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This article examines the impact of identity politics on the traditional liberal distinction between public and private spheres, arguing that critical theories associated with identity politics have significantly blurred these boundaries. This blurring is largely due to the portrayal of equality as a non-negotiable value by proponents of identity politics, who are prepared to limit fundamental freedoms to uphold it. Utilizing Francis Fukuyama's distinction between "lived experience" and "shared experience," the article proposes a reinterpretation of the anti-discrimination principle aimed at cultivating shared liberal citizenship. It scrutinizes decisions by Supreme Courts around the globe concerning the denial of wedding cake services to gay couples as a case study. These legal battles exemplify how cultural disputes are reshaping the public-private divide and highlight the need for principles that can justly reconcile freedom and equality in an era marked by intense cultural wars and deepening political division. The article suggests several principles that could assist courts in mitigating the political tensions inherent in cases fueled by cultural conflicts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lady of Made Up Latin. of Lingua Franca. Lady of Sand. of Maple Star and Gingko Fan. of Rot. of Scat. of Hoarders and Whores. Lady of All Loving Formulations & Goddess of Every Gender. Your fingerprints everywhere: Cloud-whorl, a halo round the moon. [Extracted from the article]

One frontier of public deliberation on religious freedom involves the clash of religious conscience with government rules against discrimination. As American courts consider issues pitting religious believers against other groups, especially LGBTQ citizens, the public is deeply divided. A paradigmatic case has been the Masterpiece Cakeshop litigation, testing whether a Christian baker could refuse to produce a wedding cake for a same-sex couple given his religious objections. As that case continues and similar confrontations proliferate, the First Amendment's 'free exercise' clause produces new dilemmas. Although public attitudes seldom influence judicial decisions directly, in the long run American courts may well 'follow the election returns'. This contribution considers public assessments of the importance of religious liberty and then examines attitudes on the Masterpiece controversy, using data from the Democracy Fund's Voter Survey and the 2016 and 2020 American National Election Studies (ANES). We find that religious factors play a major role in determining citizen opinion, as the public reacts very much along 'culture wars' lines. But personal attitudes toward LGBTQ citizens also have a major direct impact on views about 'conscience exemptions'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The question of the relation between wrongful discrimination and the freedom of conscience and religion has been the subject of many debates over the past decade and has occupied both courts and the public. The most well-known legal case in that regard is likely Masterpiece Cakeshop , in which a Colorado bakery owner refused to bake a wedding cake for a homosexual couple and was sued for violating the State's Anti-Discrimination law. Recently, the Supreme Court of the U.S has agreed to hear yet another Colorado case, 303 Creative llc v. Elenis , in which a website designer wanted to post a message saying she will not design websites for same-sex weddings. The purpose of our article is to point to a significant distinction between a refusal to serve clients on the basis of their race, gender, sexual orientation, etc., and a refusal to serve them because such service requires the providers to engage in activities or projects to which they deeply oppose. We think the latter case, sometimes, might not at all be discrimination. Importantly, we distinguish between a deep objection to the content of the service or product requested and a rejection of the client because of her characteristics. How can a supplier prove that his or her refusal to serve a client belonging to a "protected class" is based on the content of the product or service requested and not on the client's characteristics? We formulate a two-prong test that courts in the US and UK have implicitly adopted. We ask, first, whether the supplier would refuse the same service to a client not belonging to the protected class, and second, whether the supplier would serve the same client (belonging to a protected class) with other products and services. If the answer to both questions is positive, then the supplier's refusal is not wrongful discrimination because it shows an objection to the product or service requested and not a rejection of the client. In practice, this test is not always easy to apply. We therefore developed an epistemological model to substantiate the conditions that may help providers persuade the courts that their refusal to serve a client stems from the content of the request, not from the client's identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The educational approach of the School of Design at Swinburne University of Technology in Melbourne is predicated on peer learning and integration with the building industry and the wider architectural profession, and is also deeply embedded in creating solutions to urban design issues. This praxis gives students a platform from which to develop their skill in real and complex environments. The school's Dean, Jane Burry, reveals some examples of their work and expands on its aims and objectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article suggests that there may be scope to accommodate individual conscience whilst holding institutions to their full civil duties by making a structural distinction between institutions and individual members and employees. This distinction might circumvent the paralysing contrasts between more abstract human rights categories. This article approaches the question of conscience through the lens of a Dutch legislation on the position of wedding officials and in particular through a thorough critique of it by the Netherlands Council of State. The Council's critique illuminates two important distinctions, first, between institutions and individuals and, second, between conscience and behaviour. These findings are potentially relevant in cases on access of lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) people to services provided by private companies. For example, may photographers and videographers deny services to same-sex couples? May a bakery decline to supply wedding cakes? May a bakery refuse to create a custom-made cake for an LGB event? These questions arose, respectively, in the US cases Elane Photography , Telescope , and Masterpiece cases as well as the British Ashers Bakery case. And, should a Christian law school's accreditation be rejected when a code of conduct impairs access of LGB students, eg in the Canadian Trinity Western cases? