification periods., Results: A total of 1,286 spina bifida cases were identified: 51% livebirths, 3% stillbirths, and 46% terminations. Prevalence decreased from 0.86/1,000 in the prefortification to 0.40 in the full fortification period, while the proportion of upper defects decreased from 32% to 13%. Following fortification, regional variations in the prevalence and distribution of sites almost disappeared., Conclusions: Results confirmed the etiologic heterogeneity of spina bifida and the more pronounced effect of folic acid in decreasing the risk of the more severe clinical presentations., ((c) 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.)

Background: Recent studies reported no reduction in the frequency of lipomeningomyelocele (LMMC) in Hawaii and Nova Scotia after the implementation of a folic acid food fortification policy in 1998, while a marked reduction in the prevalence of other NTDs was observed. This study was performed to assess the prevalence of LMMC in Canada in relation to the timing of food fortification., Methods: The study population included livebirths, stillbirths, and terminations of pregnancies because of fetal anomaly to women residing in seven Canadian provinces, from 1993 to 2002. In each province, the ascertainment of NTD cases relied on multiple sources, and in addition all medical charts were reviewed. The study period was divided into pre-, partial, and full fortification periods, based on results of red cell folate tests published in the literature., Results: A total of 86 LMMC cases were recorded among approximately 1.9 million live births. The average birth prevalence rate was 0.05/1,000, ranging from a minimum of 0.01/1,000 in 2002 to a maximum of 0.08/1,000 in 1999. There was statistical heterogeneity between years (p = .01), but no pattern compatible with a decrease following fortification. Comparing the full fortification period with the prefortification period, there was a slight but not statistically significant decrease in LMMC birth prevalence., Conclusions: LMMC seems to be pathogenically distinct from myelomeningocele and more studies are needed to understand the embryologic mechanisms leading to this condition, and the environmental and genetic factors involved in its etiology., ((c) 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.)

Objectives: First, to review normal embryonic development and the sonographic evidence of early pregnancy failure; second, to review sonographic evidence of ectopic pregnancy., Outcomes: First, prediction of pregnancy failure, second, sonographic identification of ectopic pregnancy., Evidence: A MEDLINE search and review of bibliographies in identified articles was conducted., Values: The evidence was reviewed by the Diagnostic Imaging Committee along with the principal authors. A quality of evidence assessment was undertaken as outlined in the report of the Canadian Task Force on the Periodic Health Examination (Table 1)., Benefits, Harms, and Costs: Women presenting with first trimester bleeding may be incorrectly diagnosed with a missed abortion and (or) may be inappropriately reassured about viability. Transvaginal ultrasound provides improved resolution allowing description of early embryonic development characteristics. Improvement in the identification of the sonographic landmark of normal embryonic development and awareness of the sonographic risk factors of pregnancy failure may lead to more successful management strategies. Diagnosis of suspected ectopic pregnancy often involves an assessment of both hormonal markers and sonographic features. Maternal morbidity and mortality can be reduced with an early diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy., Recommendations: There is good (class A) evidence that current ultrasound technology can distinguish between normal and abnormal pregnancies in the first trimester. There is good (class A) evidence that transvaginal ultrasound in conjunction with quantitative-HCG can diagnose ectopic pregnancy.

Background: Infantile cortical hyperostosis (ICH) is benign and self-limiting when it presents near or after birth but is usually lethal when it presents earlier., Methods: We present the clinical, ultrasonic, radiographic and pathologic findings in an instructive case of early onset prenatal ICH., Results: A 40-year-old G2P1 woman delivered spontaneously at 22 weeks' gestation. Prenatal ultrasounds showed rib and mandibular abnormalities as well as short humeri. Post-mortem radiographs showed asymmetric hyperostosis in long bones, mandible, scapulae and pelvis with sparing of spine, hands, feet and skull. The affected skeleton showed marked bony sclerosis and ballooning of the diaphyses of the long bones with periosteal sclerosis. A complete autopsy showed characteristic histologic findings in affected bones. Previous reports at 20+ weeks have described anasarca, fetal hydrops, hepatomegaly, and pulmonary hypoplasia. In our case, there was no hydrops/anasarca; hepatomegaly, due to massive extramedullary hematopoiesis with marked myeloid hyperplasia, combined with ribcage abnormalities, caused mild pulmonary hypoplasia., Conclusion: We hypothesize that early onset fetal ICH is usually lethal because massive hepatic myeloid hyperplasia sequentially causes: (1) hepatomegaly and, in conjunction with rib abnormalities, mild pulmonary hypoplasia, (2) sinusoidal and pre-sinusoidal portal hypertension followed by ascites/hydrops, and (3) ascites/hydrops-induced severe pulmonary hypoplasia., (Copyright 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)

This document has been archived because it contains outdated information. It should not be consulted for clinical use, but for historical research only. Please visit the journal website for the most recent guidelines.

This document has been archived because it contains outdated information. It should not be consulted for clinical use, but for historical research only. Please visit the journal website for the most recent guidelines.

This document has been archived because it contains outdated information. It should not be consulted for clinical use, but for historical research only. Please visit the journal website for the most recent guidelines.

This document has been archived because it contains outdated information. It should not be consulted for clinical use, but for historical research only. Please visit the journal website for the most recent guidelines.

