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Safflower yellow is an extract of the famous Chinese medicine Carthamus tinctorious L, and safflower yellow injection (SYI) is widely used clinically to treat angina pectoris. However, there are few studies on the anti-myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury effect of SYI, and its mechanisms are unclear. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the protective effect of SYI on myocardial I/R injury and explore its underlying mechanisms. Male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into a control group, sham group, model group, and SYI group (20 mg/kg, femoral vein injection 1 h before modeling). The left anterior descending coronary artery was ligated to establish a myocardial I/R model. H9c2 cells were exposed to oxygen–glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) after incubation with 80 μg/mL SYI for 24 h. In vivo, TsTC, HE, and TUNEL staining were performed to evaluate myocardial injury and apoptosis. A kit was used to detect superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) to assess oxidative stress. In vitro, flow cytometry was used to detect the reactive oxygen species (ROS) content and apoptosis rate. Protein levels were determined via Western blotting. Pretreatment with SYI significantly reduced infarct size and pathological damage in rat hearts and suppressed cardiomyocyte apoptosis in vivo and in vitro. In addition, SYI inhibited oxidative stress by increasing SOD activity and decreasing MDA content and ROS production. Myocardial I/R and OGD/R activate endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, as evidenced by increased expression of activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), cysteinyl aspartate-specific proteinase caspase-12, and C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP), which were all inhibited by SYI. SYI ameliorated myocardial I/R injury by attenuating apoptosis, oxidative damage, and ER stress, which revealed new mechanistic insights into its application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The disorder and disaster evolution characteristics of ascensional airflow fires in mine ventilation systems has been the focus of mine fire research. In this work, through repeated experiments, the variation characteristics of the temperature and air volume in the main and side branches of an ascensional airflow fire were obtained under different ventilation capacities. Using the TF1M(3D) software to solve the problems of mine physical ventilation and combined with the analysis of an example, the variation in the ascensional airflow fire and the process of disordered airflow in the ventilation system in an entire area mine were described in detail. Fire combustion served as the power source for uncontrolled energy release, and its fire pressure interacted with the thermal resistance of the mine ventilation, directly causing airflow disorder. As the fire intensified, the ascensional airflow fire caused the airflow in the side branch to decrease, stagnate, or reverse. Improving the fan supply capacity can not only help reduce the increase in the ventilation thermal resistance of the side branch but also help avoid the airflow reversal of the side branch. From the regular variation characteristics, the theoretical results were found to be in good agreement with the experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neuropathic pain (NP) is a common type of chronic pain caused by a lesion or disease of the somatosensory nervous system. This condition imposes a considerable economic burden on society and patients. Daphnetin (DAP) is a natural product isolated from a Chinese medicinal herb with various pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. However, the underlying mechanisms of these effects are not fully understood. In the present study, we aimed to investigate DAP's anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects and explore the underlying mechanisms of action. The NP model was established as chronic constrictive injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve, and pain sensitivity was evaluated by measuring the mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT) and thermal withdrawal threshold (TWT). The activation of microglia in the spinal dorsal horn was measured via immunofluorescence staining. Protein levels were measured using a western blot assay. Using a mass-spectrometry proteomics platform and an LC-MS/MS-based metabolomics platform, proteins and metabolites in spinal cord tissues were extracted and analyzed. DAP treatment ameliorated the MWT and TWT in CCI rats. The expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α was inhibited by DAP treatment in the spinal cords of CCI rats. Moreover, the activation of microglia was suppressed after DAP treatment. The elevation in the levels of P2X4, IRF8, IRF5, BDNF, and p-P38/P38 in the spinal cord caused by CCI was inhibited by DAP. Proteomics and metabolomics results indicated that DAP ameliorated the imbalance of glycerophospholipid metabolism in the spinal cords of CCI rats. DAP can potentially ameliorate NP by regulating microglial responses and glycerophospholipid metabolism in the CCI model. This study provides a pharmacological justification for using DAP in the management of NP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The erosion of igneous rocks affects the structural and spontaneous