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1. Anatomical study of diaphyseal nutrient foramina in human adult humerus

Author: Vijayalakshmi S Bhojaraja, Sneha Guruprasad Kalthur, and Antony S Dsouza
Subjects: Diaphysis, humerus, nutrient artery, nutrient foramina, Medicine
Abstract: Purpose: The objective of the following study is to determine the variation in diaphyseal nutrient foramen (NF) of humerus with respect to their number, location, direction and size. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted on 100 humeri. The number and direction of diaphyseal NF were observed in all bones with the help of a hand lens. Position was described into horizontal and vertical zones; caliber was determined using hypodermic needles. Foraminal index was also calculated. Results: The mean length of humerus observed in the present study was 30.7 cm. The NF was situated at 17.8 cm from the proximal end, 12.4 cm from the distal end and ~2.9 cm below the mid length of humerus. The mean foramina index and circumference of NF was 57.7 and 6.2 cm respectively. Majority of the humeri (77%) had single NF while in 3% of humeri NF was absent. Middle one-third and on the antero-medial surface of the humerus was the most common location of the foramen. Majority of the dominant foramen was large in size and all were directing toward the distal end. Conclusion: The results of the present investigation indicate that there is variation in the number, location and size of NF in humeri among Indian population. An accurate knowledge of the location of the NF in long bones can be useful in certain surgical procedures such as bone grafting, microsurgical vascularized bone transplantation and in fractures.
Published: 2014
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2. The burden of metabolic risk factors in North Africa and the Middle East, 1990–2019: findings from the Global Burden of Disease StudyResearch in context

Author: Mohammad-Reza Malekpour, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari, Javad Khanali, Mahsa Heidari-Foroozan, Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam, Mohammadreza Azangou-Khyavy, Sahba Rezazadeh-Khadem, Negar Rezaei, Parnian Shobeiri, Zahra Esfahani, Nazila Rezaei, Ali H. Mokdad, Mohsen Naghavi, Bagher Larijani, Farshad Farzadfar, Amirali Aali, Sherief Abd-Elsalam, Meriem Abdoun, Abdorrahim Absalan, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Niveen ME. Abu-Rmeileh, Ahmed Abu-Zaid, Ali Ahmadi, Sepideh Ahmadi, Ayman Ahmed, Tarik Ahmed Rashid, Marjan Ajami, Mostafa Akbarzadeh-Khiavi, Hanadi Al Hamad, Tariq A. Alalwan, Khalid F. Alhabib, Yousef Alimohamadi, Vahid Alipour, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Mahmoud A. Alomari, Saleh A. Alqahatni, Rajaa M. Al-Raddadi, Javad Javad Aminian Dehkordi, Mehrdad Amir-Behghadami, Sohrab Amiri, Davood Anvari, Jalal Arabloo, Judie Arulappan, Ashokan Arumugam, Zahra Aryan, Mohammad Athar, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Abolfazl Avan, Sina Azadnajafabad, Samad Azari, Hosein Azizi, Nayereh Baghcheghi, Nader Bagheri, Sara Bagherieh, Ovidiu Constantin Baltatu, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Vijayalakshmi S. Bhojaraja, Souad Bouaoud, Muhammad Hammad Butt, Luciana Aparecida Campos, Abdulaal Chitheer, Reza Darvishi Cheshmeh Soltani, Aso Mohammad Darwesh, Shirin Djalalinia, Milad Dodangeh, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Iffat Elbarazi, Muhammed Elhadi, Waseem El-Huneidi, Rana Ezzeddini, Mohammad Fareed, Hossein Farrokhpour, Ali Fatehizadeh, Yaseen Galali, Amir Ghaderi, Mansour Ghafourifard, Mohammad Ghasemi Nour, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Maryam Gholamalizadeh, Pouya Goleij, Mohamad Golitaleb, Parham Habibzadeh, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Rabih Halwani, Hamidreza Hasani, Maryam Hashemian, Amr Hassan, Soheil Hassanipour, Hadi Hassankhani, Kamal Hezam, Reza Homayounfar, Seyed Kianoosh Hosseini, Kaveh Hosseini, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Soodabeh Hoveidamanesh, Jalil Jaafari, Haitham Jahrami, Elham Jamshidi, Tahereh Javaheri, Sathish Kumar Jayapal, Ali Kabir, Amirali Karimi, Neda Kaydi, Mohammad Keykhaei, Yousef Saleh Khader, Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie, Moien A.B. Khan, Kashif Ullah Khan, Yusra H. Khan, Moawiah Mohammad Khatatbeh, Farzad Kompani, Hamid Reza Koohestani, Mohammed Kuddus, Savita Lasrado, Sang-woong Lee, Soleiman Mahjoub, Ata Mahmoodpoor, Elham Mahmoudi, Elaheh Malakan Rad, Narges Malih, Ahmad Azam Malik, Tauqeer Hussain Mallhi, Yosef Manla, Borhan Mansouri, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Parham Mardi, Abdoljalal Marjani, Sahar Masoudi, Entezar Mehrabi Nasab, Ritesh G. Menezes, Vildan Mevsim, Yousef Mohammad, Mokhtar Mohammadi, Esmaeil Mohammadi, Noushin Mohammadifard, Arif Mohammed, Sara Momtazmanesh, Fateme Montazeri, Maryam Moradi, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Negar Morovatdar, Christopher J.L. Murray, Zuhair S. Natto, Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi, Ali Nowroozi, Morteza Oladnabi, Ahmed Omar Bali, Emad Omer, Hamidreza Pazoki Toroudi, Raffaele Pezzani, Ashkan Pourabhari Langroudi, Sima Rafiei, Mehran Rahimi, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Shayan Rahmani, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Vahid Rahmanian, Chythra R. Rao, Sina Rashedi, Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi, Reza Rawassizadeh, Elrashdy Moustafa Mohamed Redwan, Malihe Rezaee, Maryam Rezaei, Seyed Mohammad Riahi, Gholamreza Roshandel, Aly Saad, Maha Mohamed Saber-Ayad, Siamak Sabour, Leila Sabzmakan, Basema Saddik, Erfan Sadeghi, Saeid Sadeghian, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Morteza Saki, Saina Salahi, Sarvenaz Salahi, Amir Salek Farrokhi, Marwa Rashad Salem, Hamideh Salimzadeh, Abdallah M. Samy, Nizal Sarrafzadegan, Brijesh Sathian, Melika Shafeghat, Syed Mahboob Shah, Jaffer Shah, Ataollah Shahbandi, Fariba Shahraki-Sanavi, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, Mohd Shanawaz, Kiomars Sharafi, Javad Sharifi-Rad, Jeevan K. Shetty, Zahra Shokri Varniab, Seyed Afshin Shorofi, Soraya Siabani, Mohammad Sadegh Soltani-Zangbar, Seidamir Pasha Tabaeian, Seyed-Amir Tabatabaeizadeh, Mohammad Tabish, Majid Taheri, Yasaman Taheri Abkenar, Moslem Taheri Soodejani, Amir Taherkhani, Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Bereket M. Tigabu, Alireza Vakilian, Siavash Vaziri, Bay Vo, Fereshteh Yazdanpanah, Arzu Yigit, Vahit Yiğit, Mazyar Zahir, Burhan Abdullah Zaman, Maryam Zamanian, Moein Zangiabadian, Iman Zare, and Zahra Zareshahrabadi
Subjects: Global burden of disease, Metabolic risk factors, High systolic blood pressure, High fasting plasma glucose, High body-mass index, High-LDL, Medicine (General), R5-920
Abstract: Summary: Background: The objective of this study is to investigate the trends of exposure and burden attributable to the four main metabolic risk factors, including high systolic blood pressure (SBP), high fasting plasma glucose (FPG), high body-mass index (BMI), and high low-density lipoproteins cholesterol (LDL) in North Africa and the Middle East from 1990 to 2019. Methods: The data were retrieved from Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Summary exposure value (SEV) was used for risk factor exposure. Burden attributable to each risk factor was incorporated in the population attributable fraction to estimate the total attributable deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). Findings: While age-standardized death rate (ASDR) attributable to high-LDL and high-SBP decreased by 26.5% (18.6–35.2) and 23.4% (15.9–31.5) over 1990–2019, respectively, high-BMI with 5.1% (−9.0–25.9) and high-FPG with 21.4% (7.0–37.4) change, grew in ASDR. Moreover, age-standardized DALY rate attributed to high-LDL and high-SBP declined by 30.2% (20.9–39.0) and 25.2% (16.8–33.9), respectively. The attributable age-standardized DALY rate of high-BMI with 8.3% (−6.5–28.8) and high-FPG with 27.0% (14.3–40.8) increase, had a growing trend. Age-standardized SEVs of high-FPG, high-BMI, high-SBP, and high-LDL increased by 92.4% (82.8–103.3), 76.0% (58.9–99.3), 10.4% (3.8–18.0), and 5.5% (4.3–7.1), respectively. Interpretation: The burden attributed to high-SBP and high-LDL decreased during the 1990–2019 period in the region, while the attributable burden of high-FPG and high-BMI increased. Alarmingly, exposure to all four risk factors increased in the past three decades. There has been significant heterogeneity among the countries in the region regarding the trends of exposure and attributable burden. Urgent action is required at the individual, community, and national levels in terms of introducing effective strategies for prevention and treatment that account for local and socioeconomic factors. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2023
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3. Global, regional, and national burden of low back pain, 1990–2020, its attributable risk factors, and projections to 2050

Author: Manuela L Ferreira, Katie de Luca, Lydia M Haile, Jaimie D Steinmetz, Garland T Culbreth, Marita Cross, Jacek A Kopec, Paulo H Ferreira, Fiona M Blyth, Rachelle Buchbinder, Jan Hartvigsen, Ai-Min Wu, Saeid Safiri, Anthony D Woolf, Gary S Collins, Kanyin Liane Ong, Stein Emil Vollset, Amanda E Smith, Jessica A Cruz, Kai Glenn Fukutaki, Semagn Mekonnen Abate, Mitra Abbasifard, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Zeinab Abbasi-Kangevari, Ahmed Abdelalim, Aidin Abedi, Hassan Abidi, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Ali Ahmadi, Rufus Olusola Akinyemi, Abayneh Tadesse Alamer, Adugnaw Zeleke Alem, Yousef Alimohamadi, Mansour Abdullah Alshehri, Mohammed Mansour Alshehri, Hosam Alzahrani, Saeed Amini, Sohrab Amiri, Hubert Amu, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Tudorel Andrei, Benny Antony, Jalal Arabloo, Judie Arulappan, Ashokan Arumugam, Tahira Ashraf, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Nefsu Awoke, Sina Azadnajafabad, Till Winfried Bärnighausen, Lope H Barrero, Amadou Barrow, Akbar Barzegar, Lindsay M Bearne, Isabela M Bensenor, Alemshet Yirga Berhie, Bharti Bhandari Bhandari, Vijayalakshmi S Bhojaraja, Ali Bijani, Belay Boda Abule Bodicha, Srinivasa Rao Bolla, Javier Brazo-Sayavera, Andrew M Briggs, Chao Cao, Periklis Charalampous, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Flavia M Cicuttini, Benjamin Clarsen, Sarah Cuschieri, Omid Dadras, Xiaochen Dai, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Azizallah Dehghan, Takele Gezahegn G Demie, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Syed Masudur Rahman Dewan, Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne, Mandira Lamichhane Dhimal, Meghnath Dhimal, Daniel Diaz, Mojtaba Didehdar, Lankamo Ena Digesa, Mengistie Diress, Hoa Thi Do, Linh Phuong Doan, Michael Ekholuenetale, Muhammed Elhadi, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Shahriar Faghani, Jawad Fares, Ali Fatehizadeh, Getahun Fetensa, Irina Filip, Florian Fischer, Richard Charles Franklin, Balasankar Ganesan, Belete Negese Belete Gemeda, Motuma Erena Getachew, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Tiffany K Gill, Mahaveer Golechha, Pouya Goleij, Bhawna Gupta, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Pawan Kumar Hamal, Asif Hanif, Netanja I Harlianto, Hamidreza Hasani, Simon I Hay, Jeffrey J Hebert, Golnaz Heidari, Mohammad Heidari, Reza Heidari-Soureshjani, Mbuzeleni Mbuzeleni Hlongwa, Mohammad-Salar Hosseini, Alexander Kevin Hsiao, Ivo Iavicoli, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Irena M Ilic, Milena D Ilic, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Manthan Dilipkumar Janodia, Ravi Prakash Jha, Har Ashish Jindal, Jost B Jonas, Gebisa Guyasa Kabito, Himal Kandel, Rimple Jeet Kaur, Vikash Ranjan Keshri, Yousef Saleh Khader, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Md Jobair Khan, Moien AB Khan, Hamid Reza Khayat Kashani, Jagdish Khubchandani, Yun Jin Kim, Adnan Kisa, Jitka Klugarová, Ali-Asghar Kolahi, Hamid Reza Koohestani, Ai Koyanagi, G Anil Kumar, Narinder Kumar, Tea Lallukka, Savita Lasrado, Wei-Chen Lee, Yo Han Lee, Ata Mahmoodpoor, Jeadran N Malagón-Rojas, Mohammad-Reza Malekpour, Reza Malekzadeh, Narges Malih, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Entezar Mehrabi Nasab, Ritesh G Menezes, Alexios-Fotios A Mentis, Mohamed Kamal Mesregah, Ted R Miller, Mohammad Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari, Maryam Mobarakabadi, Yousef Mohammad, Esmaeil Mohammadi, Shafiu Mohammed, Ali H Mokdad, Sara Momtazmanesh, Lorenzo Monasta, Mohammad Ali Moni, Ebrahim Mostafavi, Christopher J L Murray, Tapas Sadasivan Nair, Javad Nazari, Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi, Subas Neupane, Sandhya Neupane Kandel, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Ali Nowroozi, Hassan Okati-Aliabad, Emad Omer, Abderrahim Oulhaj, Mayowa O Owolabi, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas, Anamika Pandey, Eun-Kee Park, Shrikant Pawar, Paolo Pedersini, Jeevan Pereira, Mario F P Peres, Ionela-Roxana Petcu, Mohammadreza Pourahmadi, Amir Radfar, Shahram Rahimi-Dehgolan, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Mosiur Rahman, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Nazanin Rajai, Chythra R Rao, Vahid Rashedi, Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi, Zubair Ahmed Ratan, David Laith Rawaf, Salman Rawaf, Andre M N Renzaho, Negar Rezaei, Zahed Rezaei, Leonardo Roever, Guilherme de Andrade Ruela, Basema Saddik, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Sana Salehi, Francesco Sanmarchi, Sadaf G Sepanlou, Saeed Shahabi, Shayan Shahrokhi, Elaheh Shaker, MohammadBagher Shamsi, Mohammed Shannawaz, Saurab Sharma, Maryam Shaygan, Rahim Ali Sheikhi, Jeevan K Shetty, Rahman Shiri, Siddharudha Shivalli, Parnian Shobeiri, Migbar Mekonnen Sibhat, Ambrish Singh, Jasvinder A Singh, Helen Slater, Marco Solmi, Ranjani Somayaji, Ker-Kan Tan, Rekha Thapar, Seyed Abolfazl Tohidast, Sahel Valadan Tahbaz, Rohollah Valizadeh, Tommi Juhani Vasankari, Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian, Vasily Vlassov, Bay Vo, Yuan-Pang Wang, Taweewat Wiangkham, Lalit Yadav, Ali Yadollahpour, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Lin Yang, Fereshteh Yazdanpanah, Naohiro Yonemoto, Mustafa Z Younis, Iman Zare, Armin Zarrintan, Mohammad Zoladl, Theo Vos, Lyn M March, Surgery, Erasmus MC other, Public Health, and Pharmacy
Subjects: Rheumatology, Immunology, Immunology and Allergy
Abstract: Background: Low back pain is highly prevalent and the main cause of years lived with disability (YLDs). We present the most up-to-date global, regional, and national data on prevalence and YLDs for low back pain from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2021. Methods: Population-based studies from 1980 to 2019 identified in a systematic review, international surveys, US medical claims data, and dataset contributions by collaborators were used to estimate the prevalence and YLDs for low back pain from 1990 to 2020, for 204 countries and territories. Low back pain was defined as pain between the 12th ribs and the gluteal folds that lasted a day or more; input data using alternative definitions were adjusted in a network meta-regression analysis. Nested Bayesian meta-regression models were used to estimate prevalence and YLDs by age, sex, year, and location. Prevalence was projected to 2050 by running a regression on prevalence rates using Socio-demographic Index as a predictor, then multiplying them by projected population estimates. Findings: In 2020, low back pain affected 619 million (95% uncertainty interval 554–694) people globally, with a projection of 843 million (759–933) prevalent cases by 2050. In 2020, the global age-standardised rate of YLDs was 832 per 100 000 (578–1070). Between 1990 and 2020, age-standardised rates of prevalence and YLDs decreased by 10·4% (10·9–10·0) and 10·5% (11·1–10·0), respectively. A total of 38·8% (28·7–47·0) of YLDs were attributed to occupational factors, smoking, and high BMI. Interpretation: Low back pain remains the leading cause of YLDs globally, and in 2020, there were more than half a billion prevalent cases of low back pain worldwide. While age-standardised rates have decreased modestly over the past three decades, it is projected that globally in 2050, more than 800 million people will have low back pain. Challenges persist in obtaining primary country-level data on low back pain, and there is an urgent need for more high-quality, primary, country-level data on both prevalence and severity distributions to improve accuracy and monitor change. Funding: Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2023

4. The Effect of Traditional Home Remedies on Glycemic Control among People with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)

Author: Prabhath Matpady, G. Arun Maiya, Niroshkanaa Gaundar, Jeevan K Shetty, Vijayalakshmi S Bhojaraja, Anupama D S, and Shashikiran Umakanth
Subjects: Pharmacology
Abstract: Traditional home remedy consumption is a typical ancient practice in India. These traditional home remedies are found to have beneficial effects on many chronic conditions. This study was designed to explore the effect of traditional home remedies on glycemic control in people with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM). In this study, 148 type-2 DM patients aged between 35 and 70 of both genders, participated. Among 148 type-2 DM patients, 102 T2DM patients use traditional home remedies along with oral anti-diabetic drugs, while the remaining 46 are non-users. The details of age, duration of type- 2 DM, glycated Hb (HbA1c) values, and use of traditional home remedies were obtained from a cross-sectional survey. The HbA1c value of 7-8% was considered an optimal target glycemic control, and ≤ 7% was considered poor control. A mean and SD were used to represent descriptive statistics. An independent sample test was used to compare the mean HBA1c between the fenugreek users and non-users by considering p
Published: 2022

