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With an increasingly profound understanding of battery materials, strategies designed for interface protection have become more sophisticated. However, it is inherent that different materials used in electrodes and electrolytes tend to react with each other. To address this issue, this study proposes an "Electrode‐Electrolyte‐In‐One" (EEIO) concept, where a single energy storage material can serve as both electrode and solid‐state electrolyte (SSE) during its different ion storage stages. The EEIO materials of chloride ion batteries and fluorine ion batteries are preliminarily studied, establishing reasonable screening procedures and predicting their operational mechanisms. The analysis of Cl− and F− affinity indicates that the EEIO system in the anion storage batteries comprises the anode and SSE. Through comprehensive evaluation of ion binding capacity, phase transformation mechanism, electrical conductivity, and ion diffusion kinetic properties, several potential EEIO materials are identified. In the EEIO system, the material interface and the conductive‐insulation interface are separated, which solves the material compatibility problem between the anode and SSE. Furthermore, the EEIO system has an inherent correlation between the anode electrochemical reaction and the SSE decomposition reaction, ensuring that the electrochemical voltage of EEIO batteries never exceeds the decomposition voltage of SSE. Therefore, SSE in the EEIO battery has absolute electrochemical stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nested skyrmion bags, as magnetic solitons with arbitrary integer topological charges (Q), hold potential for applications in data encoding. A crucial issue is the local manipulation of skyrmions within nested skyrmion bags to control the total Q. In this study, we explore different possible ground states and resonant excitation spectra of nested skyrmion bags through micromagnetic simulations. More importantly, we demonstrate that the manipulation of the Q of nested skyrmion bags can be achieved by using microwave magnetic fields, i.e., the inner, middle, and outer skyrmions within the nested skyrmion bags are selectively excited by using the diverse out-of-plane excitation modes. By calculating the energy of skyrmions, we further analyze the relationship between the annihilation of skyrmions at different positions and the out-of-plane microwave magnetic fields. Our findings present a promising approach for manipulating the Q of nested skyrmion bags, potentially advancing their application in storage and logic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study investigated the relationship between COVID-19 prevention burnout and emotional symptoms (depression and anxiety) among 1,837 Chinese college students and the underlying mechanisms. Results from moderated mediation analysis revealed that the association between COVID-19 prevention burnout and emotional symptoms was mediated by psychological inflexibility (β = 0.20, 95%CI = [0.10, 0.19]). Also, COVID-19 prevention burnout's direct and indirect effects on emotional symptoms were more substantial for students with high susceptibility to emotional contagion than those with low susceptibility. These findings contribute to understanding how COVID-19 prevention burnout relates to emotional symptoms and provide a new perspective for interventions promoting students' psychological flexibility, particularly those with higher susceptibility to emotional contagion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a highly contagious and pathogenic infectious disease caused by the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). It manifests as reproductive disorders in sows and respiratory disorders in piglets. PRRSV infects swine herds with symptoms such as abortions, stillbirths, and mummified fetuses in gestating sows. Piglets mainly experience abdominal respiration and respiratory symptoms. To date, the prevention of PRRS relies primarily on vaccination and the implementation of various preventive and control measures. Swine deaths caused by PRRS have resulted in significant economic losses to the pig industry worldwide. Non-structural protein 10 (NSP10) has helicase and adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activities that unwind DNA and RNA and play important roles in viral replication and transcription. Hence, it can be potentially used to develop novel reagents for the detection of PPRSV. This article reviews genetic variations, interaction with viral and host proteins, effects on PRRSV replication, immunomodulation, apoptosis, and viral virulence of NSP10, with the aim of providing a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of PRRS and drug development in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Degraded images often suffer from low contrast, color deviations, and blurring details, which significantly affect the performance of detectors. Many previous works have attempted to obtain high-quality