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Art History / Sanat Tarihi Dergisi is the property of Ege University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of College of Education / Wasit is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Supreme Court's decision in Masterpiece Cakeshop, Ltd. v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission has been roundly criticized for its failure to engage with difficult questions of constitutional law and for its absence of analytical clarity. While the Court reiterated that states have the authority to prohibit discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation, the Court also held that states must treat religious objectors ' claims with an ill-defined degree of neutrality and respect under the Free Exercise Clause. The combination of the majority opinion's analytical shortcomings and Justice Kennedy's departure from the bench has left the doctrinal landscape in a state of uncertainly, even as controversies between service providers and same-sex couples continue to arise. But Masterpiece Cakeshop is not the only recent high court case that can provide insights into how to resolve tensions between religious liberty and antidiscrimination principles. In 2018, the U.K. Supreme Court decided Lee v. Ashers Baking Company Ltd., which similarly arose out of a shop's refusal to provide a cake to a customer because of the owners ' religious objections to samesex marriage. Like its American counterpart, the British Supreme Court reversed the decisions of lower tribunals and ruled in favor of the bakery. Yet despite these commonalities, there are important differences between the two cases. Most notably, the analysis in Ashers Baking Company improves upon the analysis in Masterpiece Cakeshop by drawing sharper distinctions between permissible and impermissible refusals to serve patrons, and by providing clearer indications that respect for freedoms of speech and religion need not imperil the viability of laws prohibiting discrimination. Ashers Baking Company thus has the potential to enrich the ongoing process of resolving the doctrinal uncertainty that persists under American constitutional law, and to highlight the benefits of transatlantic dialogue regarding questions of liberty and equality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The introduction of plant raw material into minced meat is considered one way to obtain high-quality meat products with a specified composition. The aim of the research was to study the effects of black cumin seed cake on the quality and mineral value of steamed cutlets. It was found that the introduction of 1.5% of black cumin seed cake resulted in some inclusions of black-brown color into the finished product which corresponded to the category of "very good" quality. Three percent of seed cake caused a greater change in color and made the cutlets spicier which corresponded to the category of "good" quality. Five percent of seed cake gave a herbaceous aftertaste, satisfactory, somewhat dry consistency and an excessively black color to the product which corresponded to the "below average" category. During further tests, 3% of black cumin seed cake introduced 1.70±0.04 g/100 g of dietary fiber to the meat product which contributed to an increase in the content of mineral elements, namely manganese (10x), calcium (3.3x), iron (2.5x), copper (1.7x), magnesium (1.5x), and phosphorus (by 23%) against the background of stabilizing the number of mesophilic microflora during 24-h storage of the steamed cutlets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper tests Tirkkonen-Condit's (2004) Unique Item (UI) Hypothesis, which claims that UI are under-represented in translated texts and, on the other hand, Baker's (1993) Simplification Hypothesis and Halverson's (2003) Gravitational Pull Hypothesis, which predict over-representation of UI in translated texts. These hypotheses are contrasted by comparing the presence of English self-directed motion in English texts translated from Spanish from the Translational English Corpus (TEC, Baker 2003) and texts spontaneously produced in English from the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA, Davies 2008). Self-directed motion expressions are employed because of their linguistic divergences in English and Spanish. Twenty-eight English manner-of-motion verbs and eight English path-denoting satellites were selected to compare the number of self-directed motion expressions in the TEC and the COCA. This study yielded a total of 41,852 tokens from both corpora, that is, 209.2 expressions per million words in the TEC and 395.5 expressions per million words in the COCA. An independent samples t-test revealed that the number of expressions is significantly higher in the COCA (M = 3.32) than in the TEC (M = 1.76). A two-way ANOVA revealed significant main effects for Corpus and Lexical Frequency, but no Corpus*Lexical Frequency interaction effect was found. These results support Tirkkonen-Condit's UI Hypothesis and confirm that non-translated English is significantly richer in self-directed motion expressions than translated (from Spanish) English. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Statistics confirm the growing number of intercultural marriages. This explains the legal concern for its good constitution, as an integrational social factor. This is more random if religions are different, which affects the religious laws who often prohibit that type of couples. The Catholic Church view is more flexible because her point of depart is the "ius connubii" and the religious freedom respect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the legal aspects of religious freedom in America in relation to the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in the case Masterpiece Cakeshop, Ltd. v. Colorado Civil Rights Comm’n which deals with cake designer Jack Phillip's decision to reject a request to create a same-sex marriage wedding cake. It states that the court ruled in Phillip's favor and found that the defendant violated his free exercise of religion rights. Colorado's Anti-Discrimination Act is assessed.