5. The global, regional, and national burden of benign prostatic hyperplasia in 204 countries and territories from 2000 to 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Atalel Fentahun Awedew, Hannah Han, Behzad Abbasi, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Omar Almidani, Erfan Amini, Jalal Arabloo, Ayele Mamo Argaw, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Daniel Atlaw, Maciej Banach, Amadou Barrow, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Vijayalakshmi S Bhojaraja, Boris Bikbov, Belay Boda Abule Bodicha, Nadeem Shafique Butt, Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos, Omid Dadras, Xiaochen Dai, Linh Phuong Doan, Sahar Eftekharzadeh, Ali Fatehizadeh, Tushar Garg, Teferi Gebru Gebremeskel, Motuma Erena Getachew, Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari, Syed Amir Gilani, Mahaveer Golechha, Veer Bala Gupta, Vivek Kumar Gupta, Simon I Hay, Mohammad-Salar Hosseini, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Ayesha Humayun, Irena M Ilic, Milena D Ilic, Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Shubha Jayaram, Seyed Behzad Jazayeri, Alelign Tasew Jema, Ali Kabir, Ibraheem M Karaye, Yousef Saleh Khader, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Iván Landires, Sang-woong Lee, Shaun Wen Huey Lee, Stephen S Lim, Stany W Lobo, Azeem Majeed, Mohammad-Reza Malekpour, Narges Malih, Ahmad Azam Malik, Entezar Mehrabi Nasab, Tomislav Mestrovic, Irmina Maria Michalek, Gedefaye Nibret Mihrtie, Mohammad Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari, Awoke Temesgen Misganaw, Ali H Mokdad, Mariam Molokhia, Christopher J L Murray, Sreenivas Narasimha Swamy, Son Hoang Nguyen, Ali Nowroozi, Virginia Nuñez-Samudio, Mayowa O Owolabi, Shrikant Pawar, Norberto Perico, David Laith Rawaf, Salman Rawaf, Reza Rawassizadeh, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Chethan Sampath, Jeevan K Shetty, Migbar Mekonnen Sibhat, Jasvinder A Singh, Ker-Kan Tan, Gebremaryam Temesgen, Musliu Adetola Tolani, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Sahel Valadan Tahbaz, Rohollah Valizadeh, Bay Vo, Linh Gia Vu, Lin Yang, Fereshteh Yazdanpanah, Arzu Yigit, Vahit Yiğit, Ismaeel Yunusa, Mazyar Zahir, Theo Vos, M Ashworth Dirac, Awedew, Atalel Fentahun, Han, Hannah, Abbasi, Behzad, Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Mihrtie, Gedefaye Nibret, and GBD 2019 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Collaborators
Subjects: Male, Psychiatry and Mental health, Health (social science), Prostatic Hyperplasia, Humans, Bayes Theorem, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Geriatrics and Gerontology, Global Health, Family Practice, Aged, Global Burden of Disease
Abstract: © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licenseBackground: Benign prostatic hyperplasia is a common urological disease affecting older men worldwide, but comprehensive data about the global, regional, and national burden of benign prostatic hyperplasia and its trends over time are scarce. As part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, we estimated global trends in, and prevalence of, benign prostatic hyperplasia and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to benign prostatic hyperplasia, in 21 regions and 204 countries and territories from 2000 to 2019. Methods: This study was conducted with GBD 2019 analytical and modelling strategies. Primary prevalence data came from claims from three countries and from hospital inpatient encounters from 45 locations. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR version 2.1, was used to estimate the age-specific, location-specific, and year-specific prevalence of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Age-standardised prevalence was calculated by the direct method using the GBD reference population. Years lived with disability (YLDs) due to benign prostatic hyperplasia were estimated by multiplying the disability weight by the symptomatic proportion of the prevalence of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Because we did not estimate years of life lost associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) equalled YLDs. The final estimates were compared across Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintiles. The 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) were estimated as the 25th and 975th of 1000 ordered draws from a bootstrap distribution. Findings: Globally, there were 94·0 million (95% UI 73·2 to 118) prevalent cases of benign prostatic hyperplasia in 2019, compared with 51·1 million (43·1 to 69·3) cases in 2000. The age-standardised prevalence of benign prostatic hyperplasia was 2480 (1940 to 3090) per 100 000 people. Although the global number of prevalent cases increased by 70·5% (68·6 to 72·7) between 2000 and 2019, the global age-standardised prevalence remained stable (–0·770% [–1·56 to 0·0912]). The age-standardised prevalence in 2019 ranged from 6480 (5130 to 8080) per 100 000 in eastern Europe to 987 (732 to 1320) per 100 000 in north Africa and the Middle East. All five SDI quintiles observed an increase in the absolute DALY burden between 2000 and 2019. The most rapid increases in the absolute DALY burden were seen in the middle SDI quintile (94·7% [91·8 to 97·6]), the low-middle SDI quintile (77·3% [74·1 to 81·2]), and the low SDI quintile (77·7% [72·9 to 83·2]). Between 2000 and 2019, age-standardised DALY rates changed less, but the three lower SDI quintiles (low, low-middle, and middle) saw small increases, and the two higher SDI quintiles (high and high-middle SDI) saw small decreases. Interpretation: The absolute burden of benign prostatic hyperplasia is rising at an alarming rate in most of the world, particularly in low-income and middle-income countries that are currently undergoing rapid demographic and epidemiological changes. As more people are living longer worldwide, the absolute burden of benign prostatic hyperplasia is expected to continue to rise in the coming years, highlighting the importance of monitoring and planning for future health system strain. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Translation: For the Amharic translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.
Published: 2022

6. Global, regional, and national burden of colorectal cancer and its risk factors, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Rajesh Sharma, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Rami Abd-Rabu, Hassan Abidi, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Juan Manuel Acuna, Sangeet Adhikari, Shailesh M Advani, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Mohamad Aghaie Meybodi, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Sajjad Ahmad, Ali Ahmadi, Sepideh Ahmadi, Haroon Ahmed, Luai A Ahmed, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Hanadi Al Hamad, Fares Alahdab, Fahad Mashhour Alanezi, Turki M Alanzi, Fadwa Alhalaiqa Naji Alhalaiqa, Yousef Alimohamadi, Vahid Alipour, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Motasem Alkhayyat, Sami Almustanyir, Rajaa M Al-Raddadi, Saba Alvand, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Saeed Amini, Robert Ancuceanu, Amir Anoushiravani, Ali Arash Anoushirvani, Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam, Jalal Arabloo, Armin Aryannejad, Mohammad Asghari Jafarabadi, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Floriane Ausloos, Marcel Ausloos, Atalel Fentahun Awedew, Mamaru Ayenew Awoke, Tegegn Mulatu Ayana, Sina Azadnajafabad, Hiva Azami, Mohammadreza Azangou-Khyavy, Amirhossein Azari Jafari, Ashish D Badiye, Sara Bagherieh, Saeed Bahadory, Atif Amin Baig, Jennifer L Baker, Maciej Banach, Amadou Barrow, Alemshet Yirga Berhie, Sima Besharat, Devidas S Bhagat, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Neeraj Bhala, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Vijayalakshmi S Bhojaraja, Sadia Bibi, Ali Bijani, Antonio Biondi, Tone Bjørge, Belay Boda Abule Bodicha, Dejana Braithwaite, Hermann Brenner, Daniela Calina, Chao Cao, Yin Cao, Giulia Carreras, Felix Carvalho, Ester Cerin, Raja Chandra Chakinala, William C S Cho, Dinh-Toi Chu, Joao Conde, Vera Marisa Costa, Natália Cruz-Martins, Omid Dadras, Xiaochen Dai, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Anna Danielewicz, Feleke Mekonnen Demeke, Getu Debalkie Demissie, Rupak Desai, Deepak Dhamnetiya, Mostafa Dianatinasab, Daniel Diaz, Mojtaba Didehdar, Saeid Doaei, Linh Phuong Doan, Milad Dodangeh, Fatemeh Eghbalian, Debela Debela Ejeta, Michael Ekholuenetale, Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo, Iman El Sayed, Muhammed Elhadi, Daniel Berhanie Enyew, Tahir Eyayu, Rana Ezzeddini, Ildar Ravisovich Fakhradiyev, Umar Farooque, Hossein Farrokhpour, Farshad Farzadfar, Ali Fatehizadeh, Hamed Fattahi, Nima Fattahi, Masood Fereidoonnezhad, Eduarda Fernandes, Getahun Fetensa, Irina Filip, Florian Fischer, Masoud Foroutan, Peter Andras Gaal, Mohamed M Gad, Silvano Gallus, Tushar Garg, Tamiru Getachew, Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Nermin Ghith, Maryam Gholamalizadeh, Jamshid Gholizadeh Navashenaq, Abraham Tamirat Gizaw, James C Glasbey, Mahaveer Golechha, Pouya Goleij, Kebebe Bekele Gonfa, Giuseppe Gorini, Avirup Guha, Sapna Gupta, Veer Bala Gupta, Vivek Kumar Gupta, Rasool Haddadi, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Rabih Halwani, Shafiul Haque, Sanam Hariri, Ahmed I Hasaballah, Soheil Hassanipour, Simon I Hay, Claudiu Herteliu, Ramesh Holla, Mohammad-Salar Hosseini, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mihaela Hostiuc, Mowafa Househ, Junjie Huang, Ayesha Humayun, Ivo Iavicoli, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Irena M Ilic, Milena D Ilic, Farhad Islami, Masao Iwagami, Mohammad Ali Jahani, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Tahereh Javaheri, Ranil Jayawardena, Rime Jebai, Ravi Prakash Jha, Tamas Joo, Nitin Joseph, Farahnaz Joukar, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Ali Kabir, Rohollah Kalhor, Ashwin Kamath, Neeti Kapoor, Ibraheem M Karaye, Amirali Karimi, Joonas H Kauppila, Asma Kazemi, Mohammad Keykhaei, Yousef Saleh Khader, Himanshu Khajuria, Rovshan Khalilov, Javad Khanali, Maryam Khayamzadeh, Mahmoud Khodadost, Hanna Kim, Min Seo Kim, Adnan Kisa, Sezer Kisa, Ali-Asghar Kolahi, Hamid Reza Koohestani, Jacek A Kopec, Rajasekaran Koteeswaran, Ai Koyanagi, Yuvaraj Krishnamoorthy, G Anil Kumar, Manoj Kumar, Vivek Kumar, Carlo La Vecchia, Faris Hasan Lami, Iván Landires, Caterina Ledda, Sang-woong Lee, Wei-Chen Lee, Yeong Yeh Lee, Elvynna Leong, Bingyu Li, Stephen S Lim, Stany W Lobo, Joana A Loureiro, Raimundas Lunevicius, Farzan Madadizadeh, Ata Mahmoodpoor, Azeem Majeed, Mohammad-Reza Malekpour, Reza Malekzadeh, Ahmad Azam Malik, Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei, Lorenzo Giovanni Mantovani, Miquel Martorell, Sahar Masoudi, Prashant Mathur, Jitendra Kumar Meena, Entezar Mehrabi Nasab, Walter Mendoza, Alexios-Fotios A Mentis, Tomislav Mestrovic, Junmei Miao Jonasson, Bartosz Miazgowski, Tomasz Miazgowski, Gelana Fekadu Worku Mijena, Seyyedmohammadsadeq Mirmoeeni, Mohammad Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari, Hamed Mirzaei, Sanjeev Misra, Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, Esmaeil Mohammadi, Saeed Mohammadi, Seyyede Momeneh Mohammadi, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Shafiu Mohammed, Teroj Abdulrahman Mohammed, Nagabhishek Moka, Ali H Mokdad, Zeinab Mokhtari, Mariam Molokhia, Sara Momtazmanesh, Lorenzo Monasta, Ghobad Moradi, Rahmatollah Moradzadeh, Paula Moraga, Joana Morgado-da-Costa, Sumaira Mubarik, Francesk Mulita, Mohsen Naghavi, Mukhammad David Naimzada, Hae Sung Nam, Zuhair S Natto, Biswa Prakash Nayak, Javad Nazari, Ehsan Nazemalhosseini-Mojarad, Ionut Negoi, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Son Hoang Nguyen, Nurulamin M Noor, Maryam Noori, Seyyed Mohammad Ali Noori, Virginia Nuñez-Samudio, Chimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam, Bogdan Oancea, Oluwakemi Ololade Odukoya, Ayodipupo Sikiru Oguntade, Hassan Okati-Aliabad, Andrew T Olagunju, Tinuke O Olagunju, Sokking Ong, Samuel M Ostroff, Alicia Padron-Monedero, Reza Pakzad, Adrian Pana, Anamika Pandey, Fatemeh Pashazadeh Kan, Urvish K Patel, Uttam Paudel, Renato B Pereira, Navaraj Perumalsamy, Richard G Pestell, Zahra Zahid Piracha, Richard Charles G Pollok, Akram Pourshams, Naeimeh Pourtaheri, Akila Prashant, Mohammad Rabiee, Navid Rabiee, Amir Radfar, Sima Rafiei, Mosiur Rahman, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Vahid Rahmanian, Nazanin Rajai, Aashish Rajesh, Vajiheh Ramezani-Doroh, Kiana Ramezanzadeh, Kamal Ranabhat, Sina Rashedi, Amirfarzan Rashidi, Mahsa Rashidi, Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi, Mandana Rastegar, David Laith Rawaf, Salman Rawaf, Reza Rawassizadeh, Mohammad Sadegh Razeghinia, Andre M N Renzaho, Negar Rezaei, Nima Rezaei, Saeid Rezaei, Mohsen Rezaeian, Sahba Rezazadeh-Khadem, Gholamreza Roshandel, Maha Mohamed Saber-Ayad, Bahar Saberzadeh-Ardestani, Basema Saddik, Hossein Sadeghi, Umar Saeed, Maryam Sahebazzamani, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Amir Salek Farrokhi, Amir Salimi, Hamideh Salimzadeh, Pouria Samadi, Mehrnoosh Samaei, Abdallah M Samy, Juan Sanabria, Milena M Santric-Milicevic, Muhammad Arif Nadeem Saqib, Arash Sarveazad, Brijesh Sathian, Maheswar Satpathy, Ione Jayce Ceola Schneider, Mario Šekerija, Sadaf G Sepanlou, Allen Seylani, Feng Sha, Sayed Mohammad Shafiee, Zahra Shaghaghi, Saeed Shahabi, Elaheh Shaker, Maedeh Sharifian, Javad Sharifi-Rad, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Jeevan K Shetty, Reza Shirkoohi, Parnian Shobeiri, Sudeep K Siddappa Malleshappa, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, Guilherme Silva Julian, Achintya Dinesh Singh, Jasvinder A Singh, Md Shahjahan Siraj, Gholam Reza Sivandzadeh, Valentin Yurievich Skryabin, Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina, Bogdan Socea, Marco Solmi, Mohammad Sadegh Soltani-Zangbar, Suhang Song, Viktória Szerencsés, Miklós Szócska, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Elnaz Tabibian, Majid Taheri, Yasaman TaheriAbkenar, Amir Taherkhani, Iman M Talaat, Ker-Kan Tan, Abdelghani Tbakhi, Bekele Tesfaye, Amir Tiyuri, Daniel Nigusse Tollosa, Mathilde Touvier, Bach Xuan Tran, Biruk Shalmeno Tusa, Irfan Ullah, Saif Ullah, Marco Vacante, Sahel Valadan Tahbaz, Massimiliano Veroux, Bay Vo, Theo Vos, Cong Wang, Ronny Westerman, Melat Woldemariam, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Lin Yang, Fereshteh Yazdanpanah, Chuanhua Yu, Deniz Yuce, Ismaeel Yunusa, Vesna Zadnik, Mazyar Zahir, Iman Zare, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Mohammad Zoladl, NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas (NMS|FCM), Sharma, Rajesh, Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen, Abd-Rabu, Rami, Abidi, Hassan, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Zoladl, Mohammad, GBD 2019 Colorectal Cancer Collaborators, Sharma, R, Abbasi-Kangevari, M, Abd-Rabu, R, Abidi, H, Abu-Gharbieh, E, Manuel Acuna, J, Adhikari, S, M Advani, S, Sohail Afzal, M, Aghaie Meybodi, M, Opoku Ahinkorah, B, Ahmad, S, Ahmadi, A, Ahmadi, S, Ahmed, H, A Ahmed, L, Beshir Ahmed, M, Al Hamad, H, Alahdab, F, Mashhour Alanezi, F, M Alanzi, T, Alhalaiqa Naji Alhalaiqa, F, Alimohamadi, Y, Alipour, V, Mohamed Aljunid, S, Alkhayyat, M, Almustanyir, S, M Al-Raddadi, R, Alvand, S, Alvis-Guzman, N, Amini, S, Ancuceanu, R, Anoushiravani, A, Arash Anoushirvani, A, Ansari-Moghaddam, A, Arabloo, J, Aryannejad, A, Asghari Jafarabadi, M, Shamsadin Athari, S, Ausloos, F, Ausloos, M, Fentahun Awedew, A, Ayenew Awoke, M, Mulatu Ayana, T, Azadnajafabad, S, Azami, H, Azangou-Khyavy, M, Azari Jafari, A, D Badiye, A, Bagherieh, S, Bahadory, S, Amin Baig, A, L Baker, J, Banach, M, Barrow, A, Yirga Berhie, A, Besharat, S, S Bhagat, D, Srikanth Bhagavathula, A, Bhala, N, Bhattacharyya, K, S Bhojaraja, V, Bibi, S, Bijani, A, Biondi, A, Bj??rge, T, Boda Abule Bodicha, B, Braithwaite, D, Brenner, H, Calina, D, Cao, C, Cao, Y, Carreras, G, Carvalho, F, Cerin, E, Chandra Chakinala, R, S Cho, W, Chu, D, Conde, J, Marisa Costa, V, Cruz-Martins, N, Dadras, O, Dai, X, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Danielewicz, A, Mekonnen Demeke, F, Debalkie Demissie, G, Desai, R, Dhamnetiya, D, Dianatinasab, M, Diaz, D, Didehdar, M, Doaei, S, Phuong Doan, L, Dodangeh, M, Eghbalian, F, Debela Ejeta, D, Ekholuenetale, M, Cyrus Ekundayo, T, El Sayed, I, Elhadi, M, Berhanie Enyew, D, Eyayu, T, Ezzeddini, R, Ravisovich Fakhradiyev, I, Farooque, U, Farrokhpour, H, Farzadfar, F, Fatehizadeh, A, Fattahi, H, Fattahi, N, Fereidoonnezhad, M, Fernandes, E, Fetensa, G, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Foroutan, M, Andras Gaal, P, M Gad, M, Gallus, S, Garg, T, Getachew, T, Ghamari, S, Ghashghaee, A, Ghith, N, Gholamalizadeh, M, Gholizadeh Navashenaq, J, Tamirat Gizaw, A, C Glasbey, J, Golechha, M, Goleij, P, Bekele Gonfa, K, Gorini, G, Guha, A, Gupta, S, Bala Gupta, V, Kumar Gupta, V, Haddadi, R, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Haj-Mirzaian, A, Halwani, R, Haque, S, Hariri, S, I Hasaballah, A, Hassanipour, S, I Hay, S, Herteliu, C, Holla, R, Hosseini, M, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, M, Househ, M, Huang, J, Humayun, A, Iavicoli, I, Stephen Ilesanmi, O, M Ilic, I, D Ilic, M, Islami, F, Iwagami, M, Ali Jahani, M, Jakovljevic, M, Javaheri, T, Jayawardena, R, Jebai, R, Prakash Jha, R, Joo, T, Joseph, N, Joukar, F, Jerzy Jozwiak, J, Kabir, A, Kalhor, R, Kamath, A, Kapoor, N, M Karaye, I, Karimi, A, H Kauppila, J, Kazemi, A, Keykhaei, M, Saleh Khader, Y, Khajuria, H, Khalilov, R, Khanali, J, Khayamzadeh, M, Khodadost, M, Kim, H, Seo Kim, M, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Kolahi, A, Reza Koohestani, H, A Kopec, J, Koteeswaran, R, Koyanagi, A, Krishnamoorthy, Y, Anil Kumar, G, Kumar, M, Kumar, V, La Vecchia, C, Hasan Lami, F, Landires, I, Ledda, C, Lee, S, Lee, W, Yeh Lee, Y, Leong, E, Li, B, S Lim, S, W Lobo, S, A Loureiro, J, Lunevicius, R, Madadizadeh, F, Mahmoodpoor, A, Majeed, A, Malekpour, M, Malekzadeh, R, Azam Malik, A, Mansour-Ghanaei, F, Mantovani, L, Martorell, M, Masoudi, S, Mathur, P, Kumar Meena, J, Mehrabi Nasab, E, Mendoza, W, A Mentis, A, Mestrovic, T, Miao Jonasson, J, Miazgowski, B, Miazgowski, T, Fekadu Worku Mijena, G, Mirmoeeni, S, Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari, M, Mirzaei, H, Misra, S, Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, K, Mohammadi, E, Mohammadi, S, Momeneh Mohammadi, S, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammed, S, Abdulrahman Mohammed, T, Moka, N, H Mokdad, A, Mokhtari, Z, Molokhia, M, Momtazmanesh, S, Monasta, L, Moradi, G, Moradzadeh, R, Moraga, P, Morgado-da-Costa, J, Mubarik, S, Mulita, F, Naghavi, M, David Naimzada, M, Sung Nam, H, S Natto, Z, Prakash Nayak, B, Nazari, J, Nazemalhosseini-Mojarad, E, Negoi, I, Tat Nguyen, C, Hoang Nguyen, S, M Noor, N, Noori, M, Mohammad Ali Noori, S, Nu??ez-Samudio, V, Igwegbe Nzoputam, C, Oancea, B, Ololade Odukoya, O, Sikiru Oguntade, A, Okati-Aliabad, H, T Olagunju, A, O Olagunju, T, Ong, S, M Ostroff, S, Padron-Monedero, A, Pakzad, R, Pana, A, Pandey, A, Pashazadeh Kan, F, K Patel, U, Paudel, U, B Pereira, R, Perumalsamy, N, G Pestell, R, Zahid Piracha, Z, G Pollok, R, Pourshams, A, Pourtaheri, N, Prashant, A, Rabiee, M, Rabiee, N, Radfar, A, Rafiei, S, Rahman, M, Masoud Rahmani, A, Rahmanian, V, Rajai, N, Rajesh, A, Ramezani-Doroh, V, Ramezanzadeh, K, Ranabhat, K, Rashedi, S, Rashidi, A, Rashidi, M, Rastegar, M, Laith Rawaf, D, Rawaf, S, Rawassizadeh, R, Sadegh Razeghinia, M, N Renzaho, A, Rezaei, N, Rezaei, S, Rezaeian, M, Rezazadeh-Khadem, S, Roshandel, G, Mohamed Saber-Ayad, M, Saberzadeh-Ardestani, B, Saddik, B, Sadeghi, H, Saeed, U, Sahebazzamani, M, Sahebkar, A, Salek Farrokhi, A, Salimi, A, Salimzadeh, H, Samadi, P, Samaei, M, M Samy, A, Sanabria, J, M Santric-Milicevic, M, Arif Nadeem Saqib, M, Sarveazad, A, Sathian, B, Satpathy, M, Jayce Ceola Schneider, I, ekerija, M, G Sepanlou, S, Seylani, A, Sha, F, Mohammad Shafiee, S, Shaghaghi, Z, Shahabi, S, Shaker, E, Sharifian, M, Sharifi-Rad, J, Sheikhbahaei, S, K Shetty, J, Shirkoohi, R, Shobeiri, P, K Siddappa Malleshappa, S, Augusto Santos Silva, D, Silva Julian, G, Dinesh Singh, A, A Singh, J, Shahjahan Siraj, M, Reza Sivandzadeh, G, Yurievich Skryabin, V, Aleksandrovna Skryabina, A, Socea, B, Solmi, M, Sadegh Soltani-Zangbar, M, Song, S, Szerencs??s, V, Sz??cska, M, 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M., Adhikari, S., Advani, S. M., Afzal, M. S., Aghaie Meybodi, M., Ahinkorah, B. O., Ahmad, S., Ahmadi, A., Ahmadi, S., Ahmed, H., Ahmed, L. A., Ahmed, M. B., Al Hamad, H., Alahdab, F., Alanezi, F. M., Alanzi, T. M., Alhalaiqa, F. A. N., Alimohamadi, Y., Alipour, V., Aljunid, S. M., Alkhayyat, M., Almustanyir, S., Al-Raddadi, R. M., Alvand, S., Alvis-Guzman, N., Amini, S., Ancuceanu, R., Anoushiravani, A., Anoushirvani, A. A., Ansari-Moghaddam, A., Arabloo, J., Aryannejad, A., Asghari Jafarabadi, M., Athari, S. S., Ausloos, F., Ausloos, M., Awedew, A. F., Awoke, M. A., Ayana, T. M., Azadnajafabad, S., Azami, H., Azangou-Khyavy, M., Azari Jafari, A., Badiye, A. D., Bagherieh, S., Bahadory, S., Baig, A. A., Baker, J. L., Banach, M., Barrow, A., Berhie, A. Y., Besharat, S., Bhagat, D. S., Bhagavathula, A. S., Bhala, N., Bhattacharyya, K., Bhojaraja, V. S., Bibi, S., Bijani, A., Biondi, A., Bjorge, T., Bodicha, B. B. A., Braithwaite, D., Brenner, H., Calina, D., Cao, C., Cao, Y., Carreras, G., Carvalho, F., Cerin, E., Chakinala, R. C., Cho, W. C. S., Chu, D. -T., Conde, J., Costa, V. M., Cruz-Martins, N., Dadras, O., Dai, X., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Danielewicz, A., Demeke, F. M., Demissie, G. D., Desai, R., Dhamnetiya, D., Dianatinasab, M., Diaz, D., Didehdar, M., Doaei, S., Doan, L. P., Dodangeh, M., Eghbalian, F., Ejeta, D. D., Ekholuenetale, M., Ekundayo, T. C., El Sayed, I., Elhadi, M., Enyew, D. B., Eyayu, T., Ezzeddini, R., Fakhradiyev, I. R., Farooque, U., Farrokhpour, H., Farzadfar, F., Fatehizadeh, A., Fattahi, H., Fattahi, N., Fereidoonnezhad, M., Fernandes, E., Fetensa, G., Filip, I., Fischer, F., Foroutan, M., Gaal, P. A., Gad, M. M., Gallus, S., Garg, T., Getachew, T., Ghamari, S. -H., Ghashghaee, A., Ghith, N., Gholamalizadeh, M., Gholizadeh Navashenaq, J., Gizaw, A. T., Glasbey, J. C., Golechha, M., Goleij, P., Gonfa, K. B., Gorini, G., Guha, A., Gupta, S., Gupta, V. B., Gupta, V. K., Haddadi, R., Hafezi-Nejad, N., Haj-Mirzaian, A., Halwani, R., Haque, S., Hariri, S., Hasaballah, A. I., Hassanipour, S., Hay, S. I., Herteliu, C., Holla, R., Hosseini, M. -S., Hosseinzadeh, M., Hostiuc, M., Househ, M., Huang, J., Humayun, A., Iavicoli, I., Ilesanmi, O. S., Ilic, I. M., Ilic, M. D., Islami, F., Iwagami, M., Jahani, M. A., Jakovljevic, M., Javaheri, T., Jayawardena, R., Jebai, R., Jha, R. P., Joo, T., Joseph, N., Joukar, F., Jozwiak, J. J., Kabir, A., Kalhor, R., Kamath, A., Kapoor, N., Karaye, I. M., Karimi, A., Kauppila, J. H., Kazemi, A., Keykhaei, M., Khader, Y. S., Khajuria, H., Khalilov, R., Khanali, J., Khayamzadeh, M., Khodadost, M., Kim, H., Kim, M. S., Kisa, A., Kisa, S., Kolahi, A. -A., Koohestani, H. R., Kopec, J. A., Koteeswaran, R., Koyanagi, A., Krishnamoorthy, Y., Kumar, G. A., Kumar, M., Kumar, V., La Vecchia, C., Lami, F. H., Landires, I., Ledda, C., Lee, S. -W., Lee, W. -C., Lee, Y. Y., Leong, E., Li, B., Lim, S. S., Lobo, S. W., Loureiro, J. A., Lunevicius, R., Madadizadeh, F., Mahmoodpoor, A., Majeed, A., Malekpour, M. -R., Malekzadeh, R., Malik, A. A., Mansour-Ghanaei, F., Mantovani, L. G., Martorell, M., Masoudi, S., Mathur, P., Meena, J. K., Mehrabi Nasab, E., Mendoza, W., Mentis, A. -F. A., Mestrovic, T., Miao Jonasson, J., Miazgowski, B., Miazgowski, T., Mijena, G. F. W., Mirmoeeni, S., Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari, M., Mirzaei, H., Misra, S., Mohammad, K. A., Mohammadi, E., Mohammadi, S., Mohammadi, S. M., Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A., Mohammed, S., Mohammed, T. A., Moka, N., Mokdad, A. H., Mokhtari, Z., Molokhia, M., Momtazmanesh, S., Monasta, L., Moradi, G., Moradzadeh, R., Moraga, P., Morgado-da-Costa, J., Mubarik, S., Mulita, F., Naghavi, M., Naimzada, M. D., Nam, H. S., Natto, Z. S., Nayak, B. P., Nazari, J., Nazemalhosseini-Mojarad, E., Negoi, I., Nguyen, C. T., Nguyen, S. H., Noor, N. M., Noori, M., Noori, S. M. A., Nunez-Samudio, V., Nzoputam, C. I., Oancea, B., Odukoya, O. O., Oguntade, A. S., Okati-Aliabad, H., Olagunju, A. T., Olagunju, T. O., Ong, S., Ostroff, S. M., Padron-Monedero, A., Pakzad, R., Pana, A., Pandey, A., Pashazadeh Kan, F., Patel, U. K., Paudel, U., Pereira, R. B., Perumalsamy, N., Pestell, R. G., Piracha, Z. Z., Pollok, R. C. G., Pourshams, A., Pourtaheri, N., Prashant, A., Rabiee, M., Rabiee, N., Radfar, A., Rafiei, S., Rahman, M., Rahmani, A. M., Rahmanian, V., Rajai, N., Rajesh, A., Ramezani-Doroh, V., Ramezanzadeh, K., Ranabhat, K., Rashedi, S., Rashidi, A., Rashidi, M., Rashidi, M. -M., Rastegar, M., Rawaf, D. L., Rawaf, S., Rawassizadeh, R., Razeghinia, M. S., Renzaho, A. M. N., Rezaei, N., Rezaei, S., Rezaeian, M., Rezazadeh-Khadem, S., Roshandel, G., Saber-Ayad, M. M., Saberzadeh-Ardestani, B., Saddik, B., Sadeghi, H., Saeed, U., Sahebazzamani, M., Sahebkar, A., Salek Farrokhi, A., Salimi, A., Salimzadeh, H., Samadi, P., Samaei, M., Samy, A. M., Sanabria, J., Santric-Milicevic, M. M., Saqib, M. A. N., Sarveazad, A., Sathian, B., Satpathy, M., Schneider, I. J. C., Sekerija, M., Sepanlou, S. G., Seylani, A., Sha, F., Shafiee, S. M., Shaghaghi, Z., Shahabi, S., Shaker, E., Sharifian, M., Sharifi-Rad, J., Sheikhbahaei, S., Shetty, J. K., Shirkoohi, R., Shobeiri, P., Siddappa Malleshappa, S. K., Silva, D. A. S., Silva Julian, G., Singh, A. D., Singh, J. A., Siraj, M. S., Sivandzadeh, G. R., Skryabin, V. Y., Skryabina, A. A., Socea, B., Solmi, M., Soltani-Zangbar, M. S., Song, S., Szerencses, V., Szocska, M., Tabares-Seisdedos, R., Tabibian, E., Taheri, M., Taheriabkenar, Y., Taherkhani, A., Talaat, I. M., Tan, K. -K., Tbakhi, A., Tesfaye, B., Tiyuri, A., Tollosa, D. N., Touvier, M., Tran, B. X., Tusa, B. S., Ullah, I., Ullah, S., Vacante, M., Valadan Tahbaz, S., Veroux, M., Vo, B., Vos, T., Wang, C., Westerman, R., Woldemariam, M., Yahyazadeh Jabbari, S. H., Yang, L., Yazdanpanah, F., Yu, C., Yuce, D., Yunusa, I., Zadnik, V., Zahir, M., Zare, I., Zhang, Z. -J., Zoladl, M., Epidemiologie, RS: NUTRIM - R3 - Respiratory & Age-related Health, and Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
Subjects: Adult, MED/42 - IGIENE GENERALE E APPLICATA, IMPACT, colorectal cancer, Colorectal Neoplasm, GBD 2019 Colorectal Cancer Collaborators, HEREDITARY, Global Burden of Disease, Cancer screening, DISPARITIES, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, Cancer treatment strategies, Risk Factors, Quality-Adjusted Life Year, COLON, Global studies, DALY, GBD, colorectal cancer, risk factors, Humans, Global Burden of Disease Study, Early Detection of Cancer, Hepatology, MORTALITY, Gastroenterology, Cancer incidence rates, Middle Aged, Cancer burden, SURVIVAL, SEX, GENDER, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Colorectal Neoplasms, Human
Abstract: Correction to Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 7: 627-47. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022 Aug;7(8):704. doi: 10.1016/S2468-1253(22)00210-2. PMID: 35809605. Background: Colorectal cancer is the third leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Given the recent increasing trends in colorectal cancer incidence globally, up-to-date information on the colorectal cancer burden could guide screening, early detection, and treatment strategies, and help effectively allocate resources. We examined the temporal patterns of the global, regional, and national burden of colorectal cancer and its risk factors in 204 countries and territories across the past three decades. Methods: Estimates of incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for colorectal cancer were generated as a part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 by age, sex, and geographical location for the period 1990-2019. Mortality estimates were produced using the cause of death ensemble model. We also calculated DALYs attributable to risk factors that had evidence of causation with colorectal cancer. Findings: Globally, between 1990 and 2019, colorectal cancer incident cases more than doubled, from 842 098 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 810 408-868 574) to 2·17 million (2·00-2·34), and deaths increased from 518 126 (493 682-537 877) to 1·09 million (1·02-1·15). The global age-standardised incidence rate increased from 22·2 (95% UI 21·3-23·0) per 100 000 to 26·7 (24·6-28·9) per 100 000, whereas the age-standardised mortality rate decreased from 14·3 (13·5-14·9) per 100 000 to 13·7 (12·6-14·5) per 100 000 and the age-standardised DALY rate decreased from 308·5 (294·7-320·7) per 100 000 to 295·5 (275·2-313·0) per 100 000 from 1990 through 2019. Taiwan (province of China; 62·0 [48·9-80·0] per 100 000), Monaco (60·7 [48·5-73·6] per 100 000), and Andorra (56·6 [42·8-71·9] per 100 000) had the highest age-standardised incidence rates, while Greenland (31·4 [26·0-37·1] per 100 000), Brunei (30·3 [26·6-34·1] per 100 000), and Hungary (28·6 [23·6-34·0] per 100 000) had the highest age-standardised mortality rates. From 1990 through 2019, a substantial rise in incidence rates was observed in younger adults (age
Published: 2022