The purpose of this study is to describe the maternal complications of placenta previa. A population-based retrospective cohort study including all women delivered in the province of Nova Scotia, Canada from 1988 to 1995 was performed. Patient information was obtained from the Nova Scotia Atlee Perinatal Database and maternal complications were described for all women undergoing cesarean delivery. Prognostic factors for the risk of hysterectomy in woman with placenta previa were analyzed by multiple logistic regression. During the 8-year period, 308 cases of placenta previa were identified in 93,996 deliveries (0.33%). Maternal complications included hysterectomy [relative risk (RR) = 33.26], antepartum bleeding (RR = 9.81), intrapartum (RR = 2.48), and postpartum (RR = 1.86) hemorrhages, as well as blood transfusion (RR = 10.05), septicemia (RR = 5.55), and thrombophlebitis (RR = 4.85). Risk factors for need of hysterectomy in women with placenta previa include the presence of placenta accreta and previous cesarean delivery.

Objective: To identify neonatal complications associated with placenta previa., Methods: This was a population-based, retrospective cohort study involving all singleton deliveries in Nova Scotia from 1988 to 1995. The study group consisted of all completed singleton pregnancies complicated by placenta previa; all other singleton pregnancies were considered controls. Patient information was collected from the Nova Scotia Atlee perinatal database. Neonatal complications were evaluated while controlling for potential confounders. The data were analyzed using chi2, Fisher exact test, and multiple logistic regression., Results: Among 92,983 pregnancies delivered during the study period, 305 cases of placenta previa were identified (0.33%). After controlling for potential confounders, neonatal complications significantly associated with placenta previa included major congenital anomalies (odds ratio [OR] 2.48), respiratory distress syndrome (OR 4.94), and anemia (OR 2.65). The perinatal mortality rate associated with placenta previa was 2.30% (compared with 0.78% in controls) and was explained by gestational age at delivery, occurrence of congenital anomalies, and maternal age. Although there was a higher rate of preterm births in the placenta previa group (46.56% versus 7.27%), there was no difference in birth weights between groups after controlling for gestational age at delivery., Conclusion: Neonatal complications of placenta previa included preterm birth, congenital anomalies, respiratory distress syndrome, and anemia. There was no increased occurrence of fetal growth restriction.

Uterine artery flow velocity waveforms (FVW) were obtained prospectively by continuous wave Doppler at 18-22 weeks gestation from 98 women with an unexplained elevation in maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (MSAFP). A notch in either the left or right uterine artery FVW was present in 18 pregnancies of which seven resulted in perinatal death and six in the birth of very immature and/or severely growth retarded babies. Conversely, in 66 of 80 pregnancies the absence of a notch was associated with the livebirth of an infant beyond 32 weeks gestation, with a birthweight above the 5th centile. It is suggested that the presence of a notch in the uterine artery FVW is a good predictor of poor perinatal outcome.

A reference range for fetal platelet count with gestation was established from the study of samples obtained by cordocentesis from 229 pregnancies that had prenatal diagnosis. The mean platelet count increased from 187 +/- 47 x 10(9)/L at 15 weeks to 274 +/- 47 x 10(9)/L at 40 weeks' gestation. In 113 red cell-isoimmunized pregnancies, the moderately anemic fetuses were significantly thrombocythenic, whereas the severely anemic fetuses were thrombocytopenic. In 136 small-for-gestational-age fetuses the platelet count was reduced and there were significant correlations between the magnitude of the thrombocytopenia and the degree of fetal smallness, hypoxemia, and acidemia.

The incidence and diagnostic accuracy of the lemon and cerebellar ultrasonographic markers, as well as head size and ventriculomegaly, were evaluated in a study of 1561 patients at high risk for fetal neural tube defects. In the 130 fetuses with open spina bifida there was a relationship between gestational age and the presence of each of these markers. The lemon sign was present in 98% of fetuses at less than or equal to 24 weeks' gestation but in only 13% of those at greater than 24 weeks' gestation. Cerebellar abnormalities were present in 95% of fetuses irrespective of gestation; however, the cerebellar abnormality at less than or equal to 24 weeks' gestation was predominantly the banana sign (72%) whereas at gestations greater than 24 weeks it was cerebellar "absence" (81%). Both growth retardation and cerebral ventriculomegaly significantly worsened with gestation while the head circumference remained disproportionately small throughout gestation. On the basis of these data, a new approach is proposed for the investigation of patients at high risk for fetal open spina bifida.

A reference range for fetal mean red cell volume (MCV) with gestation was established from the study of samples obtained by cordocentesis from 466 pregnancies undergoing prenatal diagnosis for non-erythrocyte abnormalities. The mean MCV decreased from 145 fl at 16 weeks to 113 fl at 36 weeks of gestation. Alterations in MCV were investigated in 154 red cell isoimmunized and 231 small for gestational age (SGA) fetuses. In red cell isoimmunization, significant macrocytosis was observed when the fetal hemoglobin concentration deficit was greater than or equal to 6 g/dl. In the chromosomally normal SGA fetuses (n = 178), the MCV was increased and the magnitude of macrocytosis was significantly associated with gestation and the degrees of fetal 'smallness' and fetal hypoxemia. However, the most severely macrocytotic SGA fetuses were those with triploidy (n = 22). In the SGA fetuses with other chromosomal defects (n = 31), the MCV was higher than the controls but lower than that of the chromosomally normal hypoxemic fetuses. It is suggested that in severe growth retardation there is developmental delay in the normal evolution from hepatic to medullary hemopoiesis and this is most marked in triploid fetuses. In contrast, in red cell isoimmunization the switch to medullary erythropoiesis is normal, but in severe anemia there is secondary recruitment of hepatic erythropoiesis.