Many religious freedom laws - such as the First Amendment's Free Exercise Clause and the Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA) - provide exemptions for persons or groups whose religious practices are restricted by laws or policies. These laws generally provide "personal exemptions" from a specific law or laws, meaning that an individual claimant is granted a permission, immunity, or release of liability from a legal requirement that remains in effect for others. While all citizens have an equal legal right to vote, to run for office, and to engage in political speech, it is not the case that all citizens have an equal legal right to a religious exemption from a given law - e.g., an exemption from the military draft or the ACA's contraceptive mandate. The core problem is that the exemptions provided by religious freedom laws are always claimant-specific - that is, they depend on the claimant's specific moral or religious beliefs - even if exemptions were available to persons with nonreligious moral beliefs. [Extracted from the article]

Wedding cakes are a site of vigorous debate about the meaning and scope of religious freedom. Unfortunately, when we privilege religious freedom as a frame for understanding these controversies we do so at the expense of a fuller commitment to equality. In an analysis of three conservative news sources as well as three sites of discourse, small business, religious freedom, and wedding cakes, this essay explores how and why particular assertions of religious freedom inform the sense that religious freedom should be favored over the full and fair application of state and federal equality laws. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the U.S. Supreme Court case Masterpiece Cakeshop Ltd. v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission wherein the company's baker refused to make a wedding cake for a gay marriage. Topics mentioned include the doctrinal history of the free exercise clause, the secular exception in the case, the litigation of the case under the state-law protections for religious freedom.

The article discusses the legal rights of minorities in relation to the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in the 2018 case Masterpience Cakeshop v. Colorado Human Rights Commission which deals with religious freedom, antidiscrimination law, and the rights of LGBTQ persons in America. The U.S. Constitution's First Amendment and the doctrine of unconstitutional animus are examined, along with the legal rights of business owner Jack Phillips who refused to make a same-sex wedding cake.