7. A comparative study on perceptions of medical students from the different curriculum on team-based learning

Author: B. K. Manjunatha Goud, Jeevan K. Shetty, Vijayalakshmi S. Bhojaraja, Anand Srinivasan, and Joan Kumar
Subjects: Team-based learning, Medical education, Perception, media_common.quotation_subject, ComputingMilieux_COMPUTERSANDEDUCATION, Psychology, Curriculum, media_common
Abstract: Objectives: Our medical school followed the traditional curriculum earlier, and due to a large amount of content embedded in each discipline, which had less scope for active and deep learning. To overcome this, we adopted an integrated curriculum and introduced a few active teaching/learning (T/L) methodologies, which promote deep learning and problem-solving skills. One such T/L methodology we introduced was team-based learning (TBL). Before implementing this active T/L methodology in the integrated curriculum, we evaluated the effectiveness of TBL in medical students from the traditional curriculum and aimed to determine students’ perceptions. Furthermore, we aimed to explore the perception of TBL in students who underwent integrated curriculum to evaluate the difference in their perception compared to the traditional curriculum. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in RAK Medical and Health Sciences University on the 1st year medical students from the traditional and integrated curriculum. Institutional ethical committee clearance and informed consent were obtained before starting the study. A pre-validated 5-item survey questionnaire comprising questions related to the content, process, and teamwork was used to obtain perceptions of students’ on TBL. Results: The students positively perceived the teaching-learning experience using TBL and understood the concepts better. Even the students with integrated curriculum had the same positive impact on their learning attitudes. The majority of students in both cohorts agreed that discussion among their teams helped them to learn better. Around two-thirds (66%) of students from the traditional curriculum and one-third (39%) of students from integrated curriculum wanted TBLs as T/L methodology over didactic lectures. Conclusion: TBL helped to learn better and understand the subject and promoted self and peer engagement, which facilitated their learning by clarifying the doubts with peers. Due to this positive TBL experience, most students from both curriculums recommended its use as a T/L method over lecture. Hence, TBL sessions in medical schools can be used as an effective T/L method to facilitate meaningful learning.
Published: 2021

8. Population-level risks of alcohol consumption by amount, geography, age, sex, and year: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2020