combustion characteristics of coal. A series of tests were conducted, including programmed heating, thermogravimetric analysis, FT-IR spectroscopy, low-temperature nitrogen adsorption, and pressed mercury experiments on samples from primary coal and coal eroded by igneous rocks from the Tashan Mine and Xiaonan Mine within the same coal seam. Based on these experiments, we analyzed various properties of coal, such as the oxidation characteristics, spontaneous combustion limit, active functional group content, chemical structure, and pore structure, from both macroscopic and microscopic perspectives. The results indicated significant trends after the erosion of igneous rocks: (1) there were increases in the oxygen consumption rate, as well as the CO and CO2 release rates; (2) the upper limit of air leakage intensity increased, the minimum thickness of floating coal decreased, and the lower limit of oxygen volume fraction decreased; (3) there was a decrease in the activation energy required for coal ignition; (4) there was a decrease in the active functional group content while improving the structural stability; and (5) there were the alterations in the pore structure of coal. These promoted the oxidation reactions between oxygen and the active groups within the coal matrix, increasing the propensity for spontaneous combustion, particularly in the igneous rocks with low oxidation activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbiome has emerged as a promising indicator or predictor of human diseases. However, previous studies have typically labeled each specimen as either healthy or with a specific disease, ignoring prevalence of complications or comorbidities in actual cohorts, which may confound the microbial–disease associations. For instance, a patient may suffer from multiple diseases, making it challenging to detect their health status accurately. Furthermore, host phenotypes like physiological characteristics and lifestyles can alter microbiome structure, but such information has not yet been fully utilized in data models. To address these issues, a highly explainable deep learning (DL) method called Meta‐Spec is proposed. Using a deep neural network (DNN)‐based approach, it encodes and embeds refined host variables with microbiome features, enabling the detection of multiple diseases simultaneously. Experiments show that Meta‐Spec outperforms regular machine learning (ML) strategies for multilabel disease screening in several cohorts. More importantly, Meta‐Spec successfully detects comorbidities that are often missed by other approaches. In addition, for its high interpretability, Meta‐Spec captures key factors that shape disease patterns from host variables and microbes. Hence, these efforts improve the feasibility and sensitivity of microbiome‐based disease screening in practical scenarios, representing a significant step toward personalized medicine and better health outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Daphnetin is a natural product with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective properties. Reports have found that it has a strong analgesic effect; however, its analgesic mechanism is unknown. We explored the effect and mechanism of daphnetin on neuropathic pain (NP). The rat model of NP was established by ligation of the sciatic nerve. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into six groups: Control, Model, Sham, morphine (0.375 mg/kg), and daphnetin (0.0625 and 0.025 mg/kg). Rats were intrathecally injected with drugs or normal saline once daily for three days. Hyperalgesia was evaluated by mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT) and thermal withdrawal threshold (TWT). Protein levels were detected using ELISA, immunofluorescence, and western blotting. Compared to the Model group, daphnetin improved TWT (46.70 °C vs. 42.20 °C) and MWT (45.60 g vs. 23.60 g), reduced the expression of interleukin-1β (0.99 ng/g vs. 1.42 ng/g), interleukin-6 (0.90 ng/g vs. 1.52 ng/g), and tumor necrosis factor-α (0.93 ng/g vs. 1.52 ng/g) in the sciatic nerve. Daphnetin decreased the expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) (0.47-fold), phosphorylated inhibitor of NF-κB (p-IKBα) (0.29-fold), nuclear factor kappaB (NF-κB) (0.48-fold), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) (0.42-fold), CXC chemokine ligand type 1 (CXCL1) (0.84-fold), CXC chemokine receptor type 2 (CXCR2) (0.78-fold) in the spinal cord. Daphnetin alleviates NP by inhibiting inflammation and astrocyte activation in the spinal cord, providing theoretical support for the extensive clinical treatment of NP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spontaneous combustion of coal in goaf areas is a significant natural disaster encountered during coal mining operations. To investigate the oxygen consumption characteristics of different coal types, we conducted TG experiments and closed oxygen consumption experiments using seven coal samples exhibiting various degrees of metamorphism. The findings revealed the following key observations: During the oxidation combustion process of coal, the absorbed heat originates from the physical and chemical adsorption of coal and oxygen. The first exothermic peak on the DSC curve represents the maximum combustion temperature of volatile matter and signifies the initiation of coal burning. Coal with higher ignition temperatures is less prone to spontaneous combustion. Analyzing the thermogravimetric