images based on human perception using image enhancement algorithms. However, these enhancement algorithms usually suppress the performance of degraded object detection. In this paper, we propose a task-oriented image enhancement network (TIENet) to directly improve degraded object detection's performance by enhancing the degraded images. Unlike common human perception-based image-to-image methods, TIENet is a zero-reference enhancement network, which obtains a detection-favorable structure image that is added to the original degraded image. In addition, this paper presents a fast Fourier transform-based structure loss for the enhancement task. With the new loss, our TIENet enables the structure image obtained to enhance more useful detection-favorable structural information and suppress irrelevant information. Extensive experiments and comprehensive evaluations on underwater (URPC2020) and foggy (RTTS) datasets show that our proposed framework can achieve 0.5–1.6% AP absolute improvements on classic detectors, including Faster R-CNN, RetinaNet, FCOS, ATSS, PAA, and TOOD. Besides, our method also generalizes well to the PASCAL VOC dataset, which can achieve 0.2–0.7% gains. We expect this study can draw more attention to high-level task-oriented degraded image enhancement. The code and pre-trained models are available at https://github.com/BIGWangYuDong/lqit/tree/main/configs/detection/tienet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Bovine IgG1 Fc receptor (boFcγRIII) is a homologue to human FcγRIII (CD16) that has two extracellular Ig-like domains and can bind bovine IgG1 with medium–low affinity. We identified the Fc-binding site as well as its key residues for IgG1 binding using synthetic peptides, which is located in the second extracellular domain of boFcγRIII. It provides new insights for the IgG–Fcγ interaction and FcγR-targeting drugs development. The bovine IgG1 Fc receptor (boFcγRIII) is a homologue to human FcγRIII (CD16) that binds bovine IgGI with medium–low affinity. In order to identify the Fc-binding site on the bovine IgG1 Fc receptor (boFcγRIII), peptides derived from the second extracellular domain (EC2) of boFcγRIII were synthesized and conjugated with the carrier protein. With a Dot-blot assay, the ability of the peptides to bind bovine IgG1 was determined, and the IgG1-binding peptide was also identified via truncation and mutation. The minimal peptide AQRVVN corresponding to the sequence 98–103 of boFcγRIII bound bovine IgG1 in Dot-blot, suggesting that it represents a linear ligand-binding site located in the putative A–B loop of the boFcγRIII EC2 domain. Mutation analysis of the peptide showed that the residues of Ala98, Gln99, Val101, Val102 and Asn103 within the Fc-binding site are critical for IgG1 binding on boFcγRIII. The functional peptide identified in this paper is of great value to the IgG–Fc interaction study and FcR-targeting drug development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivated by the recently discovered superconductivity in Sr-doped nickelate oxides NdNiO2 reduced from NdNiO3 in experiments, we predict a Mott multiferroic BiNiO2 that may be obtained from BiNiO3. There is a ferroelectric structural transition for BiNiO2 from the nonpolar phase to the polar phase with the P4mm space group, which is driven by the lone pair on Bi. The lowest energy ground-state for polar BiNiO2 is a Hubbard Mott insulator with the G-type antiferromagnetic spin configurations. The replacement of Nd by Bi serves as a connecting link between a parent compound of high-temperature superconductor and a Mott multiferroic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monolayer 2D lateral heterostructures with high interface qualities and well‐defined structures are particularly promising in novel electronic and optoelectronic applications. However, the photoelectric responses are still very low, and the working and modulating mechanisms urgently need exploration. Here, a lateral monolayer heterojunction of WS2‐WSe2 is successfully prepared with an atomically sharp interface and a band alignment of type‐II structure. Intriguingly, this heterojunction photodetector (PD) achieves outstanding characteristics of photocurrent generation in both photovoltaic and photoconductive modes with responsivities (Rs) of 60.2/3.0 A W−1, detectivities (D*s) of 1.81/0.98 × 1012 Jones, and response times of 32.2/28.5 and 39.5/32.1 ms, respectively. Moreover, all‐inorganic CsPbBr3 quantum dots are introduced to substantially promote the photoelectric responses. Because of the favorable band alignment and large absorption of the CsPbBr3, and efficient carrier transfer, the Rs and D*s are substantially improved to 1307/141.3 A W−1 and 1.16/2.94 × 1013 Jones, respectively, with fantastic external quantum efficiencies of 3.59/0.388 × 105% and also shortened response times of 12.5/13.2 and 17.4/15.8 ms. In addition, the ambient stability is remarkably enhanced. This study demonstrates that the combination of 2D lateral heterojunction with all‐inorganic