Author: Dana Bryazka, Marissa B Reitsma, Max G Griswold, Kalkidan Hassen Abate, Cristiana Abbafati, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Zeinab Abbasi-Kangevari, Amir Abdoli, Mohammad Abdollahi, Abu Yousuf Md Abdullah, E S Abhilash, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Juan Manuel Acuna, Giovanni Addolorato, Oladimeji M Adebayo, Victor Adekanmbi, Kishor Adhikari, Sangeet Adhikari, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Saira Afzal, Wubetu Yimam Agegnehu, Manik Aggarwal, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Araz Ramazan Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmad, Tauseef Ahmad, Ali Ahmadi, Sepideh Ahmadi, Haroon Ahmed, Tarik Ahmed Rashid, Chisom Joyqueenet Akunna, Hanadi Al Hamad, Md Zakiul Alam, Dejene Tsegaye Alem, Kefyalew Addis Alene, Yousef Alimohamadi, Atiyeh Alizadeh, Kasim Allel, Jordi Alonso, Saba Alvand, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Firehiwot Amare, Edward Kwabena Ameyaw, Sohrab Amiri, Robert Ancuceanu, Jason A Anderson, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Tudorel Andrei, Jalal Arabloo, Muhammad Arshad, Anton A Artamonov, Zahra Aryan, Malke Asaad, Mulusew A Asemahagn, Thomas Astell-Burt, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Desta Debalkie Atnafu, Prince Atorkey, Alok Atreya, Floriane Ausloos, Marcel Ausloos, Getinet Ayano, Martin Amogre ayanore Ayanore, Olatunde O Ayinde, Jose L Ayuso-Mateos, Sina Azadnajafabad, Melkalem Mamuye Azanaw, Mohammadreza Azangou-Khyavy, Amirhossein Azari Jafari, Ahmed Y Azzam, Ashish D Badiye, Nasser Bagheri, Sara Bagherieh, Mohan Bairwa, Shankar M Bakkannavar, Ravleen Kaur Bakshi, Awraris Hailu Balchut/Bilchut, Till Winfried Bärnighausen, Fabio Barra, Amadou Barrow, Pritish Baskaran, Luis Belo, Derrick A Bennett, Isabela M Benseñor, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Neeraj Bhala, Ashish Bhalla, Nikha Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Sonu Bhaskar, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Vijayalakshmi S Bhojaraja, Bagas Suryo Bintoro, Elena A Elena Blokhina, Belay Boda Abule Bodicha, Archith Boloor, Cristina Bosetti, Dejana Braithwaite, Hermann Brenner, Nikolay Ivanovich Briko, Andre R Brunoni, Zahid A Butt, Chao Cao, Yin Cao, Rosario Cárdenas, Andre F Carvalho, Márcia Carvalho, Joao Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia, Giulio Castelpietra, Luis F S Castro-de-Araujo, Maria Sofia Cattaruzza, Promit Ananyo Chakraborty, Jaykaran Charan, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Akhilanand Chaurasia, Nicolas Cherbuin, Dinh-Toi Chu, Nandita Chudal, Sheng-Chia Chung, Chuchu Churko, Liliana G Ciobanu, Massimo Cirillo, Rafael M Claro, Simona Costanzo, Richard G Cowden, Michael H Criqui, Natália Cruz-Martins, Garland T Culbreth, Berihun Assefa Dachew, Omid Dadras, Xiaochen Dai, Giovanni Damiani, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Beniam Darge Daniel, Anna Danielewicz, Jiregna Darega Gela, Kairat Davletov, Jacyra Azevedo Paiva de Araujo, Antonio Reis de Sá-Junior, Sisay Abebe Debela, Azizallah Dehghan, Andreas K Demetriades, Meseret Derbew Molla, Rupak Desai, Abebaw Alemayehu Desta, Diana Dias da Silva, Daniel Diaz, Lankamo Ena Digesa, Mengistie Diress, Milad Dodangeh, Deepa Dongarwar, Fariba Dorostkar, Haneil Larson Dsouza, Bereket Duko, Bruce B Duncan, Kristina Edvardsson, Michael Ekholuenetale, Frank J Elgar, Muhammed Elhadi, Mohamed A Elmonem, Aman Yesuf Endries, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Azin Etemadimanesh, Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe, Ildar Ravisovich Fakhradiyev, Fatemeh Farahmand, Carla Sofia e Sá Farinha, Andre Faro, Farshad Farzadfar, Ali Fatehizadeh, Nelsensius Klau Fauk, Valery L Feigin, Rachel Feldman, Xiaoqi Feng, Zinabu Fentaw, Simone Ferrero, Lorenzo Ferro Desideri, Irina Filip, Florian Fischer, Joel Msafiri Francis, Richard Charles Franklin, Peter Andras Gaal, Mohamed M Gad, Silvano Gallus, Fabio Galvano, Balasankar Ganesan, Tushar Garg, Mesfin Gebrehiwot Damtew Gebrehiwot, Teferi Gebru Gebremeskel, Mathewos Alemu Gebremichael, Tadele Regasa Gemechu, Lemma Getacher, Motuma Erena Getachew, Abera Getachew Obsa, Asmare Getie, Amir Ghaderi, Mansour Ghafourifard, Alireza Ghajar, Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari, Lilian A Ghandour, Mohammad Ghasemi Nour, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Sherief Ghozy, Franklin N Glozah, Ekaterina Vladimirovna Glushkova, Justyna Godos, Amit Goel, Salime Goharinezhad, Mahaveer Golechha, Pouya Goleij, Mohamad Golitaleb, Felix Greaves, Michal Grivna, Giuseppe Grosso, Temesgen Worku Gudayu, Bhawna Gupta, Rajeev Gupta, Sapna Gupta, Veer Bala Gupta, Vivek Kumar Gupta, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Brian J Hall, Rabih Halwani, Tiilahun Beyene Handiso, Graeme J Hankey, Sanam Hariri, Josep Maria Haro, Ahmed I Hasaballah, Hossein Hassanian-Moghaddam, Simon I Hay, Khezar Hayat, Golnaz Heidari, Mohammad Heidari, Delia Hendrie, Claudiu Herteliu, Demisu Zenbaba Heyi, Kamal Hezam, Mbuzeleni Mbuzeleni Hlongwa, Ramesh Holla, Md Mahbub Hossain, Sahadat Hossain, Seyed Kianoosh Hosseini, Mehdi hosseinzadeh, Mihaela Hostiuc, Sorin Hostiuc, Guoqing Hu, Junjie Huang, Salman Hussain, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Irena M Ilic, Milena D Ilic, Mustapha Immurana, Lalu Muhammad Irham, M Mofizul Islam, Rakibul M Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Hiroyasu Iso, Ramaiah Itumalla, Masao Iwagami, Roxana Jabbarinejad, Louis Jacob, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Zahra Jamalpoor, Elham Jamshidi, Sathish Kumar Jayapal, Umesh Umesh Jayarajah, Ranil Jayawardena, Rime Jebai, Seyed Ali Jeddi, Alelign Tasew Jema, Ravi Prakash Jha, Har Ashish Jindal, Jost B Jonas, Tamas Joo, Nitin Joseph, Farahnaz Joukar, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Mikk Jürisson, Ali Kabir, Robel Hussen Kabthymer, Bhushan Dattatray Kamble, Himal Kandel, Girum Gebremeskel Kanno, Neeti Kapoor, Ibraheem M Karaye, Salah Eddin Karimi, Bekalu Getnet Kassa, Rimple Jeet Kaur, Gbenga A Kayode, Mohammad Keykhaei, Himanshu Khajuria, Rovshan Khalilov, Imteyaz A Khan, Moien AB Khan, Hanna Kim, Jihee Kim, Min Seo Kim, Ruth W Kimokoti, Mika Kivimäki, Vitalii Klymchuk, Ann Kristin Skrindo Knudsen, Ali-Asghar Kolahi, Vladimir Andreevich Korshunov, Ai Koyanagi, Kewal Krishan, Yuvaraj Krishnamoorthy, G Anil Kumar, Narinder Kumar, Nithin Kumar, Ben Lacey, Tea Lallukka, Savita Lasrado, Jerrald Lau, Sang-woong Lee, Wei-Chen Lee, Yo Han Lee, Lee-Ling Lim, Stephen S Lim, Stany W Lobo, Platon D Lopukhov, Stefan Lorkowski, Rafael Lozano, Giancarlo Lucchetti, Farzan Madadizadeh, Áurea M Madureira-Carvalho, Soleiman Mahjoub, Ata Mahmoodpoor, Rashidul Alam Mahumud, Alaa Makki, Mohammad-Reza Malekpour, Narayana Manjunatha, Borhan Mansouri, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Jose Martinez-Raga, Francisco A Martinez-Villa, Richard Matzopoulos, Pallab K Maulik, Mahsa Mayeli, John J McGrath, Jitendra Kumar Meena, Entezar Mehrabi Nasab, Ritesh G Menezes, Gert B M Mensink, Alexios-Fotios A Mentis, Atte Meretoja, Bedasa Taye Merga, Tomislav Mestrovic, Junmei Miao Jonasson, Bartosz Miazgowski, Ana Carolina Micheletti Gomide Nogueira de Sá, Ted R Miller, GK Mini, Andreea Mirica, Antonio Mirijello, Seyyedmohammadsadeq Mirmoeeni, Erkin M Mirrakhimov, Sanjeev Misra, Babak Moazen, Maryam Mobarakabadi, Marcello Moccia, Yousef Mohammad, Esmaeil Mohammadi, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Teroj Abdulrahman Mohammed, Nagabhishek Moka, Ali H Mokdad, Sara Momtazmanesh, Yousef Moradi, Ebrahim Mostafavi, Sumaira Mubarik, Erin C Mullany, Beemnet Tekabe Mulugeta, Efrén Murillo-Zamora, Christopher J L Murray, Julius C Mwita, Mohsen Naghavi, Mukhammad David Naimzada, Vinay Nangia, Biswa Prakash Nayak, Ionut Negoi, Ruxandra Irina Negoi, Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi, Samata Nepal, Sudan Prasad Prasad Neupane, Sandhya Neupane Kandel, Yeshambel T Nigatu, Ali Nowroozi, Khan M Nuruzzaman, Chimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam, Kehinde O Obamiro, Felix Akpojene Ogbo, Ayodipupo Sikiru Oguntade, Hassan Okati-Aliabad, Babayemi Oluwaseun Olakunde, Gláucia Maria Moraes Oliveira, Ahmed Omar Bali, Emad Omer, Doris V Ortega-Altamirano, Adrian Otoiu, Stanislav S Otstavnov, Bilcha Oumer, Mahesh P A, Alicia Padron-Monedero, Raffaele Palladino, Adrian Pana, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas, Anamika Pandey, Ashok Pandey, Shahina Pardhan, Tarang Parekh, Eun-Kee Park, Charles D H Parry, Fatemeh Pashazadeh Kan, Jay Patel, Siddhartha Pati, George C Patton, Uttam Paudel, Shrikant Pawar, Amy E Peden, Ionela-Roxana Petcu, Michael R Phillips, Marina Pinheiro, Evgenii Plotnikov, Pranil Man Singh Pradhan, Akila Prashant, Jianchao Quan, Amir Radfar, Alireza Rafiei, Pankaja Raghav Raghav, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Azizur Rahman, Md Mosfequr Rahman, Mosiur Rahman, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Shayan Rahmani, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Priyanga Ranasinghe, Chythra R Rao, Drona Prakash Rasali, Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi, Zubair Ahmed Ratan, David Laith Rawaf, Salman Rawaf, Lal Rawal, Andre M N Renzaho, Negar Rezaei, Saeid Rezaei, Mohsen Rezaeian, Seyed Mohammad Riahi, Esperanza Romero-Rodríguez, Gregory A Roth, Godfrey M Rwegerera, Basema Saddik, Erfan Sadeghi, Reihaneh Sadeghian, Umar Saeed, Farhad Saeedi, Rajesh Sagar, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Harihar Sahoo, Mohammad Ali Sahraian, KM Saif-Ur-Rahman, Sarvenaz Salahi, Hamideh Salimzadeh, Abdallah M Samy, Francesco Sanmarchi, Milena M Santric-Milicevic, Yaser Sarikhani, Brijesh Sathian, Ganesh Kumar Saya, Mehdi Sayyah, Maria Inês Schmidt, Aletta Elisabeth Schutte, Michaël Schwarzinger, David C Schwebel, Abdul-Aziz Seidu, Nachimuthu Senthil Kumar, SeyedAhmad SeyedAlinaghi, Allen Seylani, Feng Sha, Sarvenaz Shahin, Fariba Shahraki-Sanavi, Shayan Shahrokhi, Masood Ali Shaikh, Elaheh Shaker, Murad Ziyaudinovich Shakhmardanov, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Rahim Ali Sheikhi, Adithi Shetty, Jeevan K Shetty, Damtew Solomon Shiferaw, Mika Shigematsu, Rahman Shiri, Reza Shirkoohi, K M Shivakumar, Velizar Shivarov, Parnian Shobeiri, Roman Shrestha, Negussie Boti Sidemo, Inga Dora Sigfusdottir, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, Natacha Torres da Silva, Jasvinder A Singh, Surjit Singh, Valentin Yurievich Skryabin, Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina, David A Sleet, Marco Solmi, YONATAN SOLOMON, Suhang Song, Yimeng Song, Reed J D Sorensen, Sergey Soshnikov, Ireneous N Soyiri, Dan J Stein, Sonu Hangma Subba, Miklós Szócska, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Takahiro Tabuchi, Majid Taheri, Ker-Kan Tan, Minale Tareke, Elvis Enowbeyang Tarkang, Gebremaryam Temesgen, Worku Animaw Temesgen, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan, Rekha Thapar, Nikhil Kenny Thomas, Chalachew Tiruneh, Jovana Todorovic, Marco Torrado, Mathilde Touvier, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Mai Thi Ngoc Tran, Sergi Trias-Llimós, Jaya Prasad Tripathy, Alireza Vakilian, Rohollah Valizadeh, Mehdi Varmaghani, Shoban Babu Varthya, Tommi Juhani Vasankari, Theo Vos, Birhanu Wagaye, Yasir Waheed, Mandaras Tariku Walde, Cong Wang, Yanzhong Wang, Yuan-Pang Wang, Ronny Westerman, Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe, Abate Dargie Wubetu, Suowen Xu, Kazumasa Yamagishi, Lin Yang, Gesila Endashaw E Yesera, Arzu Yigit, Vahit Yiğit, Ayenew Engida Ayenew Engida Yimaw, Dong Keon Yon, Naohiro Yonemoto, Chuanhua Yu, Siddhesh Zadey, Mazyar Zahir, Iman Zare, Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin, Anasthasia Zastrozhina, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Chenwen Zhong, Mohammad Zmaili, Yves Miel H Zuniga, Emmanuela Gakidou, University of St Andrews. School of Medicine, University of St Andrews. Population and Behavioural Science Division, Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Hjelt Institute (-2014), Helsinki Inequality Initiative (INEQ), Clinicum, Helsinki University Hospital Area, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, King Edward Medical University (Pakistán), Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, University of Oxford (Reino Unido), Medical Research Council (Reino Unido), NIH - National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) (Estados Unidos), Canada Research Chairs, National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia), National Heart Foundation of Australia, Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development (Serbia), Wellcome Trust, NIH - National Institute on Aging (NIA) (Estados Unidos), Finlands Akademi (Finlandia), Panjab University (India), Federal Ministry of Education & Research (Alemania), National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (Brasil), Danish National Research Foundation, Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research (Australia), South African Medical Research Council, National Natural Science Foundation of China, Charles Sturt University (Australia), Ain Shams University (Egipto), Mizoram University (India), Kasturba Medical College (India), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (India), Coordenação de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Brasil), Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), Collaborators, GBD 2020 Alcohol, Bryazka, Dana, Reitsma, Marissa B, Griswold, Max G, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen, Abbasi-Kangevari, Zeinab, Abdoli, Amir, Abdollahi, Mohammad, Abdullah, Abu Yousuf Md, Abhilash, E S, Abu-Gharbieh, Eman, Acuna, Juan Manuel, Addolorato, Giovanni, Adebayo, Oladimeji M, Adekanmbi, Victor, Adhikari, Kishor, Adhikari, Sangeet, Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah, Afzal, Saira, Agegnehu, Wubetu Yimam, Aggarwal, Manik, Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku, Ahmad, Araz Ramazan, Ahmad, Sajjad, Ahmad, Tauseef, Ahmadi, Ali, Ahmadi, Sepideh, Ahmed, Haroon, Ahmed Rashid, Tarik, Akunna, Chisom Joyqueenet, Al Hamad, Hanadi, Alam, Md Zakiul, Alem, Dejene Tsegaye, Alene, Kefyalew Addi, Alimohamadi, Yousef, Alizadeh, Atiyeh, Allel, Kasim, Alonso, Jordi, Alvand, Saba, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Firehiwot, Ameyaw, Edward Kwabena, Amiri, Sohrab, Ancuceanu, Robert, Anderson, Jason A, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Andrei, Tudorel, Arabloo, Jalal, Arshad, Muhammad, Artamonov, Anton A, Aryan, Zahra, Asaad, Malke, Asemahagn, Mulusew A, Astell-Burt, Thoma, Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin, Atnafu, Desta Debalkie, Atorkey, Prince, Atreya, Alok, Ausloos, Floriane, Ausloos, Marcel, Ayano, Getinet, Ayanore, Martin Amogre ayanore, Ayinde, Olatunde O, Ayuso-Mateos, Jose L, Azadnajafabad, Sina, Azanaw, Melkalem Mamuye, Azangou-Khyavy, Mohammadreza, Azari Jafari, Amirhossein, Azzam, Ahmed Y, Badiye, Ashish D, Bagheri, Nasser, Bagherieh, Sara, Bairwa, Mohan, Bakkannavar, Shankar M, Bakshi, Ravleen Kaur, Balchut/bilchut, Awraris Hailu, Bärnighausen, Till Winfried, Barra, Fabio, Barrow, Amadou, Baskaran, Pritish, Belo, Lui, Bennett, Derrick A, Benseñor, Isabela M, Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth, Bhala, Neeraj, Bhalla, Ashish, Bhardwaj, Nikha, Bhardwaj, Pankaj, Bhaskar, Sonu, Bhattacharyya, Krittika, Bhojaraja, Vijayalakshmi S, Bintoro, Bagas Suryo, Blokhina, Elena A Elena, Bodicha, Belay Boda Abule, Boloor, Archith, Bosetti, Cristina, Braithwaite, Dejana, Brenner, Hermann, Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich, Brunoni, Andre R, Butt, Zahid A, Cao, Chao, Cao, Yin, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carvalho, Andre F, Carvalho, Márcia, Castaldelli-Maia, Joao Mauricio, Castelpietra, Giulio, Castro-de-Araujo, Luis F S, Cattaruzza, Maria Sofia, Chakraborty, Promit Ananyo, Charan, Jaykaran, Chattu, Vijay Kumar, Chaurasia, Akhilanand, Cherbuin, Nicola, Chu, Dinh-Toi, Chudal, Nandita, Chung, Sheng-Chia, Churko, Chuchu, Ciobanu, Liliana G, Cirillo, Massimo, Claro, Rafael M, Costanzo, Simona, Cowden, Richard G, Criqui, Michael H, Cruz-Martins, Natália, Culbreth, Garland T, Dachew, Berihun Assefa, Dadras, Omid, Dai, Xiaochen, Damiani, Giovanni, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Daniel, Beniam Darge, Danielewicz, Anna, Darega Gela, Jiregna, Davletov, Kairat, de Araujo, Jacyra Azevedo Paiva, de Sá-Junior, Antonio Rei, Debela, Sisay Abebe, Dehghan, Azizallah, Demetriades, Andreas K, Derbew Molla, Meseret, Desai, Rupak, Desta, Abebaw Alemayehu, Dias da Silva, Diana, Diaz, Daniel, Digesa, Lankamo Ena, Diress, Mengistie, Dodangeh, Milad, Dongarwar, Deepa, Dorostkar, Fariba, Dsouza, Haneil Larson, Duko, Bereket, Duncan, Bruce B, Edvardsson, Kristina, Ekholuenetale, Michael, Elgar, Frank J, Elhadi, Muhammed, Elmonem, Mohamed A, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Eskandarieh, Sharareh, Etemadimanesh, Azin, Fagbamigbe, Adeniyi Franci, Fakhradiyev, Ildar Ravisovich, Farahmand, Fatemeh, Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sá, Faro, Andre, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fatehizadeh, Ali, Fauk, Nelsensius Klau, Feigin, Valery L, Feldman, Rachel, Feng, Xiaoqi, Fentaw, Zinabu, Ferrero, Simone, Ferro Desideri, Lorenzo, 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Hussen, Kamble, Bhushan Dattatray, Kandel, Himal, Kanno, Girum Gebremeskel, Kapoor, Neeti, Karaye, Ibraheem M, Karimi, Salah Eddin, Kassa, Bekalu Getnet, Kaur, Rimple Jeet, Kayode, Gbenga A, Keykhaei, Mohammad, Khajuria, Himanshu, Khalilov, Rovshan, Khan, Imteyaz A, Khan, Moien AB, Kim, Hanna, Kim, Jihee, Kim, Min Seo, Kimokoti, Ruth W, Kivimäki, Mika, Klymchuk, Vitalii, Knudsen, Ann Kristin Skrindo, Kolahi, Ali-Asghar, Korshunov, Vladimir Andreevich, Koyanagi, Ai, Krishan, Kewal, Krishnamoorthy, Yuvaraj, Kumar, G Anil, Kumar, Narinder, Kumar, Nithin, Lacey, Ben, Lallukka, Tea, Lasrado, Savita, Lau, Jerrald, Lee, Sang-woong, Lee, Wei-Chen, Lee, Yo Han, Lim, Lee-Ling, Lim, Stephen S, Lobo, Stany W, Lopukhov, Platon D, Lorkowski, Stefan, Lozano, Rafael, Lucchetti, Giancarlo, Madadizadeh, Farzan, Madureira-Carvalho, Áurea M, Mahjoub, Soleiman, Mahmoodpoor, Ata, Mahumud, Rashidul Alam, Makki, Alaa, Malekpour, Mohammad-Reza, Manjunatha, Narayana, Mansouri, Borhan, Mansournia, Mohammad Ali, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Martinez-Villa, Francisco A, Matzopoulos, Richard, Maulik, Pallab K, Mayeli, Mahsa, Mcgrath, John J, Meena, Jitendra Kumar, Mehrabi Nasab, Entezar, Menezes, Ritesh G, Mensink, Gert B M, Mentis, Alexios-Fotios A, Meretoja, Atte, Merga, Bedasa Taye, Mestrovic, Tomislav, Miao Jonasson, Junmei, Miazgowski, Bartosz, Micheletti Gomide Nogueira de Sá, Ana Carolina, Miller, Ted R, Mini, Gk, Mirica, Andreea, Mirijello, Antonio, Mirmoeeni, Seyyedmohammadsadeq, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M, Misra, Sanjeev, Moazen, Babak, Mobarakabadi, Maryam, Moccia, Marcello, Mohammad, Yousef, Mohammadi, Esmaeil, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah, Mohammed, Teroj Abdulrahman, Moka, Nagabhishek, Mokdad, Ali H, Momtazmanesh, Sara, Moradi, Yousef, Mostafavi, Ebrahim, Mubarik, Sumaira, Mullany, Erin C, Mulugeta, Beemnet Tekabe, Murillo-Zamora, Efrén, Murray, Christopher J L, Mwita, Julius C, Naghavi, Mohsen, Naimzada, Mukhammad David, Nangia, Vinay, Nayak, Biswa Prakash, Negoi, Ionut, Negoi, Ruxandra Irina, Nejadghaderi, Seyed Aria, Nepal, Samata, Neupane, Sudan Prasad Prasad, Neupane Kandel, Sandhya, Nigatu, Yeshambel T, Nowroozi, Ali, Nuruzzaman, Khan M, Nzoputam, Chimezie Igwegbe, Obamiro, Kehinde O, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oguntade, Ayodipupo Sikiru, Okati-Aliabad, Hassan, Olakunde, Babayemi Oluwaseun, Oliveira, Gláucia Maria Morae, Omar Bali, Ahmed, Omer, Emad, Ortega-Altamirano, Doris V, Otoiu, Adrian, Otstavnov, Stanislav S, Oumer, Bilcha, P A, Mahesh, Padron-Monedero, Alicia, Palladino, Raffaele, Pana, Adrian, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Pandey, Anamika, Pandey, Ashok, Pardhan, Shahina, Parekh, Tarang, Park, Eun-Kee, Parry, Charles D H, Pashazadeh Kan, Fatemeh, Patel, Jay, Pati, Siddhartha, Patton, George C, Paudel, Uttam, Pawar, Shrikant, Peden, Amy E, Petcu, Ionela-Roxana, Phillips, Michael R, Pinheiro, Marina, Plotnikov, Evgenii, Pradhan, Pranil Man Singh, Prashant, Akila, Quan, Jianchao, Radfar, Amir, Rafiei, Alireza, Raghav, Pankaja Raghav, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Azizur, Rahman, Md Mosfequr, Rahman, Mosiur, Rahmani, Amir Masoud, Rahmani, Shayan, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Ranasinghe, Priyanga, Rao, Chythra R, Rasali, Drona Prakash, Rashidi, Mohammad-Mahdi, Ratan, Zubair Ahmed, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawaf, Salman, Rawal, Lal, Renzaho, Andre M N, Rezaei, Negar, Rezaei, Saeid, Rezaeian, Mohsen, Riahi, Seyed Mohammad, Romero-Rodríguez, Esperanza, Roth, Gregory A, Rwegerera, Godfrey M, Saddik, Basema, Sadeghi, Erfan, Sadeghian, Reihaneh, Saeed, Umar, Saeedi, Farhad, Sagar, Rajesh, Sahebkar, Amirhossein, Sahoo, Harihar, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Saif-Ur-Rahman, Km, Salahi, Sarvenaz, Salimzadeh, Hamideh, Samy, Abdallah M, Sanmarchi, Francesco, Santric-Milicevic, Milena M, Sarikhani, Yaser, Sathian, Brijesh, Saya, Ganesh Kumar, Sayyah, Mehdi, Schmidt, Maria Inê, Schutte, Aletta Elisabeth, Schwarzinger, Michaël, Schwebel, David C, Seidu, Abdul-Aziz, Senthil Kumar, Nachimuthu, Seyedalinaghi, Seyedahmad, Seylani, Allen, Sha, Feng, Shahin, Sarvenaz, Shahraki-Sanavi, Fariba, Shahrokhi, Shayan, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shaker, Elaheh, Shakhmardanov, Murad Ziyaudinovich, Shams-Beyranvand, Mehran, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Sheikhi, Rahim Ali, Shetty, Adithi, Shetty, Jeevan K, Shiferaw, Damtew Solomon, Shigematsu, Mika, Shiri, Rahman, Shirkoohi, Reza, Shivakumar, K M, Shivarov, Velizar, Shobeiri, Parnian, Shrestha, Roman, Sidemo, Negussie Boti, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silva, Diego Augusto Santo, Silva, Natacha Torres da, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Surjit, Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich, Skryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna, Sleet, David A, Solmi, Marco, Solomon, Yonatan, Song, Suhang, Song, Yimeng, Sorensen, Reed J D, Soshnikov, Sergey, Soyiri, Ireneous N, Stein, Dan J, Subba, Sonu Hangma, Szócska, Mikló, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tabuchi, Takahiro, Taheri, Majid, Tan, Ker-Kan, Tareke, Minale, Tarkang, Elvis Enowbeyang, Temesgen, Gebremaryam, Temesgen, Worku Animaw, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Thankappan, Kavumpurathu Raman, Thapar, Rekha, Thomas, Nikhil Kenny, Tiruneh, Chalachew, Todorovic, Jovana, Torrado, Marco, Touvier, Mathilde, Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto, Tran, Mai Thi Ngoc, Trias-Llimós, Sergi, Tripathy, Jaya Prasad, Vakilian, Alireza, Valizadeh, Rohollah, Varmaghani, Mehdi, Varthya, Shoban Babu, Vasankari, Tommi Juhani, Vos, Theo, Wagaye, Birhanu, Waheed, Yasir, Walde, Mandaras Tariku, Wang, Cong, Wang, Yanzhong, Wang, Yuan-Pang, Westerman, Ronny, Wickramasinghe, Nuwan Darshana, Wubetu, Abate Dargie, Xu, Suowen, Yamagishi, Kazumasa, Yang, Lin, Yesera, Gesila Endashaw E, Yigit, Arzu, Yiğit, Vahit, Yimaw, Ayenew Engida Ayenew Engida, Yon, Dong Keon, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yu, Chuanhua, Zadey, Siddhesh, Zahir, Mazyar, Zare, Iman, Zastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeevich, Zastrozhina, Anasthasia, Zhang, Zhi-Jiang, Zhong, Chenwen, Zmaili, Mohammad, Zuniga, Yves Miel H, Gakidou, Emmanuela, Bryazka, D, Reitsma, Mb, Griswold, Mg, Abate, Kh, Abbafati, C, Kangevari, Ma, Kangevari, Za, Abdoli, A, Abdollahi, M, Abdullah, Am, Abhilash, E, Abu 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Subjects: Adult, Male, Alcohol Drinking, CONTROL POLICIES, adult, Child, Preschool, Female, Geography, Global Burden of Disease, Global Health, Humans, Middle Aged, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Risk Factors, NDAS, ALL-CAUSE, GUIDELINES, GBD 2020 Alcohol Collaborators, COST-EFFECTIVENESS, Medicine, General & Internal, DRINKING, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, RA0421, General & Internal Medicine, Quality-Adjusted Life Year, RA0421 Public health. Hygiene. Preventive Medicine, DRINKERS, Child, Preschool, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, METAANALYSIS, MCC, Science & Technology, global burden of disease, Risk Factor, General Medicine, CANCER, alcohol drinking, AC, 3121 General medicine, internal medicine and other clinical medicine, REDUCED MORTALITY, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Human
Abstract: Background: The health risks associated with moderate alcohol consumption continue to be debated. Small amounts of alcohol might lower the risk of some health outcomes but increase the risk of others, suggesting that the overall risk depends, in part, on background disease rates, which vary by region, age, sex, and year. Methods: For this analysis, we constructed burden-weighted dose-response relative risk curves across 22 health outcomes to estimate the theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL) and non-drinker equivalence (NDE), the consumption level at which the health risk is equivalent to that of a non-drinker, using disease rates from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2020 for 21 regions, including 204 countries and territories, by 5-year age group, sex, and year for individuals aged 15-95 years and older from 1990 to 2020. Based on the NDE, we quantified the population consuming harmful amounts of alcohol. Findings: The burden-weighted relative risk curves for alcohol use varied by region and age. Among individuals aged 15-39 years in 2020, the TMREL varied between 0 (95% uncertainty interval 0-0) and 0·603 (0·400-1·00) standard drinks per day, and the NDE varied between 0·002 (0-0) and 1·75 (0·698-4·30) standard drinks per day. Among individuals aged 40 years and older, the burden-weighted relative risk curve was J-shaped for all regions, with a 2020 TMREL that ranged from 0·114 (0-0·403) to 1·87 (0·500-3·30) standard drinks per day and an NDE that ranged between 0·193 (0-0·900) and 6·94 (3·40-8·30) standard drinks per day. Among individuals consuming harmful amounts of alcohol in 2020, 59·1% (54·3-65·4) were aged 15-39 years and 76·9% (73·0-81·3) were male. Interpretation: There is strong evidence to support recommendations on alcohol consumption varying by age and location. Stronger interventions, particularly those tailored towards younger individuals, are needed to reduce the substantial global health loss attributable to alcohol. Research reported in this publication was supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. S Afzal acknowledges the support for intellectual contributions to this manuscript by the Department of Community Medicine and Epidemiology at King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan. T Bärnighausen was supported by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation through the Alexander von Humboldt Professor award, funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research. L Belo acknowledges support from FCT in the scope of the project UIDP/04378/2020 and UIDB/04378/2020 of UCIBIO and the project LA/P/0140/2020 of i4HB. D Bennett is supported by the UK Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit at the University of Oxford (Oxford, UK). M Carvalho acknowledges support from FCT in the scope of the project UIDP/04378/2020 and UIDB/04378/2020 of UCIBIO and the project LA/P/0140/2020 of i4HB. L Castro-de-Araujo was funded by the Medical Research Council (UK), Grant no. MR/T03355X/1 and by the National Institute of Mental Health Grant no. R01MH128911. FJ Elgar is supported by the Canada Research Chairs program. F Greaves acknowledges support from the NIHR Applied Research Collaboration for NW London. V K Gupta acknowledges funding support from the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), Australia. VB Gupta acknowledges funding support from the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), Australia. C Herteliu is partially supported by a grant from the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, CNDS-UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P4-ID-PCCF-2016-0084. C Herteliu is partially supported by a grant from the Romanian Ministry of Research Innovation and Digitalization, MCID, project number ID-585-CTR-42-PFE-2021. S Hussain was supported by the Operational Programme Research, Development and Education –Project, Postdoc2MUNI “(No. CZ.02.2.69/0.0/0.0/18_053/0016952). S M S Islam is funded by the National Health and Medical Research Council and received funding from the National Heart Foundation of Australia. The Serbian part of this GBD-related contribution has been co-financed through Grant OI 175 014 of the Ministry of Education Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia. M Kivimaki was supported by the Wellcome Trust (221854/Z/20/Z), the UK Medical Research Council (MR/S011676/1), the US National Institute on Aging (R01AG056477), and the Academy of Finland (350426). K Krishan is supported by the UGC Centre of Advanced Study (Phase II), awarded to the Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. B Lacey acknowledges support from the UK Biobank, funded largely by the UK Medical Research Council and Wellcome. S Lorkowski acknowledges institutional support from the Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig (Germany; German Federal Ministry of Education and Research; grant agreement number 01EA1808A). G Lucchetti received a productivity scholarship from the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development — CNPq (Level 1D). J McGrath was supported by the Danish National Research Foundation (Niels Bohr Professor). J McGrath is employed by the Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research (Australia), which receives support from the Queensland Health Department. C Parry acknowleges the South African Medical Research Council. A Peden is supported by a National Health and Medical Research Council Emerging Leadership Fellowship (Grant ID: APP2009306). M R Phillips was supported in part by the Global Alliance for Chronic Diseases - National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC. No. 81761128031). M Pinheiro acknowledges FCT for funding through program DL 57/2016 – Norma transitória. A Rahman acknowledges the support from the Data Science Research Unit in Charles Sturt University (Bathurst, NSW, Australia). U Saeed would like to acknowledge the International Center of Medical Sciences Research (ICMSR), Islamabad, Pakistan. A M Samy acknowledges support from Ain Shams University (Cairo, Egypt) and the Egyptian Fulbright Mission Program. N Senthil Kumar acknowledges the DBT, New Delhi sponsored Advanced State Level Biotech Hub (BT/NER/143/SP44475/2021), Mizoram University (Aizawl, Mizoram, India) for facilitating this work. F Sha is supported by the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program (Grant No. KQTD20190929172835662). A Shetty acknowledges Kasturba Medical College (Mangalore, India) and Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Manipal, India) for all the academic support. R Shrestha acknowledges a career development award from the National Institutes of Health (K01DA051346). D Silva was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior-Brazil (CAPES)-Finance Code 001 and is supported in part by CNPq - Brazil (309589/2021-5). D Sleet acknowledges partial support from Veritas Management Group, Inc and The Bizzell Group, LLC. S Trias-Llimós acknowledges research funding from the Juan de la Cierva-Formación program of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (FJC-2019-039314-I). Sí
Published: 2022