curves, we observed that the ignition temperatures of 15# coal and 8+9# coal predominantly extracted from Duanwang Coal Mine are higher compared to the ignition temperature of the 4# coal seam (known for its susceptibility to spontaneous combustion) in Jiudaoling Coal Mine, Liaoning. This observation aligns with their nonspontaneous combustion characteristics. In the closed oxygen consumption experiment, we determined the volume oxygen consumption attenuation coefficients for the main mining areas' 8+9# and 15# coal seams as 3.9001 × 10 − 4 and 3.83559 × 10 − 4 , respectively. Additionally, the critical oxygen consumption concentrations were measured as 15.71% and 16.78%. The shortest spontaneous combustion periods were determined to be 119.24 days and 121.25 days, respectively, for the aforementioned coal seams. To mitigate spontaneous combustion, the addition of inhibitors is necessary. The selection of an appropriate inhibitor depends on the increase in ignition activation energy. Notably, coal samples treated with a 15% MgCl2 inhibitor exhibited the highest increase in ignition activation energy. Hence, we concluded that a 15% MgCl2 inhibitor is the most suitable ratio for preventing spontaneous combustion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivation: Beta-diversity quantitatively measures the difference among microbial communities thus enlightening the association between microbiome composition and environment properties or host phenotypes. The beta-diversity analysis mainly relies on distances among microbiomes that are calculated by all microbial features. However, in some cases, only a small fraction of members in a community plays crucial roles. Such a tiny proportion is insufficient to alter the overall distance, which is always missed by end-to-end comparison. On the other hand, beta-diversity pattern can also be interfered due to the data sparsity when only focusing on nonabundant microbes. Results: Here, we develop Flex Meta-Storms (FMS) distance algorithm that implements the "local alignment" of microbiomes for the first time. Using a flexible extraction that considers the weighted phylogenetic and functional relations of microbes, FMS produces a normalized phylogenetic distance among members of interest for microbiome pairs. We demonstrated the advantage of FMS in detecting the subtle variations of microbiomes among different states using artificial and real datasets, which were neglected by regular distance metrics. Therefore, FMS effectively discriminates microbiomes with higher sensitivity and flexibility, thus contributing to in-depth comprehension of microbe–host interactions, as well as promoting the utilization of microbiome data such as disease screening and prediction. Availability and implementation: FMS is implemented in C++, and the source code is released at https://github.com/qdu-bioinfo/flex-meta-storms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple mixing of a hot- and cold-water stream at a T-junction was investigated. The main objective was to use mass and energy balance equations to predict mass low rates and the temperature of the mixed stream after the T-junction, and then compare these with the measured values. Furthermore, the thermocouple location after the T-junction and the reproducibility of the data were also investigated. (Contains 3 tables and 3 figures.)

Under-dispersed count data often appear in clinical trials, medical studies, demography, actuarial science, ecology, biology, industry and engineering. Although the generalized Poisson (GP) distribution possesses the twin properties of under- and over-dispersion, in the past 50 years, many authors only treat the GP distribution as an alternative to the negative binomial distribution for modeling over-dispersed count data. To our best knowledge, the issues of calculating maximum likelihood estimates (MLEs) of parameters in GP model without covariates and with covariates for the case of under-dispersion were not solved up to now. In this paper, we first develop a new minimization–maximization (MM) algorithm to calculate the MLEs of parameters in the GP distribution with under-dispersion, and then we develop another new MM algorithm to compute the MLEs of the vector of regression coefficients for the GP mean regression model for the case of under-dispersion. Three hypothesis tests (i.e., the likelihood ratio, Wald and score tests) are provided. Some simulations are conducted. The Bangladesh demographic and health surveys dataset is analyzed to illustrate the proposed methods and comparisons with the existing Conway–Maxwell–Poisson regression model are also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Neuropathic pain (NP) caused by the injury or dysfunction of the nervous system is a chronic pain state accompanied by hyperalgesia, and the available clinical treatment is relatively scarce. Hyperalgesia mediated by pro‐inflammatory factors and chemokines plays an important role in the occurrence and maintenance of NP. Data treatment: Therefore, we conducted a systematic literature review of experimental NP (PubMed Medline), in order to find the mechanism of inducing central sensitization and explore the intervention methods of hyperalgesia caused by real or simulated injury. Result: In this review, we sorted out the activation pathways of microglia, astrocytes and neurons, and the process of crosstalk among them. It was found that in NP, the microglia P2X4 receptor is the key