In Masterpiece Cakeshop, Ltd v Colorado Civil Rights Commission, Masterpiece's owner, Jack Phillips, argued that forcing him to bake a wedding cake for a same-sex wedding would violate both his right to free speech and his right to the free exercise of religion, both of which are protected by the First Amendment to the US Constitution. Under US Supreme Court precedent, Mr Phillips's free-speech claim would be evaluated under the intermediate-scrutiny test of United States v O'Brien. Yet Mr Phillips's free-exercise claim would be evaluated under a different standard: the rational-basis test of Employment Division v Smith. These different standards are problematic because the free-speech and free-exercise claims are inherently connected, as the freedom of expression includes the freedom to express oneself on religious topics, and religious exercise communicates beliefs and expresses devotion. The two different standards are also susceptible to manipulation by litigants, who have an incentive to characterize religious claims as philosophical or ideological to take advantage of O'Brien's more favorable standard. In this Article, Professor Dimino argues that the Court should end the inconsistency either by overruling O'Brien and applying Smith to speech cases as well as religion ones, or by overruling Smith and applying O'Brien to religious cases as well as speech ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uncovers the connotations of the cakes (ἴτρια) mentioned in Sophocles fr. 199 and argues that they provide hitherto overlooked evidence to reinforce the thesis that Eris was a satyr play set at the wedding feast of Peleus and Thetis. The cakes are shown to be compatible with a wedding banquet setting, which is strongly indicative of satyr drama. Finally, it is suggested that Eris herself may have spoken the line. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For example, Rogers highlights disagreements between Justices Kagan and Gorsuch on the I Masterpiece Cake i case as to whether or not a cake, absent a particular statement on the cake, is a message. This book is certainly useful for scholars looking to bulk up on or refresh their knowledge of specific court cases and historical events that shaped our understanding of how religion and the government operate in tandem. Conversely, I was, of course, familiar with the more recent I Hobby Lobby i and I Masterpiece Cake i Supreme Court cases, which focused on religion and the workplace, but the detailed and nuanced exploration of both cases in this book was instructive. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses the free exercise of religion, the American Constitution's First Amendment, and religious liberty in relation to former U.S. Supreme Court (Court) Justice Anthony Kennedy's views, and it mentions the same-sex wedding cake case Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission. According to the article, the Court's attitude towards the free exercise has changed over the years. A concurring opinion from Judge Neil Gorsuch is assessed.

This paper is a partial replica of a study by Hackert and Huber (2007). It first documents the earliest attestations in Bahamian of the diagnostic features of English-lexifier pidgins and creoles proposed by Baker and Huber (2001). Bahamian is then compared to the seven Atlantic English-lexifier varieties considered by Baker and Huber (2001). As shown by Hackert and Huber (2007), this feature-based approach allows for the quantification of the affinity between Bahamian and Gullah. Finally, a number of selected diagnostic features recorded in Bahamian are discussed in terms of their origin and of their distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Icing is not essential to the enjoyment of cakes, but it is part of the pleasure cakes offer and, especially when it comes to celebratory cakes, that pleasure can be more aesthetic than gustatory. The phrase 'the icing on the cake' refers to the finishing touch, the superfluous and even the frivolous: it connotes the ephemeral, the trivial and the feminine. In the case of the celebratory cake, however, it is all about the icing. The history of confectionery is mostly identified with the devaluation of sugar and its shift from the masculine/public sphere to the feminine/private sphere, but wedding cakes and children's birthday cakes descend from the elaborate sugar sculptures that were festive emblems of rank on the banquet tables of medieval courts. This article examines The Australian Women's Weekly (AWW) Children's Birthday Cake Book, which uses common confectionery as cake decoration. Sugar was once a magical substance in an ordinary world and, by endowing cakes with an appeal similar to that of toys, these AWW cakes excite visual pleasure and create childhood memories through artistry and spectacle. As confectionery historian Laura Mason explains, 'Sugar is fantasy land'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is no more basic commodity than food, but the expanding scholarly attention it has received also highlights its complexity. This article focuses on a food close to many people's hearts: the wedding cake. In particular, it discusses the style, form and consumption of royal wedding cakes to explore what this reveals about Australian identity. The cultural inscriptions and influences of royal wedding cakes reflect the intersection between food and national identity; however, this is a multifarious relationship between nation, race, gender, class and sexuality that is neither static nor certain. Despite changes in Australia's relationship with Britain after the Second World War, the monarchy remains a living and popular institution. The popular imagining of empire and royalty persists, as evidenced in the popularity of royal weddings and the influence of royal wedding cakes. This influence is not, however, one way: a distinctive new style of wedding cake developed in Australia has changed that of Britain. Deconstructing the wedding cake in this way provides scope for challenging the narratives of both the potency and decline of empire in terms of Australia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents images of three cakes, entitled "Barbie Cake," "Lost Cake," and "Wedding Cake." Topics include the use of gum paste flowers on the cakes, the use of buttercream on the cakes, and the process of cake assembly used. Edible aspects said to be used include edible coloring, edible glitter, and gum glue. Other themes noted are a cornelli lace pattern, the creation of seashells made using melted chocolate, and the assembly of a skirt using fondant. It is also said that sand and soil in were made using a crushed cookie.