perovskite may bring up promising opportunities for developing high‐performance PDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is considered to be one of the most important infectious diseases impacting the swine industry and is characterized by reproductive failure in late term gestation in sows and respiratory disease in pigs of all ages. The nonstructural protein 9 gene, Nsp9, encoding the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, is generally regarded as fairly conserved when compared to other viral proteins. Antibodies against Nsp9 will be of great importance for the diagnosis and treatment of the causal agent, PRRS virus. A study was undertaken to generate polyclonal antibodies against the immunodominant Nsp9. For this purpose, the Nsp9 was expressed in Escherichia coli and subsequently used as an antigen to immunize New Zealand rabbits. Antiserum was identified via an indirect ELISA, and then verified based on the ability to react with both naturally and artificially expressed Nsp9. Results of virus neutralization test showed that this antiserum could not neutralize the PRRSV. Nevertheless, this antiserum as a diagnostic core reagent should prove invaluable for further investigations into the mechanism of PRRS pathogenesis.

We view the development of industries with various market competition levels as a dynamic process and investigate the game between a new entrant and the original market with variable market competition degrees under the premise of considering the entry and exit of companies in the industry. Based on this, we explore the prerequisites for the new firm to enter the initial market and construct a recursive formula for the optimal output of individual firms entering the market one at a time, as well as the conditions for the new firm to enter the market in the three scenarios of the original market being mixed strategy, low-carbon type, and traditional type, respectively, and the optimal decision-making behavior once entering the market. We create diversified carbon tax rates for various cost bands of low-carbon production patterns in order to modify the original traditional market and allow the new enterprise to enter the market using a low-carbon production strategy. We anticipate that our study will serve as a theoretical guide for accomplishing a low-carbon shift in production patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molecular ferroelectrics are a promising class of ferro-electrics, with environmental friendliness, flexibility and low cost. In this work, a set of characteristic molecular ferroelectrics are simulated by molecular dynamics (MD) with polarized crystal charge (PCC). From the simulated results, their ferroelectric switching mechanisms are elucidated, with their ferroelectric hysteresis loops. The PCC charge model, recently developed by our group, containing the quantum electric polarization effect, is suitable in nature for studying molecular ferroelectrics. The simulated systems include the typical molecular ionic ferroelectrics, di-isopropyl-ammonium halide (DIPAX, X=C (Cl), B (Br), and I), as well as a pair of newly validated organic molecular ferroelectrics, salicylideneaniline and (-)-camphanic acid. In total, there are five systems under investigation. Results demonstrate that the PCC MD method is efficient and reliable. It not only elucidates the ferroelectric switching mechanism of the studied molecular ferroelectrics, but also extends the application range of the PCC MD. In conclusion, PCC MD provides an efficient protocol for extensive computer simulations of molecular ferroelectrics, with reliable ferroelectric properties and associated mechanisms, and would promote further exploration of novel molecular ferroelectrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Retinoid-related orphan receptor γt (RORγt), a vital transcription factor for the differentiation of the pro-inflammatory Th17 cells, is essential to the inflammatory response and pathological process mediated by Th17 cells. Pharmacological inhibition of the nuclear receptor RORγt provides novel immunomodulators for treating Th17-driven autoimmune diseases and organ transplant rejection. Here, we identified 2,2′,4′-trihydroxychalcone (TDC), a natural chalcone derivant, binds directly to the ligand binding domain (LBD) of RORγt and inhibited its transcriptional activation activity. Using three mice models of Th17-related diseases, it was found that the administration of TDC effectively alleviated the disease development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), experimental colitis, and skin allograft rejection. Collectively, these results demonstrated TDC targeting RORγt to suppress Th17 cell polarization, as well as its activity, thus, indicating the potential of this compound in treating of Th17-related autoimmune disorders and organ transplant rejection disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People increasingly need air filters with ultra-high efficiency due to air pollution. In this