target, which can activate the mitogen‐activated protein kinase pathway inward and then activate astrocytes and outwardly activate neuronal tropomyosin receptor kinase B receptor to activate neurons. At the same time, activated neurons continue to maintain the activation of astrocytes and microglia through chemokines on CXCL13/CXCR5 and CX3CL1/CX3CR1. This crosstalk process is the key to maintaining NP. Conclusion: We summarize the further research on crosstalk among neurons, microglia, and astrocytes in the central nervous system, elaborate the ways and connections of relevant crosstalk, and find potential crosstalk targets, which provides a reference for drug development and preclinical research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neuropathic pain (NP) is a common pain disease that seriously affects the quality of life and physical and mental health of patients. Daphnetin is extracted from the Daphne giraldii Nitsche and has the structure of 7,8-dihydroxy coumarin. As a natural product, daphnetin displays a wide range of pharmacological activities, such as analgesia and anti-inflammatory activities, but whether it is able to improve NP through anti-inflammatory effects is unknown. Therefore, this paper intends to investigate the mechanism of daphnetin in improving NP rats affected by the intrathecal injection of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) from the perspective of anti-inflammation. Our results showed that daphnetin significantly improved hyperalgesia in NP rats. Daphnetin inhibited the activation and polarization of glial cells and neurons in the spinal cord of NP rats and reduced the expression of mRNA and protein of inflammatory factors and chemokine pairs in the spinal cord. Daphnetin inhibited the polarization of human microglia cell 3 (HMC3) cells and human glioma cells (U251) cells toward M1 microglia and A1 astrocytes, respectively, and induced the conversion of M1 microglia and A1 astrocytes to M2 microglia and A2 astrocytes, respectively. In conclusion, daphnetin ameliorates NP by inhibiting the expression of inflammatory factors and chemokines and the polarization of glial cells in the spinal cord of NP rats. This study provides a theoretical basis for the treatment of NP with daphnetin to expand the clinical application of daphnetin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The crop leaf color is tightly connected with its meteorological environment. Color gradation skewness-distribution (CGSD) parameters can describe the information of leaf color more accurately, systematically, and comprehensively from five dimensions. We took photographs of pepper growing in the greenhouse at a fixed time every day and observed the meteorological factors. The results showed that the CGSD parameters were significantly correlated with meteorological factors, especially with the accumulated temperature, which showed the strongest correlation. Since the relationship between canopy leaf color and accumulated temperature is nonlinear, the piecewise inversion models were constructed by taking the stationary point of the high-order response model of Gskewness to accumulated temperature as the point of demarcation. The rate of outliers had decreased by 57.72%; moreover, the overall inversion accuracy had increased by 3.31% compared with the linear model directly constructed by the stepwise regression. It was observed that the pepper in the greenhouse had a different response to the same meteorological environmental stimulus before and after the stationary point. This study will provide a new method for constructing crop growth models in future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the effect of Yangxin Shengmai (Heart-nourishing Pulse-engendering) Granule (YXSM Granule) on rats with coronary heart disease complicated with anxiety and depression through BDNF/TrKB pathway. Methods 124 SD rats were randomly divided into the blank group (n =14) and the model group (n =110). Except for the blank group, the depression model was established with Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress (CUMS) for 28 days. On the 15th day, the myocardial infarction reperfusion model was established by ligating the left anterior descending coronary artery. Among the rat models, 14 rats were operated but not ligated, and they were set as the sham operation group; the others were randomly divided into model group and low-, medium- and high-dose (2.1,4.2,8.4 g/kg) YXSM Granule groups and 0.29 g/ kg Compound Danshen tablet + Fluoxetine (CDST+Flu) group. After intragastric administration for 2 weeks, the rats in each group undergone behavioral tests. The myocardial injury, left ventricle diameter (LVD) and left ventricular wall thickness (LVWT) were observed by HE staining, the protein expression levels of BDNF, TrKB and CD34 in myocardial tissue were detected by immunohistochemistry, and the protein expression levels of BDNF, TrKB and p-TrKB in hippocampus were detected by Western blotting. Results Compared with the sham group, the frequency of entering the central area of the open field and the total time spent and total distance travelled in the movement track in the model group were significantly reduced (P < 0.01), and the frequency and proportion of time spent in the open arm of the elevated cross maze were significantly reduced. Compared with the model group, the frequency of entering the central area of the open field and the total time spent and distance travelled in the movement track in all YXSM Granule groups and CDST+ Flu group were significantly increased (P<0.01), and the frequency and proportion of time spent in the open arm of the elevated cross maze were significantly increased, but with no significant difference. Compared with the sham operation group, in the model group, the degree of myocardial injury and LVD were significantly increased (P<0. 