The article presents an investigation to find out how the wedding cake of famous dwarf and greatest nineteenth-century circus star Charles Sherwood Stratton, known as General Tom Thumb and Mercy Lavinia Warren Bump, better known as Lavinia Warren, found its way into the Library of Congress, Washington D.C. It mentions the background of the couple's union and symbolism behind distribution of there weeding cake to guests.

The article discusses the conservation of historic artifacts, focusing on the efforts by Emily Hamilton, a conservation student at Buffalo State University in New York, to preserve artifacts from the June 2, 1886 wedding of U.S. President Grover Cleveland and Frances Folsom, specifically, the conservation of two souvenir wedding cake boxes, one of which contained a fragment of the original 19th century cake. The boxes are described in detail. Hamilton's examination of the boxes and cake fragment through polarized light microscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy is considered. The use of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques to analyze the ingredients of the cake is discussed. Techniques used to chemically stabilize the artifacts for preservation are given.

The high-temperature GaAs annealing kinetics is studied by Monte Carlo simulation. The evaporation rate dependences on the annealing time are obtained for (111)A and (111)B substrate surfaces in a 800–1200 K temperature range. The surface morphology evolution and evaporation kinetics are shown to be dependent on the GaAs substrate orientation. The congruent evaporation of (111)A surface corresponds to the layer-by-layer evaporation mode, while, on the (111)B surface, multilayer vacancy islands are formed. At temperatures exceeding the congruent evaporation temperature, the initial evaporation stage before the gallium droplet formation agrees with the congruent evaporation mode. The appearance of Ga droplets on the surface, corresponding to the start of incongruent evaporation regime, results in a sharp fall of the GaAs evaporation rate. It is found that the Ga droplet on vicinal surfaces locally inverts the step movement direction. [Display omitted] • Langmuir evaporation (LE) kinetics is different for GaAs(111)A and B surfaces. • Congruent LE of (111)A surface occurs in 2D evaporation mode. • Congruent LE of (111)B surface leads to inverted "wedding cake" morphology. • Appearance of Ga droplets results in the sharp fall of GaAs LE rate. • Ga droplets locally invert the step motion direction on vicinal surfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A paleoweathering saprolite mantle and an associated paleosurface have been recognized into the stratigraphic volcanic succession of the silicic effusive (trachydacite) middle Pleistocene Monte Amiata volcano (Italy). This element has been used for applying UBSU (Unconformity Bounded Stratigraphic Units) subdivision to the volcano stratigraphy. All the lavas emplaced in the onset of the volcanic activity (Bágnore Synthem, BAS) have been indistinctly affected by a saprolite in-situ alteration. Saprolite facies varies from poor lithoid consistency but with conservation of the original texture, to fractured rock with spheroidal weathering, to incoherent rock consisting of a prevalent sandy fraction, up to accumulations of residual lava blocks (core-stones, mainly in coincidence with the arcuate ridges on top of the main lava flows). Unaltered lavas of the younger phase of volcanic activity (Monte Amiata Synthem, MAS) have preserved the paleosurface within its own saprolite. Where the MAS cover is absent, the saprolite mantle represents a relict paleosurface on the present landscape. Weathering of the silicic lavas was favored by the vitrophyric texture of the parent rock and by moderate topographic reliefs formed by extensive lava plateaus positioned at various elevations. The palaeowathering saprolite is indicative of warm and relatively humid temperate climatic conditions and