work, BNNSs (boron nitride nanosheets) were prepared by chemical method using potassium permanganate and sulphuric acid. This functionalization induced the exfoliation of the layered structure of h-BN into monolayer or few-layer sheets. Infrared spectrum analysis shows that the oxidation functional group was introduced into hexagonal boron nitride. Further investigation of the crystallization property was accomplished by XRD analysis in conclusion that the crystal structure was not changed for the introduction of oxidation functional group. The polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and BNNSs/PAN nanofiber films were constructed by electrospinning. It is found that the electrospun nanofiber films had good filtration effect and could capture the most particles in the air because of electrostatic adsorption. The removal rate of particle by the filters reached 99.8% for BNNSs/PAN nanofiber films. Addition of BNNSs increaed the mechanical property of the nanofiber films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the resonance excitations and the spin-wave modes of a single bimeron in a confined nanodot by using micromagnetic simulations. Magnetic bimerons can be considered as in-plane topological spin textures of magnetic skyrmions, which means that the spin-wave modes of bimerons also rotate in-plane compared to skyrmions, for example, through the application of out-of-plane microwave magnetic fields, the spin-wave mode of bimerons is no longer a breathing mode but contains a counterclockwise mode at low frequencies and a clockwise mode at high frequencies. When in-plane microwave magnetic fields rotated at different angles are applied, the spin-wave mode of bimerons has an anisotropic property, i.e., the spin-wave mode presents as a breathing mode for the microwave magnetic field applied along the x -direction, and a couple of azimuthal modes for the microwave magnetic field applied along the y -direction. Moreover, we demonstrate that the breathing mode, the counterclockwise rotation mode, and the clockwise rotation mode can simultaneously appear together when the microwave magnetic field is applied at a specific angle in the plane. In addition to the three typical spin-wave modes, two high-phase counterclockwise rotation modes lead to the periodic deformation of bimerons due to the broken rotational symmetry of the spin texture. Our results reveal the rich spin-wave modes of bimerons, which may contribute to the applications in spintronics and magnonics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetic skyrmions, whose shapes are ellipse due to the presence of anisotropic Dzyaloshinskiiâ€"Moriya interaction (DMI), have already been discovered in experiments recently. By using micromagnetic simulations, we discuss the ground state and the spin-wave modes of a single elliptical skyrmion in a confined nanodot. It is found that the shapes of skyrmion are stretched into a horizontal ellipse, vertical ellipse, or stripe shape under different strengths of anisotropic DMI. When elliptical skyrmions are excited by in-plane ac magnetic fields, the spin-wave mode contains a counterclockwise rotation mode at high frequencies and a clockwise (CW) rotation mode at low frequencies, and the CW mode depends on the strength of anisotropic DMI. When elliptical skyrmions are excited by out-of-plane ac magnetic fields, the spin-wave mode is split from a simple breathing mode into two complex breathing modes, including a mixed mode of CW rotation and breathing, and another anisotropic breathing mode. Our results provide an understanding of the rich spin-wave modes for skyrmions, which may contribute to the applications in magnonics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social media platforms play a significant role in the lives of young people. While the usage of these platforms has grown, research exploring the challenges of body image remains limited. This study investigated whether initiating negative body talk functioned as an indirect pathway between appearance comparison on social media and body shame and whether perceived sociocultural influences from parents, friends, and media on body image moderated this indirect effect. An online cross-sectional survey of 795 Chinese college students (Mage = 20.17, SD = 1.65; 60% female, 40% male) was conducted. Negative body talk was a partial indirect pathway in the association, and this indirect effect was significant among those experiencing higher sociocultural pressures from all three sources. This study highlights the need for health psychology in understanding and addressing the mental health consequences associated with digital media and sociocultural influences on body image perception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transition metal oxychlorides (TMOCl) have attracted great attention as promising cathode materials for chloride ion batteries (CIBs). However, current research on TMOCl has been mainly focused on FeOCl and VOCl. On the other hand, the theoretical study of anionic