9. Diabetes mortality and trends before 25 years of age: an analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Ewerton Cousin, Bruce B Duncan, Caroline Stein, Kanyin Liane Ong, Theo Vos, Cristiana Abbafati, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Michael Abdelmasseh, Amir Abdoli, Rami Abd-Rabu, Hassan Abolhassani, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Manfred Mario Kokou Accrombessi, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Gina Agarwal, Krishna K Agrawaal, Marcela Agudelo-Botero, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Sajjad Ahmad, Tauseef Ahmad, Keivan Ahmadi, Sepideh Ahmadi, Ali Ahmadi, Ali Ahmed, Yusra Ahmed Salih, Wuraola Akande-Sholabi, Tayyaba Akram, Hanadi Al Hamad, Ziyad Al-Aly, Jacqueline Elizabeth Alcalde-Rabanal, Vahid Alipour, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Rajaa M Al-Raddadi, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Saeed Amini, Robert Ancuceanu, Tudorel Andrei, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Ranjit Mohan Anjana, Adnan Ansar, Ippazio Cosimo Antonazzo, Benny Antony, Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor, Jalal Arabloo, Damian Arizmendi, Benedetta Armocida, Anton A Artamonov, Judie Arulappan, Zahra Aryan, Samaneh Asgari, Tahira Ashraf, Thomas Astell-Burt, Prince Atorkey, Maha Moh'd Wahbi Atout, Martin Amogre Ayanore, Ashish D Badiye, Atif Amin Baig, Mohan Bairwa, Jennifer L Baker, Ovidiu Constantin Baltatu, Palash Chandra Banik, Anthony Barnett, Mark Thomaz Ugliara Barone, Francesco Barone-Adesi, Amadou Barrow, Neeraj Bedi, Rebuma Belete, Uzma Iqbal Belgaumi, Arielle Wilder Bell, Derrick A Bennett, Isabela M Bensenor, David Beran, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Sonu Bhaskar, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Vijayalakshmi S Bhojaraja, Ali Bijani, Boris Bikbov, Setognal Birara, Virginia Bodolica, Aime Bonny, Hermann Brenner, Nikolay Ivanovich Briko, Zahid A Butt, Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos, Luis Alberto Cámera, Ismael R Campos-Nonato, Yin Cao, Chao Cao, Ester Cerin, Promit Ananyo Chakraborty, Joht Singh Chandan, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Simiao Chen, Jee-Young Jasmine Choi, Sonali Gajanan Choudhari, Enayet Karim Chowdhury, Dinh-Toi Chu, Barbara Corso, Omid Dadras, Xiaochen Dai, Albertino Antonio Moura Damasceno, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes, Jan-Walter De Neve, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Deepak Dhamnetiya, Daniel Diaz, Sanam Ebtehaj, Hisham Atan Edinur, Sahar Eftekharzadeh, Iman El Sayed, Islam Y Elgendy, Muhammed Elhadi, Mohamed A Elmonem, Mohammed Faisaluddin, Umar Farooque, Xiaoqi Feng, Eduarda Fernandes, Florian Fischer, David Flood, Marisa Freitas, Peter Andras Gaal, Mohamed M Gad, Piyada Gaewkhiew, Lemma Getacher, Mansour Ghafourifard, Reza Ghanei Gheshlagh, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Nermin Ghith, Ghozali Ghozali, Paramjit Singh Gill, Ibrahim Abdelmageed Ginawi, Ekaterina Vladimirovna Glushkova, Mahaveer Golechha, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Rafael Alves Guimarães, Rajat Das Gupta, Rajeev Gupta, Vivek Kumar Gupta, Veer Bala Gupta, Sapna Gupta, Tesfa Dejenie Habtewold, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Rabih Halwani, Asif Hanif, Graeme J Hankey, Shafiul Haque, Ahmed I Hasaballah, Syed Shahzad Hasan, Abdiwahab Hashi, Soheil Hassanipour, Simon I Hay, Khezar Hayat, Mohammad Heidari, Mohammad Bellal 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Mosfequr Rahman, Mosiur Rahman, Setyaningrum Rahmawaty, Nazanin Rajai, Pradhum Ram, Juwel Rana, Kamal Ranabhat, Priyanga Ranasinghe, Chythra R Rao, Satish Rao, Salman Rawaf, David Laith Rawaf, Lal Rawal, Andre M N Renzaho, Nima Rezaei, Aziz Rezapour, Seyed Mohammad Riahi, Daniela Ribeiro, Jefferson Antonio Buendia Rodriguez, Leonardo Roever, Peter Rohloff, Godfrey M Rwegerera, Paul MacDaragh Ryan, Maha Mohamed Saber-Ayad, Siamak Sabour, Basema Saddik, Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Harihar Sahoo, KM Saif-Ur-Rahman, Hamideh Salimzadeh, Mehrnoosh Samaei, Juan Sanabria, Milena M Santric-Milicevic, Brijesh Sathian, Thirunavukkarasu Sathish, Markus P Schlaich, Abdul-Aziz Seidu, Mario Šekerija, Nachimuthu Senthil Kumar, Allen Seylani, Masood Ali Shaikh, Hina Shamshad, Md Shajedur Rahman Shawon, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Jeevan K Shetty, Rahman Shiri, K M Shivakumar, Kerem Shuval, Jasvinder A Singh, Ambrish Singh, Valentin Yurievich Skryabin, Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina, Ahmad Sofi-Mahmudi, Amin Soheili, Jing Sun, Viktória Szerencsés, Miklós Szócska, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Hooman Tadbiri, Eyayou Girma Tadesse, Md. 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Saif-Ur-Rahman, K, Salimzadeh, H, Samaei, M, Sanabria, J, Santric-Milicevic, M, Sathian, B, Sathish, T, Schlaich, M, Seidu, A, Sekerija, M, Senthil Kumar, N, Seylani, A, Shaikh, M, Shamshad, H, Shawon, M, Sheikhbahaei, S, Shetty, J, Shiri, R, Shivakumar, K, Shuval, K, Singh, J, Singh, A, Skryabin, V, Skryabina, A, Sofi-Mahmudi, A, Soheili, A, Sun, J, Szerencses, V, Szocska, M, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Tadbiri, H, Tadesse, E, Tariqujjaman, M, Thankappan, K, Thapar, R, Thomas, N, Timalsina, B, Tobe-Gai, R, Tonelli, M, Tovani-Palone, M, Tran, B, Tripathy, J, Tudor Car, L, Tusa, B, Uddin, R, Upadhyay, E, Valadan Tahbaz, S, Valdez, P, Vasankari, T, Verma, M, Villalobos-Daniel, V, Vladimirov, S, Vo, B, Vu, G, Vukovic, R, Waheed, Y, Wamai, R, Werdecker, A, Wickramasinghe, N, Winkler, A, Wubishet, B, Xu, X, Xu, S, Yahyazadeh Jabbari, S, Yatsuya, H, Yaya, S, Yazie, T, Yi, S, Yonemoto, N, Yunusa, I, Zadey, S, Zaman, S, Zamanian, M, Zamora, N, Zastrozhin, M, Zastrozhina, A, Zhang, Z, Zhong, C, Zmaili, M, Zumla, A, Naghavi, M, Schmidt, M, GBD 2019 Diabetes Mortality Collaborators, Real World Studies in PharmacoEpidemiology, -Genetics, -Economics and -Therapy (PEGET), Value, Affordability and Sustainability (VALUE), Microbes in Health and Disease (MHD), Cousin, E., Duncan, B. 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W., Bennett, D. A., Bensenor, I. M., Beran, D., Bhagavathula, A. S., Bhaskar, S., Bhattacharyya, K., Bhojaraja, V. S., Bijani, A., Bikbov, B., Birara, S., Bodolica, V., Bonny, A., Brenner, H., Briko, N. I., Butt, Z. A., Caetano dos Santos, F. L., Camera, L. A., Campos-Nonato, I. R., Cao, Y., Cao, C., Cerin, E., Chakraborty, P. A., Chandan, J. S., Chattu, V. K., Chen, S., Choi, J. -Y. J., Choudhari, S. G., Chowdhury, E. K., Chu, D. -T., Corso, B., Dadras, O., Dai, X., Damasceno, A. A. M., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Davila-Cervantes, C. A., De Neve, J. -W., Denova-Gutierrez, E., Dhamnetiya, D., Diaz, D., Ebtehaj, S., Edinur, H. A., Eftekharzadeh, S., El Sayed, I., Elgendy, I. Y., Elhadi, M., Elmonem, M. A., Faisaluddin, M., Farooque, U., Feng, X., Fernandes, E., Fischer, F., Flood, D., Freitas, M., Gaal, P. A., Gad, M. M., Gaewkhiew, P., Getacher, L., Ghafourifard, M., Ghanei Gheshlagh, R., Ghashghaee, A., Ghith, N., Ghozali, G., Gill, P. S., Ginawi, I. A., Glushkova, E. V., Golechha, M., Gopalani, S. V., Guimaraes, R. A., Gupta, R. D., Gupta, R., Gupta, V. K., Gupta, V. B., Gupta, S., Habtewold, T. D., Hafezi-Nejad, N., Halwani, R., Hanif, A., Hankey, G. J., Haque, S., Hasaballah, A. I., Hasan, S. S., Hashi, A., Hassanipour, S., Hay, S. I., Hayat, K., Heidari, M., Hossain, M. B. H., Hossain, S., Hosseini, M., Hoveidamanesh, S., Huang, J., Humayun, A., Hussain, R., Hwang, B. -F., Ibitoye, S. E., Ikuta, K. S., Inbaraj, L. R., Iqbal, U., Islam, M. S., Islam, S. M. S., Islam, R. M., Ismail, N. E., Isola, G., Itumalla, R., Iwagami, M., Iyamu, I. O., Jahani, M. A., Jakovljevic, M., Jayawardena, R., Jha, R. P., John, O., Jonas, J. B., Joo, T., Kabir, A., Kalhor, R., Kamath, A., Kanchan, T., Kandel, H., Kapoor, N., Kayode, G. A., Kebede, S. A., Keshavarz, P., Keykhaei, M., Khader, Y. S., Khajuria, H., Khan, M. A., Khan, M. N., Khan, M., Khater, A. M., Khoja, T. A. M., Khubchandani, J., Kim, M. S., Kim, Y. J., Kimokoti, R. 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R., Sheikhbahaei, S., Shetty, J. K., Shiri, R., Shivakumar, K. M., Shuval, K., Singh, J. A., Singh, A., Skryabin, V. Y., Skryabina, A. A., Sofi-Mahmudi, A., Soheili, A., Sun, J., Szerencses, V., Szocska, M., Tabares-Seisdedos, R., Tadbiri, H., Tadesse, E. G., Tariqujjaman, M., Thankappan, K. R., Thapar, R., Thomas, N., Timalsina, B., Tobe-Gai, R., Tonelli, M., Tovani-Palone, M. R., Tran, B. X., Tripathy, J. P., Tudor Car, L., Tusa, B. S., Uddin, R., Upadhyay, E., Valadan Tahbaz, S., Valdez, P. R., Vasankari, T. J., Verma, M., Villalobos-Daniel, V. E., Vladimirov, S. K., Vo, B., Vu, G. T., Vukovic, R., Waheed, Y., Wamai, R. G., Werdecker, A., Wickramasinghe, N. D., Winkler, A. S., Wubishet, B. L., Xu, X., Xu, S., Yahyazadeh Jabbari, S. H., Yatsuya, H., Yaya, S., Yazie, T. S. Y., Yi, S., Yonemoto, N., Yunusa, I., Zadey, S., Zaman, S. B., Zamanian, M., Zamora, N., Zastrozhin, M. S., Zastrozhina, A., Zhang, Z. -J., Zhong, C., Zmaili, M., Zumla, A., Naghavi, M., Schmidt, M. I., Collaborators, GBD 2019 Diabetes Mortality, and Lacey, BWH
Subjects: Adult, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, CHILDHOOD, universal health coverage, Global Health, 3121 Internal medicine, Global Burden of Disease, 1117 Public Health and Health Services, Endocrinology, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, Risk Factors, RA0421, Internal Medicine, Humans, Diabetes mortality, diabetes, mortality, global burden of disease, under 25 years, COHORT, health care services, COMPLICATIONS, CHALLENGES, Diabetes, Mortality trends, Age-specific diabetes, 1103 Clinical Sciences, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, BRAZIL, Type I Diabetes, INSULIN, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, the Socio-demographic Index, Treatment, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, 1101 Medical Biochemistry and Metabolomics, diabete, 3121 General medicine, internal medicine and other clinical medicine, ACCESS, RA, RC
Abstract: Background:Diabetes, particularly type 1 diabetes, at younger ages can be a largely preventable cause of death with the correct health care and services. We aimed to evaluate diabetes mortality and trends at ages younger than 25 years globally using data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019. Methods:We used estimates of GBD 2019 to calculate international diabetes mortality at ages younger than 25 years in 1990 and 2019. Data sources for causes of death were obtained from vital registration systems, verbal autopsies, and other surveillance systems for 1990–2019. We estimated death rates for each location using the GBD Cause of Death Ensemble model. We analysed the association of age-standardised death rates per 100 000 population with the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and a measure of universal health coverage (UHC) and described the variability within SDI quintiles. We present estimates with their 95% uncertainty intervals. Findings:In 2019, 16 300 (95% uncertainty interval 14 200 to 18 900) global deaths due to diabetes (type 1 and 2 combined) occurred in people younger than 25 years and 73·7% (68·3 to 77·4) were classified as due to type 1 diabetes. The age-standardised death rate was 0·50 (0·44 to 0·58) per 100 000 population, and 15 900 (97·5%) of these deaths occurred in low to high-middle SDI countries. The rate was 0·13 (0·12 to 0·14) per 100 000 population in the high SDI quintile, 0·60 (0·51 to 0·70) per 100 000 population in the low-middle SDI quintile, and 0·71 (0·60 to 0·86) per 100 000 population in the low SDI quintile. Within SDI quintiles, we observed large variability in rates across countries, in part explained by the extent of UHC (r2=0·62). From 1990 to 2019, age-standardised death rates decreased globally by 17·0% (−28·4 to −2·9) for all diabetes, and by 21·0% (–33·0 to −5·9) when considering only type 1 diabetes. However, the low SDI quintile had the lowest decline for both all diabetes (−13·6% [–28·4 to 3·4]) and for type 1 diabetes (−13·6% [–29·3 to 8·9]). Interpretation:Decreasing diabetes mortality at ages younger than 25 years remains an important challenge, especially in low and low-middle SDI countries. Inadequate diagnosis and treatment of diabetes is likely to be major contributor to these early deaths, highlighting the urgent need to provide better access to insulin and basic diabetes education and care. This mortality metric, derived from readily available and frequently updated GBD data, can help to monitor preventable diabetes-related deaths over time globally, aligned with the UN's Sustainable Development Targets, and serve as an indicator of the adequacy of basic diabetes care for type 1 and type 2 diabetes across nations. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2022