relative tectonic and morphogenetic stability. • A paleoweathering saprolite mantle and an associated paleosurface have been recognized at Monte Amiata volcano (Italy). • The saprolite presence allow to distinguish two synthematic units into Monte Amiata stratigratigraphic sequence. • Monte Amiata saprolite show different facies and his formation was favored by warm and relatively humid temperate climate. • A stepped relief, like a wedding cake, formed from overlapping of extensive lava plateaus with different altitudes. • In effusive silicic volcanism, this morphology is the result of the emplacement mode and saprolite alteration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ritual of cutting the wedding cake at weddings in the New Orleans area is preceded by another ritual tradition: unmarried female friends of the bride each “pull a ribbon,” to which a silver charm or “favour” is attached, from the cake. Charms can include a ring, a heart, a thimble, a button, a horseshoe, and a clover, each with a traditional meaning. An exploration of the possible derivations and routes of diffusion of this custom reveal that it has much more complex origins and meanings than is commonly assumed by most New Orleanians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a historical background to wedding cakes in England. Cakes in ancient Roman weddings; Spiced buns in wedding cakes in medieval England; Importance of bride pie in the county of Yorkshire; Superstitions that have connections to wedding cakes; Start of the use of sugar in wedding cakes; Presentation of recipes, namely Yorkshire Matrimony Cake and Matrimonial Cake.

A letter written by Martha Le Mesurier, the youngest daughter of Alderney Governor John Le Mesurier, to her aunt Mary Dobree in Guernsey, Channel Islands about the marriage of her eldest brother Peter Le Mesurier to his first cousin Mary Le Lesurier. She describes the preparation made for the celebration of the wedding, including the making of the wedding cake. She also told about the ceremony and at the activities at the reception.

Discusses the history of British wedding cakes during the Victorian era. Changes in the structure of the cakes; Impact of the influx of French master chefs on British wedding cakes; Features of the wedding cake of Queen Victoria.

The article presents an experiment on making a weddingcake based on mathematical calculations to prevent slips during the baking process. In the process, the researcher used two traditional happy wedding patterns and took photographs for the brochure during the baking process. The brochure presented the sequence of patterns unchanged to prevent the layers from getting confused during the baking applied with continuum, arc and arcwise connection of continuous mapping.

In June 2018 the Supreme Court of the United States decided the case of Masterpiece Cakeshop, in which baker Jack Phillips refused to provide a cake for a same-sex wedding. The Court decided the case on fairly narrow grounds; in particular, it set aside the question of whether Phillips illegally discriminated on the basis of sexual orientation by refusing to sell the same cake to a gay couple that he would sell to a heterosexual couple. Concurring opinions by Justices Kagan and Gorsuch do address that question, however, and in this paper I explore the debate between them. By distinguishing between design-based and use-based refusals of service and then arguing that some use-based refusals are tantamount to discrimination on the basis of protected traits, I argue that Jack Phillips did indeed discriminate on the basis of sexual orientation. I also argue that another baker, who refused to create a "Leviticus 18:22 'Homosexuality is a detestable sin'" cake, did not discriminate on the basis of religion. I thus side with Justice Kagan against Justice Gorsuch on the question of whether the Colorado commission treated the two bakers inconsistently. [End Page 1] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]