rechargeable batteries faces the difficulty of predicting the discharge voltage of the electrode materials based on the half-cell system. Herein, a reliable theoretical voltage formula for CIBs is proposed based on a full-cell system with Li/LiCl as the reference anode. A high throughput screening method for TMOCl is applied among 16 transition metals. After the screening according to energetic and dynamic stability, Co is identified, which can form a new cathode material of CoOCl. Compared to FeOCl and VOCl, CoOCl has a higher discharge voltage, which is beneficial for achieving a larger energy density. The small crystal field splitting energy and exchange splitting energy of Co3+ result in higher electronic conductivity. In addition, the uniform Cl− binding environment leads to a low Cl− diffusion barrier of 0.37 eV, which is much smaller than that of VOCl (0.65 eV) and FeOCl (0.58 eV). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discovering efficient and low CO selectivity non-noble heterogeneous catalysts toward formic acid (FA) dehydrogenation is vital for H2 energy systems. As a heating temperature is required to activate this reaction, the strategy of coupling a FA dehydrogenation reactor with a photothermal system possesses great potential for industrial applications. Herein, a sophisticated catalyst, a Mo1.98C1.02 porous film supported on carbon fiber paper, is demonstrated, with the advantages of a porous nanostructure, small nanoparticles and a carbon-supported structure simultaneously. The composite exhibits prominent thermal catalytic FA dehydrogenation, with a CO-free H2 generation rate of 0.79 L g−1 h−1 at 100 °C. Density functional theory calculations show that the formate route (*OCHOH → *OCOH + 1/2H2 → *OCO + 1/2H2 → CO2) is the minimum energy path for H2 and CO2 formation. Besides, a photothermal device was designed based on Bi2Te3/Cu, which can absorb and convert 1 kW m−2 irradiation into a high temperature of 240 °C, due to the high sunlight absorption, low heat conduction and low heat irradiation. Thus, a sunlight-driven thermal catalytic system was designed based on this device, with a H2 generation rate of 1.07 L g−1 h−1 under 0.25 kW m−2. This value is about two orders of magnitude faster than that of photocatalytic FA decomposition over reported non-precious photocatalysts. These results demonstrate that FA dehydrogenation can be realized under weak solar irradiation with the assistance of photothermal systems, facilitating industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Titanium sesquioxide (Ti2O3) nanopowders have been successfully synthesized using TiCl4 assisted hydrogen reduction method from P25 (TiO2) powders at 970 °C. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveal its high purity. The temperature dependent XRD, resistance, and infrared absorption investigations exhibit Z-shaped curves (cell parameter a, resistance, and infrared transmittance) indicating the semiconductor-metal transition (SMT) in the range of 135-220 °C. With prolonging the annealing time, the starting temperature of SMT is found to move toward the low-temperature side, and this was also discussed. The c/a ratio alteration is considered to result in the modulation of property. Besides, the results are verified comparing with the theoretical calculation of band structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Although it has been reported that Interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1) inhibits Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection via inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in mice, how it counteracts with mycobacterial infection in human remains largely obscure. This study was conducted to investigated the effect of IRF1 on Mtb infection in human macrophages (Mϕs).Methods: We thus investigated the IRF1 expression by using PBMC and monocytes of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) patients and human monocyte-derived macrophages (hMDMs) and THP-1-derived macrophages (THP-1-Mϕ). We used gain-of-function and loss-of-function approaches to explore the role of IRF1 on Mtb infection.Results: IRF1 was significantly induced in PBMC and monocytes of pulmonary TB patients in vivo and in human Mϕs in vitro. We demonstrated that IRF1 protects Mϕs from Mtb infection. Concurrently, IRF1 promotes the expression of several pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-6, TNF-α and IL-8, indicating IRF1-mediated activation of innate immunity upon Mtb infection. Gain-of-function and loss-of-function approaches have demonstrated that IRF1 suppresses the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR)/p70 S6 kinase (p70 S6K) cascade to exert its anti-Mtb effect.Conclusions: The discovery of a novel function of IRF1 in facilitating anti-mycobacterial effect through suppressing mTOR/p70 S6K signaling in Mϕs may provide a promoting therapeutic target for tuberculosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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