10. Global, regional, and national burden of colorectal cancer and its risk factors, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

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Jennifer L Baker, Maciej Banach, Amadou Barrow, Alemshet Yirga Berhie, Sima Besharat, Devidas S Bhagat, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Neeraj Bhala, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Vijayalakshmi S Bhojaraja, Sadia Bibi, Ali Bijani, Antonio Biondi, Tone Bj??rge, Belay Boda Abule Bodicha, Dejana Braithwaite, Hermann Brenner, Daniela Calina, Chao Cao, Yin Cao, Giulia Carreras, Felix Carvalho, Ester Cerin, Raja Chandra Chakinala, William C S Cho, Dinh-Toi Chu, Joao Conde, Vera Marisa Costa, Nat??lia Cruz-Martins, Omid Dadras, Xiaochen Dai, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Anna Danielewicz, Feleke Mekonnen Demeke, Getu Debalkie Demissie, Rupak Desai, Deepak Dhamnetiya, Mostafa Dianatinasab, Daniel Diaz, Mojtaba Didehdar, Saeid Doaei, Linh Phuong Doan, Milad Dodangeh, Fatemeh Eghbalian, Debela Debela Ejeta, Michael Ekholuenetale, Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo, Iman El Sayed, Muhammed Elhadi, Daniel Berhanie Enyew, Tahir Eyayu, Rana Ezzeddini, Ildar Ravisovich Fakhradiyev, Umar Farooque, Hossein Farrokhpour, Farshad Farzadfar, Ali Fatehizadeh, Hamed Fattahi, Nima Fattahi, Masood Fereidoonnezhad, Eduarda Fernandes, Getahun Fetensa, Irina Filip, Florian Fischer, Masoud Foroutan, Peter Andras Gaal, Mohamed M Gad, Silvano Gallus, Tushar Garg, Tamiru Getachew, Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Nermin Ghith, Maryam Gholamalizadeh, Jamshid Gholizadeh Navashenaq, Abraham Tamirat Gizaw, James C Glasbey, Mahaveer Golechha, Pouya Goleij, Kebebe Bekele Gonfa, Giuseppe Gorini, Avirup Guha, Sapna Gupta, Veer Bala Gupta, Vivek Kumar Gupta, Rasool Haddadi, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Rabih Halwani, Shafiul Haque, Sanam Hariri, Ahmed I Hasaballah, Soheil Hassanipour, Simon I Hay, Claudiu Herteliu, Ramesh Holla, Mohammad-Salar Hosseini, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mihaela Hostiuc, Mowafa Househ, Junjie Huang, Ayesha Humayun, Ivo Iavicoli, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Irena M Ilic, Milena D Ilic, Farhad Islami, Masao Iwagami, Mohammad Ali Jahani, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Tahereh Javaheri, Ranil Jayawardena, Rime Jebai, Ravi Prakash Jha, Tamas Joo, Nitin Joseph, Farahnaz Joukar, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Ali Kabir, Rohollah Kalhor, Ashwin Kamath, Neeti Kapoor, Ibraheem M Karaye, Amirali Karimi, Joonas H Kauppila, Asma Kazemi, Mohammad Keykhaei, Yousef Saleh Khader, Himanshu Khajuria, Rovshan Khalilov, Javad Khanali, Maryam Khayamzadeh, Mahmoud Khodadost, Hanna Kim, Min Seo Kim, Adnan Kisa, Sezer Kisa, Ali-Asghar Kolahi, Hamid Reza Koohestani, Jacek A Kopec, Rajasekaran Koteeswaran, Ai Koyanagi, Yuvaraj Krishnamoorthy, G Anil Kumar, Manoj Kumar, Vivek Kumar, Carlo La Vecchia, Faris Hasan Lami, Iv??n Landires, Caterina Ledda, Sang-woong Lee, Wei-Chen Lee, Yeong Yeh Lee, Elvynna Leong, Bingyu Li, Stephen S Lim, Stany W Lobo, Joana A Loureiro, Raimundas Lunevicius, Farzan Madadizadeh, Ata Mahmoodpoor, Azeem Majeed, Mohammad-Reza Malekpour, Reza Malekzadeh, Ahmad Azam Malik, Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei, Lorenzo Giovanni Mantovani, Miquel Martorell, Sahar Masoudi, Prashant Mathur, Jitendra Kumar Meena, Entezar Mehrabi Nasab, Walter Mendoza, Alexios-Fotios A Mentis, Tomislav Mestrovic, Junmei Miao Jonasson, Bartosz Miazgowski, Tomasz Miazgowski, Gelana Fekadu Worku Mijena, Seyyedmohammadsadeq Mirmoeeni, Mohammad Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari, Hamed Mirzaei, Sanjeev Misra, Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, Esmaeil Mohammadi, Saeed Mohammadi, Seyyede Momeneh Mohammadi, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Shafiu Mohammed, Teroj Abdulrahman Mohammed, Nagabhishek Moka, Ali H Mokdad, Zeinab Mokhtari, Mariam Molokhia, Sara Momtazmanesh, Lorenzo Monasta, Ghobad Moradi, Rahmatollah Moradzadeh, Paula Moraga, Joana Morgado-da-Costa, Sumaira Mubarik, Francesk Mulita, Mohsen Naghavi, Mukhammad David Naimzada, Hae Sung Nam, Zuhair S Natto, Biswa Prakash Nayak, Javad Nazari, Ehsan Nazemalhosseini-Mojarad, Ionut Negoi, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Son Hoang Nguyen, Nurulamin M Noor, Maryam Noori, Seyyed Mohammad Ali Noori, Virginia Nu??ez-Samudio, Chimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam, Bogdan Oancea, Oluwakemi Ololade Odukoya, Ayodipupo Sikiru Oguntade, Hassan Okati-Aliabad, Andrew T Olagunju, Tinuke O Olagunju, Sokking Ong, Samuel M Ostroff, Alicia Padron-Monedero, Reza Pakzad, Adrian Pana, Anamika Pandey, Fatemeh Pashazadeh Kan, Urvish K Patel, Uttam Paudel, Renato B Pereira, Navaraj Perumalsamy, Richard G Pestell, Zahra Zahid Piracha, Richard Charles G Pollok, Akram Pourshams, Naeimeh Pourtaheri, Akila Prashant, Mohammad Rabiee, Navid Rabiee, Amir Radfar, Sima Rafiei, Mosiur Rahman, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Vahid Rahmanian, Nazanin Rajai, Aashish Rajesh, Vajiheh Ramezani-Doroh, Kiana Ramezanzadeh, Kamal Ranabhat, Sina Rashedi, Amirfarzan Rashidi, Mahsa Rashidi, Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi, Mandana Rastegar, David Laith Rawaf, Salman Rawaf, Reza Rawassizadeh, Mohammad Sadegh Razeghinia, Andre M N Renzaho, Negar Rezaei, Nima Rezaei, Saeid Rezaei, Mohsen Rezaeian, Sahba Rezazadeh-Khadem, Gholamreza Roshandel, Maha Mohamed Saber-Ayad, Bahar Saberzadeh-Ardestani, Basema Saddik, Hossein Sadeghi, Umar Saeed, Maryam Sahebazzamani, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Amir Salek Farrokhi, Amir Salimi, Hamideh Salimzadeh, Pouria Samadi, Mehrnoosh Samaei, Abdallah M Samy, Juan Sanabria, Milena M Santric-Milicevic, Muhammad Arif Nadeem Saqib, Arash Sarveazad, Brijesh Sathian, Maheswar Satpathy, Ione Jayce Ceola Schneider, Mario ??ekerija, Sadaf G Sepanlou, Allen Seylani, Feng Sha, Sayed Mohammad Shafiee, Zahra Shaghaghi, Saeed Shahabi, Elaheh Shaker, Maedeh Sharifian, Javad Sharifi-Rad, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Jeevan K Shetty, Reza Shirkoohi, Parnian Shobeiri, Sudeep K Siddappa Malleshappa, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, Guilherme Silva Julian, Achintya Dinesh Singh, Jasvinder A Singh, Md Shahjahan Siraj, Gholam Reza Sivandzadeh, Valentin Yurievich Skryabin, Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina, Bogdan Socea, Marco Solmi, Mohammad Sadegh Soltani-Zangbar, Suhang Song, Vikt??ria Szerencs??s, Mikl??s Sz??cska, Rafael Tabar??s-Seisdedos, Elnaz Tabibian, Majid Taheri, Yasaman TaheriAbkenar, Amir Taherkhani, Iman M Talaat, Ker-Kan Tan, Abdelghani Tbakhi, Bekele Tesfaye, Amir Tiyuri, Daniel Nigusse Tollosa, Mathilde Touvier, Bach Xuan Tran, Biruk Shalmeno Tusa, Irfan Ullah, Saif Ullah, Marco Vacante, Sahel Valadan Tahbaz, Massimiliano Veroux, Bay Vo, Theo Vos, Cong Wang, Ronny Westerman, Melat Woldemariam, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Lin Yang, Fereshteh Yazdanpanah, Chuanhua Yu, Deniz Yuce, Ismaeel Yunusa, Vesna Zadnik, Mazyar Zahir, Iman Zare, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, and Mohammad Zoladl
Abstract: Background: Colorectal cancer is the third leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Given the recent increasing trends in colorectal cancer incidence globally, up-to-date information on the colorectal cancer burden could guide screening, early detection, and treatment strategies, and help effectively allocate resources. We examined the temporal patterns of the global, regional, and national burden of colorectal cancer and its risk factors in 204 countries and territories across the past three decades. Methods: Estimates of incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for colorectal cancer were generated as a part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 by age, sex, and geographical location for the period 1990–2019. Mortality estimates were produced using the cause of death ensemble model. We also calculated DALYs attributable to risk factors that had evidence of causation with colorectal cancer. Findings: Globally, between 1990 and 2019, colorectal cancer incident cases more than doubled, from 842 098 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 810 408–868 574) to 2·17 million (2·00–2·34), and deaths increased from 518 126 (493 682–537 877) to 1·09 million (1·02–1·15). The global age-standardised incidence rate increased from 22·2 (95% UI 21·3–23·0) per 100 000 to 26·7 (24·6–28·9) per 100 000, whereas the age-standardised mortality rate decreased from 14·3 (13·5–14·9) per 100 000 to 13·7 (12·6–14·5) per 100 000 and the age-standardised DALY rate decreased from 308·5 (294·7–320·7) per 100 000 to 295·5 (275·2–313·0) per 100 000 from 1990 through 2019. Taiwan (province of China; 62·0 [48·9–80·0] per 100 000), Monaco (60·7 [48·5–73·6] per 100 000), and Andorra (56·6 [42·8–71·9] per 100 000) had the highest age-standardised incidence rates, while Greenland (31·4 [26·0–37·1] per 100 000), Brunei (30·3 [26·6–34·1] per 100 000), and Hungary (28·6 [23·6–34·0] per 100 000) had the highest age-standardised mortality rates. From 199
Published: 2022

11. The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010–19 : A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Khanh Bao Tran, Justin J Lang, Kelly Compton, Rixing Xu, Alistair R Acheson, Hannah Jacqueline Henrikson, Jonathan M Kocarnik, Louise Penberthy, Amirali Aali, Qamar Abbas, Behzad Abbasi, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Zeinab Abbasi-Kangevari, Hedayat Abbastabar, Michael Abdelmasseh, Sherief Abd-Elsalam, Ahmed Abdelwahab Abdelwahab, Gholamreza Abdoli, Hanan Abdulkadir Abdulkadir, Aidin Abedi, Kedir Hussein Abegaz, Hassan Abidi, Richard Gyan Aboagye, Hassan Abolhassani, Abdorrahim Absalan, Yonas Derso Abtew, Hiwa Abubaker Ali, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Basavaprabhu Achappa, Juan Manuel Acuna, Daniel Addison, Isaac Yeboah Addo, Oyelola A Adegboye, Miracle Ayomikun Adesina, Mohammad Adnan, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Shailesh M Advani, Sumia Afrin, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Manik Aggarwal, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Araz Ramazan Ahmad, Rizwan Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmad, Sohail Ahmad, Sepideh Ahmadi, Haroon Ahmed, Luai A Ahmed, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Tarik Ahmed Rashid, Wajeeha Aiman, Marjan Ajami, Gizachew Taddesse Akalu, Mostafa Akbarzadeh-Khiavi, Addis Aklilu, Maxwell Akonde, Chisom Joyqueenet Akunna, Hanadi Al Hamad, Fares Alahdab, Fahad Mashhour Alanezi, Turki M Alanzi, Saleh Ali Alessy, Abdelazeem M Algammal, Mohammed Khaled Al-Hanawi, Robert Kaba Alhassan, Beriwan Abdulqadir Ali, Liaqat Ali, Syed Shujait Ali, Yousef Alimohamadi, Vahid Alipour, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Motasem Alkhayyat, Sadeq Ali Ali Al-Maweri, Sami Almustanyir, Nivaldo Alonso, Shehabaldin Alqalyoobi, Rajaa M Al-Raddadi, Rami H Hani Al-Rifai, Salman Khalifah Al-Sabah, Ala'a B Al-Tammemi, Haya Altawalah, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Firehiwot Amare, Edward Kwabena Ameyaw, Javad Javad Aminian Dehkordi, Mohammad Hosein Amirzade-Iranaq, Hubert Amu, Ganiyu Adeniyi Amusa, Robert Ancuceanu, Jason A Anderson, Yaregal Animut Animut, Amir Anoushiravani, Ali Arash Anoushirvani, Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam, Mustafa Geleto Ansha, Benny Antony, Maxwell Hubert Antwi, Sumadi Lukman Anwar, Razique Anwer, Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor, 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Pradnya Vishal Kakodkar, Laleh R Kalankesh, Leila R Kalankesh, Rohollah Kalhor, Vineet Kumar Kamal, Farin Kamangar, Ashwin Kamath, Tanuj Kanchan, Eswar Kandaswamy, Himal Kandel, HyeJung Kang, Girum Gebremeskel Kanno, Neeti Kapoor, Sitanshu Sekhar Kar, Shama D Karanth, Ibraheem M Karaye, André Karch, Amirali Karimi, Bekalu Getnet Kassa, Patrick DMC Katoto, Joonas H Kauppila, Harkiran Kaur, Abinet Gebremickael Kebede, Leila Keikavoosi-Arani, Gemechu Gemechu Kejela, Phillip M Kemp Bohan, Maryam Keramati, Mohammad Keykhaei, Himanshu Khajuria, Abbas Khan, Abdul Aziz Khan Khan, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Gulfaraz Khan, Md Nuruzzaman Khan, Moien AB Khan, Javad Khanali, Khaled Khatab, Moawiah Mohammad Khatatbeh, Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib, Maryam Khayamzadeh, Hamid Reza Khayat Kashani, Mohammad Amin Khazeei Tabari, Mehdi Khezeli, Mahmoud Khodadost, Min Seo Kim, Yun Jin Kim, Adnan Kisa, Sezer Kisa, Miloslav Klugar, Jitka Klugarová, Ali-Asghar Kolahi, Pavel Kolkhir, Farzad Kompani, Parvaiz A Koul, Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane Laxminarayana, Ai Koyanagi, Kewal Krishan, Yuvaraj Krishnamoorthy, Burcu Kucuk Bicer, Nuworza Kugbey, Mukhtar Kulimbet, Akshay Kumar, G Anil Kumar, Narinder Kumar, Om P Kurmi, Ambily Kuttikkattu, Carlo La Vecchia, Arista Lahiri, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Judit Lám, Qing Lan, Iván Landires, Bagher Larijani, Savita Lasrado, Jerrald Lau, Paolo Lauriola, Caterina Ledda, Sang-woong Lee, Shaun Wen Huey Lee, Wei-Chen Lee, Yeong Yeh Lee, Yo Han Lee, Samson Mideksa Legesse, James Leigh, Elvynna Leong, Ming-Chieh Li, Stephen S Lim, Gang Liu, Jue Liu, Chun-Han Lo, Ayush Lohiya, Platon D Lopukhov, László Lorenzovici, Mojgan Lotfi, Joana A Loureiro, Raimundas Lunevicius, Farzan Madadizadeh, Ahmad R Mafi, Sameh Magdeldin, Soleiman Mahjoub, Ata Mahmoodpoor, Morteza Mahmoudi, Marzieh Mahmoudimanesh, Rashidul Alam Mahumud, Azeem Majeed, Jamal Majidpoor, Alaa Makki, Konstantinos Christos Makris, Elaheh Malakan Rad, Mohammad-Reza Malekpour, Reza Malekzadeh, Ahmad Azam Malik, Tauqeer Hussain 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Melinda Gates Foundation, Kuwait University (Kuwait), Ministry of Higher Education (Malasia), Lega Italiana per la Lotta ai Tumori, Health Effects Institute (Estados Unidos), Unión Europea. Comisión Europea. European Research Council (ERC), Unión Europea. Comisión Europea. H2020, Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (Portugal), African-German Network of Excellence in Science (AGNES), Federal Ministry of Education & Research (Alemania), Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, Novo Nordisk Foundation, National Institute for Health Research (Reino Unido), National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia), Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, Romanian Ministry of Research Innovation and Digitalization, Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development (Serbia), Sigrid Jusélius Foundation, Finnish Cancer Foundation, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences (India), Xiamen University (Malasia), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (India), Panjab University (India), Sistema Nacional de Investigación (Panamá), Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (Panamá), Ministry of Science and Technology (Taiwan), Lung Foundation Australia, National Natural Science Foundation of China, Wellcome Trust, UNSW Sydney (Australia), ICMR - National Institute of Epidemiology (India), University of Tasmania (Australia), National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (Brasil), Coordenação de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Brasil), Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (Irán), Ain Shams University (Egipto), International Center of Medical Sciences Research (Islamabad), National Institutes of Health (Estados Unidos), University of Oxford (Reino Unido), National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (Irán), Marga und Walter Boll - Stiftung, Ministero della Salute (Italia), IRCCS Materno Infantile Burlo Garofolo (Italia), King College London, Wellcome Trust/DBT India Alliance (India), Public Health, University of St Andrews. School of Medicine, and University of St Andrews. Population and Behavioural Science Division
Subjects: Male, DEATHS, DALY, cancer, risk factors, Medizin, systematic analysis, Global Health, Risk Assessment, Cancer prevention, Global Burden of Disease, RC0254, Risk-attributable cancer deaths, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, RA0421, Risk Factors, RA0421 Public health. Hygiene. Preventive Medicine, Quality-Adjusted Life Year, Neoplasms, cancer, Humans, Global Burden of Disease Study, UK, Medicine(all), MCC, RC0254 Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology (including Cancer), Risk Factor, Smoking, COVID-19, 3rd-DAS, General Medicine, Disability-adjusted life-years, SOCIAL DETERMINANTS, Risk assessments, risk factor, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, 3121 General medicine, internal medicine and other clinical medicine, OBESITY, Cancer burden, Neoplasm, Female, LIFE-STYLE, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, HEALTH, RA, Human, RC
Abstract: Background: Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. Methods: The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk-outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. Findings: Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4·45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4·01-4·94) deaths and 105 million (95·0-116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44·4% (41·3-48·4) of all cancer deaths and 42·0% (39·1-45·6) of all DALYs. There were 2·88 million (2·60-3·18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50·6% [47·8-54·1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1·58 million (1·36-1·84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36·3% [32·5-41·3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20·4% (12·6-28·4) and DALYs by 16·8% (8·8-25·0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34·7% [27·9-42·8] and 33·3% [25·8-42·0]). Interpretation: The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden. We are grateful to the surveillance systems, including cancer registries, that generated and shared observed cancer burden data. S M Aljunid acknowledges the Department of Health Policy and Management, College of Public Health, Kuwait University for the approval and support to participate in this research project. H Ariffin acknowledges support from the Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia (grant FRGS/1/2021/SKK0/UM/01/1). F Barra acknowledges support from Lega Italiana per la Lotta contro i Tumori - LILT - Bando 5 x 1000 anno 2019. L Belo and M Carvalho acknowledge the support from FCT in the scope of the project UIDP/04378/2020 and UIDB/04378/2020 of UCIBIO and the project LA/P/0140/2020 of i4HB. A J Cohen was supported by the Health Effects Institute, Boston, MA, USA. J Conde acknowledges financial support from the European Research Council - ERC Starting Grant 848325. V M Costa acknowledges her grant (SFRH/BHD/110001/2015), received by Portuguese national funds through Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT), IP, under the Norma Transitória DL57/2016/CP1334/CT0006. T C Ekundayo was supported by the African-German Network of Excellence in Science (AGNES), the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) and the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation (AvH). N Ghith acknowledges support from a grant from Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF16OC0021856). J C Glasbey is support by a Doctoral Research Fellowship from the National Institute of Health Research (NIHR300175). V K Gupta and V B Gupta acknowledge funding support from National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), Australia. C Herteliu, A Pana, and M Ausloos acknowledge partial support by a grant of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, CNDS-UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P4-ID-PCCF-2016-0084. C Herteliu is also partially supported by a grant of the Romanian Ministry of Research Innovation and Digitalization, MCID, project number ID-585-CTR-42-PFE-2021. S Hussain was supported from Operational Programme Research, Development and Education–Project, Postdoc2MUNI (number CZ.02.2. 69/0.0/0.0/18_053/0016952). M Jakovljevic acknowledges partial support through the grant OI 175 014 of the Ministry of Education Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia. J H Kauppila acknowledges research grants from Sigrid Jusélius Foundation and the Finnish Cancer Foundation. M N Khatib acknowledges support from Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences (deemed-to-be-university). Y J Kim was supported by the Research Management Centre, Xiamen University Malaysia [XMUMRF/2020-C6/ITCM/0004]. S L Koulmane Laxminarayana acknowledges institutional assistance by Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal. K Krishan is supported by the UGC Centre of Advanced Study (Phase II), awarded to the Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. I Landires is a member of the Sistema Nacional de Investigación (SNI), which is supported by Panama’s Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SENACYT). M-C Li was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan (MOST 110-2314-B-003-001). G Liu acknowledges support from the CREATE Hope scientific fellowship from Lung Foundation Australia. J Liu acknowledges support from the National Natural Science Foundation (72122001). J A Loureiro was supported by Scientific Employment Stimulus (FCT; CEECINST/00049/2018). E Mathews is supported by a Clinical and Public Health Early Career Fellowship (grant number IA/CPHE/17/1/503345) from the DBT India Alliance/Wellcome Trust Department of Biotechnology, India Alliance (2018–2023). T J Meretoja was supported by an unrestricted grant from Cancer Foundation Finland sr. S Mohammed acknowledges a fellowship grant from Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, outside the submitted work. M Molokhia is supported by the National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Center at Guy’s and St Thomas’ National Health Service Foundation Trust and King’s College London. L Monasta received support from the Italian Ministry of Health at the Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste - Italy (RC 34/2017). U Mons is supported by the Marga and Walter Boll Foundation, Kerpen, Germany. M A Moosavi acknowledges the financial support of National Institute of Genetics Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB). J Musa acknowledges support from the NIH/FICK43TW011416 for research-protected time for cervical cancer research and career development at University of Jos. V Nuñez-Samudio is a member of the Sistema Nacional de Investigación (SNI), which is supported by Panama’s Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SENACYT). O O Odukoya acknowledges support by the Fogarty International Center of the National Institutes of Health under the award number K43TW010704 for research-protected time. The content is solely the responsibility of all the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. A S Oguntade acknowledges funding by a doctoral scholarship from the Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford (Oxford Population Health). J R Padubidri acknowledges Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal for their constant support in research collaborations. R G Pestell acknowledges support from NIH grant W81XWH1810605 Breast Cancer Research, Breakthrough Grant R21 CA235139-01. Z Z Piracha acknowledges the International Center of Medical Sciences Research (ICMSR), Islamabad (44000), Pakistan. R A Radhakrishnan acknowledges support from Wellcome Trust/DBT India Alliance - IA/CPHI/18/1/503927. U Saeed acknowledges the International Center of Medical Sciences Research (ICMSR), Islamabad, Pakistan. A M Samy acknowledges the support from Ain Shams University and the Egyptian Fulbright Mission Program. F Sha was supported by the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program (grant number KQTD20190929172835662). H R Shahsavari acknowledges the Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS) Research Council. A Shetty acknowledges Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal for all the academic support. D A S Silva acknowledges financing in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brazil (CAPES)—Finance Code 001 and D A S Silva is supported in part by CNPq-Brazil (309589/2021-5). L M L R Silva was supported by project CENTRO-04-3559-FSE-000162, Fundo Social Europeu (FSE). Am Singh is supported by the International Graduate Research Scholarship, University of Tasmania. R Suliankatchi Abdulkader acknowledges support from ICMR—National Institute of Epidemiology. B Unnikrishnan acknowledges Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal. H Xiao acknowledges support from the Public Health Sciences Division of the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center. X Xu is supported by the University of New South Wales (Australia) Scientia Program. C Yu was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number 82173626) and Wuhan Medical Research Program of Joint Fund of Hubei Health Committee (grant number WJ2019H304). Sí
Published: 2022