01), the LVWT and the protein expression levels of BDNF, TrKB and CD34 in myocardial tissue and BDNF and p-trkb/TrKB in hippocampus decreased significantly (P<0.05, P<0.01). Compared with the model group, the degree of myocardial injury was significantly improved, the LVD was significantly reduced (P<0.01), the LVWT and the protein expression levels of BDNF, TrKB and CD34 in myocardial tissue and BDNF and p-TrKB/ TrKB in hippocampus were significantly increased (P<0.05, P<0.01) in all the other groups. Conclusion YXSM Granule seems to improve the cardiac function and alleviate depressive symptoms in rats with coronary heart disease with anxiety and depression, which may play a cardioprotective and antidepressant role by activating BDNF/TrKB signal pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We developed a tip-enhanced Raman spectrometer (TERS) with reflection mode. The instrument, with a scanning shear-force microscope (ShFM) and a side-illumination Raman spectroscope, can overcome the diffraction limit and has high sensitivity. A chemical method to fabricate optical fiber probes with Ag coating is proposed. The local electromagnetic responses of the silver-coated optical fiber probe are numerically analyzed by the finite-difference time-domain method, and the excitation wavelength is optimized to resonate with the localized surface plasmons (LSP) of the probe tip. The instrument is applied to investigate a single multiwall carbon nanotube. The experiment results indicate that our TERS instrument has a spatial resolution better than 70 nm, and the enhancement factor is about 5 x [10.sup.3]. OCIS codes: 180.4243, 120.6200, 300.6450.

A popular style in modern graphics programs like GIMP, Photoshop, and Painter is brushstroke artwork, a classic artwork that is still extensively practiced today. Regarding successive decision-making situations with ambiguity, reinforcement learning approaches can be quite helpful. In RL, a reward-enabled agent interacts with a dynamic situation to discover a strategy. To use current RL techniques, we must first offer a reward function, a concise depiction of the designer's purpose. Hence, inverse-RL (IRL), an expansion of RL, was born. It solves this difficulty via developing the reward function from skilled demonstrations. In this article, we present a novel sundry-fidelity Bayesian optimization (SFBO) approach to boost the ability of the IRL regarding oil painting style brushstrokes. Finally, the performance of the proposed approach is examined and compared with the standard approaches to achieve the highest effectiveness in oil painting. The findings are depicted in graphical representation through Origin tool. Approaches based on RL can be quite helpful in ambiguous decision-making situations. Today's RL approaches must include a reward function, which embodies the designer's intent. To reduce the dimensions of the data, the proposed SFBO comprises stages of data preprocessing and feature extraction. The proposed technique was evaluated against the existing techniques in terms of accuracy, information loss, average MSE, and time consumption. Compared to the existing approaches, the proposed approach was the most effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigating the division of coal spontaneous combustion stages and the selection of indicator gases is significant to the safe production of coal mines. In this study, the characteristic temperature of coal spontaneous combustion, the generation law of indicator gases, the combustion process, and the division of the combustion stages of coal samples taken from Hongqingliang (HQL) and Dayan (DY) mines were investigated using thermogravimetric analysis experiment, indicator gas detection experiment, and coal oxidation spontaneous combustion experiment. The results of the thermogravimetric analysis experiment showed that the pyrolysis temperatures of the HQL and DY coals were 115.76°C and 131.80°C, and the ignition temperatures were 337.74°C and 360.18°C, respectively. The indicator gas detection results showed that the first-appearance temperature of C2H4 was 85°C for the HQL and DY coals, whereas the first-appearance temperature of C2H6 varied: 115°C for the HQL coal and 130°C for the DY coal. The first-appearance temperatures of C2H2 were 180°C and 195°C for the HQL and DY coals, respectively. The experiments on coal oxidation spontaneous combustion showed that the spontaneous combustion period of the HQL and DY coals were 35.45 and 42.3 days, respectively. The heating process during combustion could be divided into four stages: a latent period of spontaneous combustion, a slow spontaneous heating period, an accelerated spontaneous heating period, and a period of combustion. The critical temperature of each stage showed a good correlation with the incipient temperature of the indicator gases, namely C2H2, C2H4, and C2H6, and the appearance of the above gases can be used to characterize the degree of spontaneous combustion of coal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]