12. Global, regional, and national burden of hepatitis B, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Brittney S Sheena, Lindsey Hiebert, Hannah Han, Helen Ippolito, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Zeinab Abbasi-Kangevari, Hedayat Abbastabar, Amir Abdoli, Hiwa Abubaker Ali, Mesafint Molla Adane, Oyelola A Adegboye, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Shailesh M Advani, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Saira Afzal, Mohamad Aghaie Meybodi, Bahman Ahadinezhad, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Sajjad Ahmad, Tauseef Ahmad, Sepideh Ahmadi, Haroon Ahmed, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Tarik Ahmed Rashid, Gizachew Taddesse Akalu, Addis Aklilu, Tayyaba Akram, Hanadi Al Hamad, Fares Alahdab, Adugnaw Zeleke Alem, Dejene Tsegaye Alem, Fadwa Alhalaiqa Naji Alhalaiqa, Robert Kaba Alhassan, Liaqat Ali, Muhammad Ashar Ali, Yousef Alimohamadi, Vahid Alipour, Motasem Alkhayyat, Sami Almustanyir, Rajaa M Al-Raddadi, Haya Altawalah, Saeed Amini, Hubert Amu, Robert Ancuceanu, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Tudorel Andrei, Amir Anoushiravani, Adnan Ansar, Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor, Jalal Arabloo, Morteza Arab-Zozani, Ayele Mamo Argaw, Zeleke Gebru Argaw, Muhammad Arshad, Anton A Artamonov, Tahira Ashraf, Daniel Atlaw, Floriane Ausloos, Marcel Ausloos, Sina Azadnajafabad, Mohammadreza Azangou-Khyavy, Amirhossein Azari Jafari, Ghasem Azarian, Sayna Bagheri, Saeed Bahadory, Atif Amin Baig, Maciej Banach, Nastaran Barati, Amadou Barrow, Abdul-Monim Mohammad Batiha, Diana Fernanda Bejarano Ramirez, Uzma Iqbal Belgaumi, Alemshet Yirga Berhie, Devidas S Bhagat, Nikha Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Vijayalakshmi S Bhojaraja, Ali Bijani, Antonio Biondi, Belay Boda Abule Bodicha, Hunduma Amensisa Bojia, Archith Boloor, Cristina Bosetti, Dejana Braithwaite, Nikolay Ivanovich Briko, Zahid A Butt, Luis Alberto Cámera, Raja Chandra Chakinala, Promit Ananyo Chakraborty, Jaykaran Charan, Shu Chen, Jee-Young Jasmine Choi, Sonali Gajanan Choudhari, Fazle Rabbi Chowdhury, Dinh-Toi Chu, Sheng-Chia Chung, Paolo Angelo Cortesi, Benjamin C Cowie, Garland T Culbreth, Omid Dadras, Xiaochen Dai, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Fernando Pio De la Hoz, Sisay Abebe Debela, Mohammed Gebre Dedefo, Feleke Mekonnen Demeke, Takele Gezahegn G Demie, Getu Debalkie Demissie, Meseret Derbew Molla, Abebaw Alemayehu Desta, Deepak Dhamnetiya, Mandira Lamichhane Dhimal, Meghnath Dhimal, Mojtaba Didehdar, Linh Phuong Doan, Fariba Dorostkar, Thomas M Drake, Fatemeh Eghbalian, Michael Ekholuenetale, Iman El Sayed, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Muhammed Elhadi, Mohamed A Elmonem, Aisha Elsharkawy, Shymaa Enany, Daniel Berhanie Enyew, Ryenchindorj Erkhembayar, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Firooz Esmaeilzadeh, Sayeh Ezzikouri, Hossein Farrokhpour, Getahun Fetensa, Florian Fischer, Masoud Foroutan, Mohamed M Gad, Abhay Motiramji Gaidhane, Shilpa Gaidhane, Natalie C Galles, Silvano Gallus, Teferi Gebru Gebremeskel, Eyob Alemayehu Gebreyohannes, Keyghobad Ghadiri, Kazem Ghaffari, Mansour Ghafourifard, Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Ali Gholami, Abdolmajid Gholizadeh, Aima Gilani, Amit Goel, Mahaveer Golechha, Pouya Goleij, Davide Golinelli, Giuseppe Gorini, Yitayal Ayalew Goshu, Max G Griswold, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari, Bhawna Gupta, Sapna Gupta, Veer Bala Gupta, Vivek Kumar Gupta, Rasool Haddadi, Rabih Halwani, Saeed S Hamid, Samer Hamidi, Asif Hanif, Shafiul Haque, Harapan Harapan, Arief Hargono, Sanam Hariri, Ahmed I Hasaballah, S M Mahmudul Hasan, Soheil Hassanipour, Hadi Hassankhani, Simon I Hay, Khezar Hayat, Golnaz Heidari, Claudiu Herteliu, Demisu Zenbaba Heyi, Kamal Hezam, Ramesh Holla, Mohammad-Salar Hosseini, Mostafa Hosseini, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mihaela Hostiuc, Mowafa Househ, Junjie Huang, Nawfal R Hussein, Ivo Iavicoli, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Irena M Ilic, Milena D Ilic, Lalu Muhammad Irham, Jessica Y Islam, Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail, Kathryn H Jacobsen, Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh, Amirreza Javadi Mamaghani, Shubha Jayaram, Ranil Jayawardena, Rime Jebai, Ravi Prakash Jha, Nitin Joseph, Farahnaz Joukar, Billingsley Kaambwa, Ali Kabir, Zubair Kabir, Rohollah Kalhor, 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Subjects: Liver Cirrhosis, Hepatology, Seroepidemiologic Studies, 3121 General medicine, internal medicine and other clinical medicine, Liver Neoplasms, Gastroenterology, Humans, Bayes Theorem, HBV, Global burden of diseases, HCC, Cirrhosis, Child, Hepatitis B, Global Burden of Disease
Abstract: Publisher Copyright: © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license Background: Combating viral hepatitis is part of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and WHO has put forth hepatitis B elimination targets in its Global Health Sector Strategy on Viral Hepatitis (WHO-GHSS) and Interim Guidance for Country Validation of Viral Hepatitis Elimination (WHO Interim Guidance). We estimated the global, regional, and national prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV), as well as mortality and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to HBV, as part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019. This included estimates for 194 WHO member states, for which we compared our estimates to WHO elimination targets. Methods: The primary data sources were population-based serosurveys, claims and hospital discharges, cancer registries, vital registration systems, and published case series. We estimated chronic HBV infection and the burden of HBV-related diseases, defined as an aggregate of cirrhosis due to hepatitis B, liver cancer due to hepatitis B, and acute hepatitis B. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian mixed-effects meta-regression tool, to estimate the prevalence of chronic HBV infection, cirrhosis, and aetiological proportions of cirrhosis. We used mortality-to-incidence ratios modelled with spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression to estimate the incidence of liver cancer. We used the Cause of Death Ensemble modelling (CODEm) model, a tool that selects models and covariates on the basis of out-of-sample performance, to estimate mortality due to cirrhosis, liver cancer, and acute hepatitis B. Findings: In 2019, the estimated global, all-age prevalence of chronic HBV infection was 4·1% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 3·7 to 4·5), corresponding to 316 million (284 to 351) infected people. There was a 31·3% (29·0 to 33·9) decline in all-age prevalence between 1990 and 2019, with a more marked decline of 76·8% (76·2 to 77·5) in prevalence in children younger than 5 years. HBV-related diseases resulted in 555 000 global deaths (487 000 to 630 000) in 2019. The number of HBV-related deaths increased between 1990 and 2019 (by 5·9% [–5·6 to 19·2]) and between 2015 and 2019 (by 2·9% [–5·9 to 11·3]). By contrast, all-age and age-standardised death rates due to HBV-related diseases decreased during these periods. We compared estimates for 2019 in 194 WHO locations to WHO-GHSS 2020 targets, and found that four countries achieved a 10% reduction in deaths, 15 countries achieved a 30% reduction in new cases, and 147 countries achieved a 1% prevalence in children younger than 5 years. As of 2019, 68 of 194 countries had already achieved the 2030 target proposed in WHO Interim Guidance of an all-age HBV-related death rate of four per 100 000. Interpretation: The prevalence of chronic HBV infection declined over time, particularly in children younger than 5 years, since the introduction of hepatitis B vaccination. HBV-related death rates also decreased, but HBV-related death counts increased as a result of population growth, ageing, and cohort effects. By 2019, many countries had met the interim seroprevalence target for children younger than 5 years, but few countries had met the WHO-GHSS interim targets for deaths and new cases. Progress according to all indicators must be accelerated to meet 2030 targets, and there are marked disparities in burden and progress across the world. HBV interventions, such as vaccination, testing, and treatment, must be strategically supported and scaled up to achieve elimination. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2022

13. The global burden of adolescent and young adult cancer in 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Elysia M Alvarez, Lisa M Force, Rixing Xu, Kelly Compton, Dan Lu, Hannah Jacqueline Henrikson, Jonathan M Kocarnik, James D Harvey, Alyssa Pennini, Frances E Dean, Weijia Fu, Martina T Vargas, Theresa H M Keegan, Hany Ariffin, Ronald D Barr, Yana Arturovna Erdomaeva, D Sanjeeva Gunasekera, Yetunde O John-Akinola, Tyler G Ketterl, Tezer Kutluk, Marcio Henrique Malogolowkin, Prashant Mathur, Venkatraman Radhakrishnan, Lynn Ann Gloeckler Ries, Carlos Rodriguez-Galindo, Garik Barisovich Sagoyan, Iyad Sultan, Behzad Abbasi, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Zeinab Abbasi-Kangevari, Hedayat Abbastabar, Michael Abdelmasseh, Sherief Abd-Elsalam, Amir Abdoli, Haimanot Abebe, Aidin Abedi, Hassan Abidi, Hassan Abolhassani, Hiwa Abubaker Ali, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Basavaprabhu Achappa, Juan Manuel Acuna, Isaac Akinkunmi Adedeji, Oyelola A Adegboye, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Shailesh M Advani, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Mohamad Aghaie Meybodi, Bahman Ahadinezhad, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Sajjad Ahmad, Sepideh Ahmadi, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Tarik Ahmed Rashid, Yusra Ahmed Salih, Wajeeha Aiman, Gizachew Taddesse Akalu, Hanadi Al Hamad, Fares Alahdab, Abdulhadi A AlAmodi, Fahad Mashhour Alanezi, Turki M Alanzi, Adugnaw Zeleke Alem, Dejene Tsegaye Alem, Yosef Alemayehu, Fadwa Naji Alhalaiqa, Robert Kaba Alhassan, Saqib Ali, Gianfranco Alicandro, Vahid Alipour, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Motasem Alkhayyat, Sunitha Alluri, Nihad A Almasri, Sadeq Ali Al-Maweri, Sami Almustanyir, Rajaa M Al-Raddadi, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Edward Kwabena Ameyaw, Saeed Amini, Hubert Amu, Robert Ancuceanu, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Tudorel Andrei, Fereshteh Ansari, Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam, Davood Anvari, Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor, Jalal Arabloo, Morteza Arab-Zozani, Ayele Mamo Argaw, Muhammad Arshad, Judie Arulappan, Armin Aryannejad, Zatollah Asemi, Mohammad Asghari Jafarabadi, Mohammad Reza Atashzar, Prince Atorkey, Alok Atreya, Sameh Attia, Avinash Aujayeb, Marcel Ausloos, Leticia Avila-Burgos, Atalel 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Meretoja, Amanual Getnet Mersha, Mohamed Kamal Mesregah, Tomislav Mestrovic, Junmei Miao Jonasson, Bartosz Miazgowski, Irmina Maria Michalek, Ted R Miller, Alemu Basazin Mingude, Seyyedmohammadsadeq Mirmoeeni, Hamed Mirzaei, Sanjeev Misra, Prasanna Mithra, Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, Mokhtar Mohammadi, Seyyede Momeneh Mohammadi, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Reza Mohammadpourhodki, Arif Mohammed, Shafiu Mohammed, Teroj Abdulrahman Mohammed, Nagabhishek Moka, Ali H Mokdad, Mariam Molokhia, Sara Momtazmanesh, Lorenzo Monasta, Mohammad Ali Moni, Ghobad Moradi, Yousef Moradi, Maliheh Moradzadeh, Rahmatollah Moradzadeh, Paula Moraga, Shane Douglas Morrison, Ebrahim Mostafavi, Amin Mousavi Khaneghah, Christine Mpundu-Kaambwa, Sumaira Mubarik, Lillian Mwanri, Ashraf F Nabhan, Shankar Prasad Nagaraju, Chie Nagata, Mohsen Naghavi, Mukhammad David Naimzada, Luigi Naldi, Vinay Nangia, Atta Abbas Naqvi, Sreenivas Narasimha Swamy, Aparna Ichalangod Narayana, Biswa Prakash Nayak, Vinod C Nayak, Javad Nazari, Sabina Onyinye Nduaguba, Ionut Negoi, Serban Mircea Negru, Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi, Samata Nepal, Sandhya Neupane Kandel, Haruna Asura Nggada, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Chukwudi A Nnaji, Hamed Nosrati, Hasti Nouraei, Ali Nowroozi, Virginia Nuñez-Samudio, Vincent Ebuka Nwatah, Chimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam, Bogdan Oancea, Oluwakemi Ololade Odukoya, Ayodipupo Sikiru Oguntade, In-Hwan Oh, Andrew T Olagunju, Tinuke O Olagunju, Babayemi Oluwaseun Olakunde, Mojisola Morenike Oluwasanu, Emad Omar, Ahmed Omar Bali, Sokking Ong, Obinna E Onwujekwe, Doris V Ortega-Altamirano, Nikita Otstavnov, Stanislav S Otstavnov, Bilcha Oumer, Mayowa O Owolabi, Mahesh P A, Alicia Padron-Monedero, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Keyvan Pakshir, Adrian Pana, Anamika Pandey, Shahina Pardhan, Fatemeh Pashazadeh Kan, Maja Pasovic, Jenil R Patel, Siddhartha Pati, Sanjay M Pattanshetty, Uttam Paudel, Renato B Pereira, Mario F P Peres, Arokiasamy Perianayagam, Maarten J Postma, Hadi Pourjafar, Akram Pourshams, Akila 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Filip I., Fischer F., Fisher J.L., Foroutan M., Fukumoto T., Gaal P.A., Gad M.M., Gaewkhiew P., Gallus S., Garg T., Gebremeskel T.G., Gemeda B.N.B., Getachew T., Ghafourifard M., Ghamari S.-H., Ghashghaee A., Ghassemi F., Ghith N., Gholami A., Gholizadeh Navashenaq J., Gilani S.A., Ginindza T.G., Gizaw A.T., Glasbey J.C., Goel A., Golechha M., Goleij P., Golinelli D., Gopalani S.V., Gorini G., Goudarzi H., Goulart B.N.G., Grada A., Gubari M.I.M., Guerra M.R., Guha A., Gupta B., Gupta S., Gupta V.B., Gupta V.K., Haddadi R., Hafezi-Nejad N., Hailu A., Haj-Mirzaian A., Halwani R., Hamadeh R.R., Hambisa M.T., Hameed S., Hamidi S., Haque S., Hariri S., Haro J.M., Hasaballah A.I., Hasan S.M.M., Hashemi S.M., Hassan T.S., Hassanipour S., Hay S.I., Hayat K., Hebo S.H., Heidari G., Heidari M., Herrera-Serna B.Y., Herteliu C., Heyi D.Z., Hezam K., Hole M.K., Holla R., Horita N., Hossain M.M., Hossain M.B., Hosseini M.-S., Hosseini M., Hosseinzadeh A., Hosseinzadeh M., Hostiuc M., Hostiuc S., 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Mpundu-Kaambwa C., Mubarik S., Mwanri L., Nabhan A.F., Nagaraju S.P., Nagata C., Naghavi M., Naimzada M.D., Naldi L., Nangia V., Naqvi A.A., Narasimha Swamy S., Narayana A.I., Nayak B.P., Nayak V.C., Nazari J., Nduaguba S.O., Negoi I., Negru S.M., Nejadghaderi S.A., Nepal S., Neupane Kandel S., Nggada H.A., Nguyen C.T., Nnaji C.A., Nosrati H., Nouraei H., Nowroozi A., Nunez-Samudio V., Nwatah V.E., Nzoputam C.I., Oancea B., Odukoya O.O., Oguntade A.S., Oh I.-H., Olagunju A.T., Olagunju T.O., Olakunde B.O., Oluwasanu M.M., Omar E., Omar Bali A., Ong S., Onwujekwe O.E., Ortega-Altamirano D.V., Otstavnov N., Otstavnov S.S., Oumer B., Owolabi M.O., P A M., Padron-Monedero A., Padubidri J.R., Pakshir K., Pana A., Pandey A., Pardhan S., Pashazadeh Kan F., Pasovic M., Patel J.R., Pati S., Pattanshetty S.M., Paudel U., Pereira R.B., Peres M.F.P., Perianayagam A., Postma M.J., Pourjafar H., Pourshams A., Prashant A., Pulakunta T., Qadir M.M.F.F., Rabiee M., Rabiee N., Radfar A., Radhakrishnan R.A., Rafiee A., Rafiei A., Rafiei S., Rahim F., Rahimzadeh S., Rahman M., Rahman M.A., Rahmani A.M., Rajesh A., Ramezani-Doroh V., Ranabhat K., Ranasinghe P., Rao C.R., Rao S.J., Rashedi S., Rashidi M., Rashidi M.-M., Rath G.K., Rawaf D.L., Rawaf S., Rawal L., Rawassizadeh R., Razeghinia M.S., Regasa M.T., Renzaho A.M.N., Rezaei M., Rezaei N., Rezaeian M., Rezapour A., Rezazadeh-Khadem S., Riad A., Rios Lopez L.E., Rodriguez J.A.B., Ronfani L., Roshandel G., Rwegerera G.M., Saber-Ayad M.M., Sabour S., Saddik B., Sadeghi E., Sadeghian S., Saeed U., Sahebkar A., Saif-Ur-Rahman K.M., Sajadi S.M., Salahi S., Salehi S., Salem M.R., Salimzadeh H., Samy A.M., Sanabria J., Sanmarchi F., Sarveazad A., Sathian B., Sawhney M., Sawyer S.M., Saylan M., Schneider I.J.C., Seidu A.-A., Sekerija M., Sendo E.G., Sepanlou S.G., Seylani A., Seyoum K., Sha F., Shafaat O., Shaikh M.A., Shamsoddin E., Shannawaz M., Sharma R., Sheikhbahaei S., Shetty A., Shetty B.S.K., Shetty P.H., Shin J.I., Shirkoohi R., Shivakumar K.M., Shobeiri P., Siabani S., Sibhat M.M., Siddappa Malleshappa S.K., Sidemo N.B., Silva D.A.S., Silva Julian G., Singh A.D., Singh J.A., Singh J.K., Singh S., Sinke A.H., Sintayehu Y., Skryabin V.Y., Skryabina A.A., Smith L., Sofi-Mahmudi A., Soltani-Zangbar M.S., Song S., Spurlock E.E., Steiropoulos P., Straif K., Subedi R., Sufiyan M.B., Suliankatchi Abdulkader R., Sultana S., Szerencses V., Szocska M., Tabaeian S.P., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tabary M., Tabuchi T., Tadbiri H., Taheri M., Taherkhani A., Takahashi K., Tampa M., Tan K.-K., Tat V.Y., Tavakoli A., Tbakhi A., Tehrani-Banihashemi A., Temsah M.-H., Tesfay F.H., Tesfaye B., Thakur J.S., Thapar R., Thavamani A., Thiyagarajan A., Thomas N., Tobe-Gai R., Togtmol M., Tohidast S.A., Tohidinik H.R., Tolani M.A., Tollosa D.N., Touvier M., Tovani-Palone M.R., Traini E., Tran B.X., Tran M.T.N., Tripathy J.P., Tusa B.S., Ukke G.G., Ullah I., Ullah S., Umapathi K.K., Unnikrishnan B., Upadhyay E., Ushula T.W., Vacante M., Valadan Tahbaz S., Varthya S.B., Veroux M., Villeneuve P.J., Violante F.S., Vlassov V., Vu G.T., Waheed Y., Wang N., Ward P., Weldesenbet A.B., Wen Y.F., Westerman R., Winkler A.S., Wubishet B.L., Xu S., Yahyazadeh Jabbari S.H., Yang L., Yaya S., Yazdi-Feyzabadi V., Yazie T.S., Yehualashet S.S., Yeshaneh A., Yeshaw Y., Yirdaw B.W., Yonemoto N., Younis M.Z., Yousefi Z., Yu C., Yunusa I., Zadnik V., Zahir M., Zahirian Moghadam T., Zamani M., Zamanian M., Zandian H., Zare F., Zastrozhin M.S., Zastrozhina A., Zhang J., Zhang Z.-J., Ziapour A., Zoladl M., Murray C.J.L., Fitzmaurice C., Bleyer A., Bhakta N., Real World Studies in PharmacoEpidemiology, -Genetics, -Economics and -Therapy (PEGET), Value, Affordability and Sustainability (VALUE), Microbes in Health and Disease (MHD), NOVA Medical School|Faculdade de Ciências Médicas (NMS|FCM), HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Helsinki, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, American Lebanese Syrian Associated Charities, St. Baldrick's Foundation, NIH - National Cancer Institute (NCI) (Estados Unidos), Epidemiologie, and RS: NUTRIM - R3 - Respiratory & Age-related Health
Subjects: adolescent cancer, global burden of disease, epidemiology, Adult, Male, Adolescent, 3122 Cancers, UNITED-STATES, Disability-Adjusted Life Year, Adolescents, Socioeconomic Factor, Global Health, Global Burden of Disease, Young Adult, Life Expectancy, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, Risk Factors, WORLDWIDE, Neoplasms, Cause of Death, Prevalence, Humans, 1112 Oncology and Carcinogenesis, Oncology & Carcinogenesis, Mortality, Cancer burden analyses, Cancer, ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC-LEUKEMIA, disease, Global burden, OUTCOMES, CHILDHOOD-CANCER, Incidence, Risk Factor, the GBD 2019 methodology, Disability-Adjusted Life Years, GBD 2019 Adolescent Young Adult Cancer Collaborators, CARE, Cancer control efforts, Socioeconomic Factors, Oncology, Neoplasm, Female, Young adults, Human
Abstract: Funding: J A Loureiro acknowledges support from Base Funding UIDB/00511/2020 of the LEPABE funded by national funds through the FCT/MCTES (PIDDAC) and Scientific Employment Stimulus (FCT) [CEECINST/00049/2018]. Background: In estimating the global burden of cancer, adolescents and young adults with cancer are often overlooked, despite being a distinct subgroup with unique epidemiology, clinical care needs, and societal impact. Comprehensive estimates of the global cancer burden in adolescents and young adults (aged 15–39 years) are lacking. To address this gap, we analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, with a focus on the outcome of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), to inform global cancer control measures in adolescents and young adults. Methods: Using the GBD 2019 methodology, international mortality data were collected from vital registration systems, verbal autopsies, and population-based cancer registry inputs modelled with mortality-to-incidence ratios (MIRs). Incidence was computed with mortality estimates and corresponding MIRs. Prevalence estimates were calculated using modelled survival and multiplied by disability weights to obtain years lived with disability (YLDs). Years of life lost (YLLs) were calculated as age-specific cancer deaths multiplied by the standard life expectancy at the age of death. The main outcome was DALYs (the sum of YLLs and YLDs). Estimates were presented globally and by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintiles (countries ranked and divided into five equal SDI groups), and all estimates were presented with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). For this analysis, we used the age range of 15–39 years to define adolescents and young adults. Findings: There were 1·19 million (95% UI 1·11–1·28) incident cancer cases and 396 000 (370 000–425 000) deaths due to cancer among people aged 15–39 years worldwide in 2019. The highest age-standardised incidence rates occurred in high SDI (59·6 [54·5–65·7] per 100 000 person-years) and high-middle SDI countries (53·2 [48·8–57·9] per 100 000 person-years), while the highest age-standardised mortality rates were in low-middle SDI (14·2 [12·9–15·6] per 100 000 person-years) and middle SDI (13·6 [12·6–14·8] per 100 000 person-years) countries. In 2019, adolescent and young adult cancers contributed 23·5 million (21·9–25·2) DALYs to the global burden of disease, of which 2·7% (1·9–3·6) came from YLDs and 97·3% (96·4–98·1) from YLLs. Cancer was the fourth leading cause of death and tenth leading cause of DALYs in adolescents and young adults globally. Interpretation: Adolescent and young adult cancers contributed substantially to the overall adolescent and young adult disease burden globally in 2019. These results provide new insights into the distribution and magnitude of the adolescent and young adult cancer burden around the world. With notable differences observed across SDI settings, these estimates can inform global and country-level cancer control efforts. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, American Lebanese Syrian Associated Charities, St Baldrick's Foundation, and the National Cancer Institute. publishersversion published
Published: 2022

14. Age–sex differences in the global burden of lower respiratory infections and risk factors, 1990–2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Hmwe Hmwe Kyu, Avina Vongpradith, Sarah Brooke Sirota, Amanda Novotney, Christopher E Troeger, Matthew C Doxey, Rose G Bender, Jorge R Ledesma, Molly H Biehl, Samuel B Albertson, Joseph Jon Frostad, Katrin Burkart, Fiona B Bennitt, Jeff T Zhao, William M Gardner, Hailey Hagins, Dana Bryazka, Regina-Mae Villanueva Dominguez, Semagn Mekonnen Abate, Michael Abdelmasseh, Amir Abdoli, Gholamreza Abdoli, Aidin Abedi, Vida Abedi, Tadesse M Abegaz, Hassan Abidi, Richard Gyan Aboagye, Hassan Abolhassani, Yonas Derso Abtew, Hiwa Abubaker Ali, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Ahmed Abu-Zaid, Kidist Adamu, Isaac Yeboah Addo, Oyelola A Adegboye, Mohammad Adnan, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Saira Afzal, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Aqeel Ahmad, Araz Ramazan Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmad, Ali Ahmadi, Sepideh Ahmadi, Haroon Ahmed, Jivan Qasim Ahmed, Tarik Ahmed Rashid, Mostafa Akbarzadeh-Khiavi, Hanadi Al Hamad, Luciana Albano, Mamoon A Aldeyab, Bezatu Mengistie Alemu, Kefyalew Addis Alene, Abdelazeem M Algammal, Fadwa Alhalaiqa Naji Alhalaiqa, Robert Kaba Alhassan, Beriwan Abdulqadir Ali, Liaqat Ali, Musa Mohammed Ali, Syed Shujait Ali, Yousef Alimohamadi, Vahid Alipour, Adel Al-Jumaily, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Sami Almustanyir, Rajaa M Al-Raddadi, Rami H Hani Al-Rifai, Saif Aldeen S AlRyalat, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Nelson J Alvis-Zakzuk, Edward Kwabena Ameyaw, Javad Javad Aminian Dehkordi, John H Amuasi, Dickson A Amugsi, Etsay Woldu Anbesu, Adnan Ansar, Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor, Jalal Arabloo, Demelash Areda, Ayele Mamo Argaw, Zeleke Gebru Argaw, Judie Arulappan, Raphael Taiwo Aruleba, Mulusew A Asemahagn, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Daniel Atlaw, Engi F Attia, Sameh Attia, Avinash Aujayeb, Tewachew Awoke, Tegegn Mulatu Ayana, Martin Amogre Ayanore, Sina Azadnajafabad, Mohammadreza Azangou-Khyavy, Samad Azari, Amirhossein Azari Jafari, Muhammad Badar, Ashish D Badiye, Nayereh Baghcheghi, Sara Bagherieh, Atif Amin Baig, Maciej Banach, Indrajit Banerjee, Mainak Bardhan, 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Valadan Tahbaz, S, Valdez, P, Valizadeh, R, Vardavas, C, Vasankari, T, Vo, B, Vu, L, Wagaye, B, Waheed, Y, Wang, Y, Waris, A, West, T, Wickramasinghe, N, Xu, X, Yaghoubi, S, Yahya, G, Yahyazadeh Jabbari, S, Yon, D, Yonemoto, N, Zaman, B, Zandifar, A, Zangiabadian, M, Zar, H, Zare, I, Zareshahrabadi, Z, Zarrintan, A, Zastrozhin, M, Zeng, W, Zhang, M, Zhang, Z, Zhong, C, Zoladl, M, Zumla, A, Lim, S, Vos, T, Naghavi, M, Brauer, M, Hay, S, Murray, C, HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Department of Oncology
Subjects: Adult, Male, Global Health, Time, Global Burden of Disease, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, Risk Factors, RA0421, RA0421 Public health. Hygiene. Preventive Medicine, Humans, Ambient air-quality, Child, Respiratory Tract Infections, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, MCC, Sex Characteristics, Malnutrition, Pyridinolcarbamate, Bayes Theorem, 3rd-DAS, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, Infectious Diseases, 3121 General medicine, internal medicine and other clinical medicine, Child, Preschool, Female, Particulate Matter, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Covid-19, LRI
Abstract: Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Background: The global burden of lower respiratory infections (LRIs) and corresponding risk factors in children older than 5 years and adults has not been studied as comprehensively as it has been in children younger than 5 years. We assessed the burden and trends of LRIs and risk factors across all age groups by sex, for 204 countries and territories. Methods: In this analysis of data for the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, we used clinician-diagnosed pneumonia or bronchiolitis as our case definition for LRIs. We included International Classification of Diseases 9th edition codes 079.6, 466–469, 470.0, 480–482.8, 483.0–483.9, 484.1–484.2, 484.6–484.7, and 487–489 and International Classification of Diseases 10th edition codes A48.1, A70, B97.4–B97.6, J09–J15.8, J16–J16.9, J20–J21.9, J91.0, P23.0–P23.4, and U04–U04.9. We used the Cause of Death Ensemble modelling strategy to analyse 23 109 site-years of vital registration data, 825 site-years of sample vital registration data, 1766 site-years of verbal autopsy data, and 681 site-years of mortality surveillance data. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, to analyse age–sex-specific incidence and prevalence data identified via systematic reviews of the literature, population-based survey data, and claims and inpatient data. Additionally, we estimated age–sex-specific LRI mortality that is attributable to the independent effects of 14 risk factors. Findings: Globally, in 2019, we estimated that there were 257 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 240–275) LRI incident episodes in males and 232 million (217–248) in females. In the same year, LRIs accounted for 1·30 million (95% UI 1·18–1·42) male deaths and 1·20 million (1·07–1·33) female deaths. Age-standardised incidence and mortality rates were 1·17 times (95% UI 1·16–1·18) and 1·31 times (95% UI 1·23–1·41) greater in males than in females in 2019. Between 1990 and 2019, LRI incidence and mortality rates declined at different rates across age groups and an increase in LRI episodes and deaths was estimated among all adult age groups, with males aged 70 years and older having the highest increase in LRI episodes (126·0% [95% UI 121·4–131·1]) and deaths (100·0% [83·4–115·9]). During the same period, LRI episodes and deaths in children younger than 15 years were estimated to have decreased, and the greatest decline was observed for LRI deaths in males younger than 5 years (–70·7% [–77·2 to –61·8]). The leading risk factors for LRI mortality varied across age groups and sex. More than half of global LRI deaths in children younger than 5 years were attributable to child wasting (population attributable fraction [PAF] 53·0% [95% UI 37·7–61·8] in males and 56·4% [40·7–65·1] in females), and more than a quarter of LRI deaths among those aged 5–14 years were attributable to household air pollution (PAF 26·0% [95% UI 16·6–35·5] for males and PAF 25·8% [16·3–35·4] for females). PAFs of male LRI deaths attributed to smoking were 20·4% (95% UI 15·4–25·2) in those aged 15–49 years, 30·5% (24·1–36·9) in those aged 50–69 years, and 21·9% (16·8–27·3) in those aged 70 years and older. PAFs of female LRI deaths attributed to household air pollution were 21·1% (95% UI 14·5–27·9) in those aged 15–49 years and 18·2% (12·5–24·5) in those aged 50–69 years. For females aged 70 years and older, the leading risk factor, ambient particulate matter, was responsible for 11·7% (95% UI 8·2–15·8) of LRI deaths. Interpretation: The patterns and progress in reducing the burden of LRIs and key risk factors for mortality varied across age groups and sexes. The progress seen in children younger than 5 years was clearly a result of targeted interventions, such as vaccination and reduction of exposure to risk factors. Similar interventions for other age groups could contribute to the achievement of multiple Sustainable Development Goals targets, including promoting wellbeing at all ages and reducing health inequalities. Interventions, including addressing risk factors such as child wasting, smoking, ambient particulate matter pollution, and household air pollution, would prevent deaths and reduce health disparities. Publisher PDF
Published: 2022

15. Knowledge, attitude and practices towards consumption of caffeine containing drinks among the student population of Ras al-Khaimah medical and health sciences university, UAE

Author: A R Fahmidha Gulsoom, Maryam Zulfiqar Ali, Najila Abdul Hameed, Vijayalakshmi S. Bhojaraja, and Harshitha Janardhan
Subjects: Consumption (economics), Taste, Student population, business.industry, Addiction, media_common.quotation_subject, Psychoactive substance, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Caffeine consumption, Environmental health, Medicine, business, Caffeine, media_common, Biomedical sciences
Abstract: Background: Caffeine, world’s most widely consumed and legally accepted psychoactive substance which is commonly found ingredient in many drinks like coffee, tea, carbonated drinks and energy drinks. The objective was to explore how much dependent are the teenagers and young adults on caffeine containing drinks, reasons and circumstances for the consumption and to know the knowledge and attitude of the consumers about the health effects of the caffeine containing drinks. Methods: A validated questionnaire was administered randomly to about 298 students from MBBS, BDS, B Pharma and Nursing programmes of RAK Medical and Health Sciences University (RAKMHSU). Results: Out of 298 students in the study, 97% (n=290) of them drink caffeinated beverages in the form of coffee (53%), tea (43%), energy drinks (17%), carbonated drinks (18%) and all of the above (11%). The major reasons for consuming varied, where more than half of them gave the reason as to keep them awake for study purpose (53%), to get refreshed (51%), taste and flavour (49%). About 56% were of an opinion that they do experience different symptoms if they don’t consume their daily caffeine intake. 54% students admitted their caffeine consumption has been increased after joining the university. When knowledge and attitude were questioned, 63% of them think caffeine addiction is a health issue and majority of them were aware of the ingredients of these drinks but not the safest amount. Conclusions: Drinking caffeine containing drinks by the students are variable from different sources, so monitoring is necessary for the daily intake and there is need for educational programmes about the health effects related to high consumption of caffeine.
Published: 2016

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