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Systematic reviews are vital instruments for researchers to understand broad trends in a field and synthesize evidence on the effectiveness of interventions in addressing specific issues. The quality of a systematic review depends critically on having comprehensively surveyed all relevant literature on the review topic. In addition to database searching, handsearching is an important supplementary technique that helps increase the likelihood of identifying all relevant studies in a literature search. Traditional handsearching requires reviewers to manually browse through a curated list of field-specific journals and conference proceedings to find articles relevant to the review topic. This manual process is not only time-consuming, laborious, costly, and error-prone due to human fatigue, but it also lacks replicability due to its cumbersome manual nature. To address these issues, this paper presents a free and open-source Python package and an accompanying web-app, "Paperfetcher," to automate the retrieval of article metadata for handsearching. With "Paperfetcher's" assistance, researchers can retrieve article metadata from designated journals within a specified time frame in just a few clicks. In addition to handsearching, it also incorporates a beta version of citation searching in both forward and backward directions. "Paperfetcher" has an easy-to-use interface, which allows researchers to download the metadata of retrieved studies as a list of DOIs or as an RIS file to facilitate seamless import into systematic review screening software. To the best of our knowledge, "Paperfetcher" is the first tool to automate handsearching with high usability and a multi-disciplinary focus.

International students continue to experience myriad of challenges, some of which further transpired disproportionately during the COVID-19 pandemic era. To this effect, this study investigated psychological capital (PsyCap), psychological distress, and well-being among 188 international students attending U.S universities. Results using Hayes PROCESS indicated that well-being mediated the relationship between PsyCap and psychological distress and in particular moderated the relationship between PsyCap and depression. When higher education institutions are considering steps to mitigate psychological distress experienced by international students during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond, based on the findings of our study, we suggest investing efforts and resources into two aspects: (a) promotion of positive mental health and well-being and (b) identification and development of positive psychological capital. We further discuss these results and implications for mental health promotion of international students in light of its limitations and recommendations for future research.

COVID learning loss has sparked fierce debate among stakeholders in education. There are debates among concerned educators about ways to understand learning loss reports, methods to measure learning loss, and strategies to recover from learning loss. In this article, we unpack opposing perspectives on these three controversies with the goal of extracting useful recommendations to guide post-pandemic education revival. Drawing from structural inequity theory, this article reviews the controversies through historical, current, and future lenses respectively: (1) Should we be talking about differential COVID learning loss? (2) Are we measuring COVID learning loss appropriately? and (3) Which recovery plans should we prioritize to address COVID learning loss? Within each controversy, the article makes suggestions on how practitioners may make sense of each controversy and integrate take-aways from them into their work.

When dealing with sparse reward problems,existing deep RL algorithms often lead to hard exploration,they often only rely on the pre-designed environment reward,so it is difficult to achieve good results.In this situation,it is necessary to design rewards more carefully,make more accurate judgments and feedback on the exploration status of agents.The asynchronous advantage actor-critic(A3C) algorithm improves the training efficiency through parallel training,and improves the training speed of the original algorithm.However,for the environment with sparse rewards,it cannot well solve the problem of difficult exploration.To solve the problem of poor exploration effect of A3C algorithm in sparse reward environment,A3C based on exploration trajectory perception(ETP-A3C) is proposed.The algorithm can perceive the exploration trajectory of the agent when it is difficult to explore in training,further judge and decide the exploration direction of the agent,and help the agent get out of the exploration dilemma as soon as possible.In order to verify the effectiveness of ETP-A3C algorithm,a comparative experiment is carried out with baseline algorithm in five different environments of Super Mario Brothers.The results show that this method has significantly improved the learning speed and model stability.

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of illiteracy on physical health and mental health. Design: Matching methods (nearest neighbour matching, Mahalanobis metric matching, and propensity score matching). Setting: Elderly people at least 65 years old in 22 provinces of China. Methods: The analysis used data from Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS). The independent variable was a dummy variable, which was coded as 1 for illiterate or semiliterate, and 0 for literate. Dependent variables were indicators of physical and mental health derived from the survey results. Matching methodologies controlled for confounding variables including age, sex, living sites, access to tap water and financial support. Results: Illiteracy was found to have a significant impact on physical health, exercise habits, anxiety, loneliness and happiness. On average, illiteracy decreased physical health by 19.9%, decreased exercise habits by 7%, increased anxiety by 11.56%, increased loneliness by 17.6% and decreased happiness by 11.3%. Conclusion: Findings confirm the past literature in which illiteracy has been found to be adversely associated with physical and mental health. The analysis uniquely found that illiteracy had a higher cost on mental health as compared to physical health for elderly people in China.

A prerequisite for the development or optimization of heterogeneous catalysts is a comprehensive understanding of the reaction mechanism and kinetics at the level as elementary as possible. In comparison with steady‐state catalytic tests typically used for this purpose, non‐steady‐state (transient) studies provide deeper insights due to higher time resolution. For several decades, temporal analysis of products (TAP) and steady‐state isotopic transient kinetic analysis (SSITKA) have been successfully applied to the analysis of various heterogeneous reactions. In this review, we highlight the contributions made by TAP and SSITKA studies between 2017 and 2023 to the understanding of reaction mechanisms and to the derivation of microkinetics. The versatility of these methods is illustrated by the examples of oxidative coupling of methane, CO/CO2 hydrogenation to hydrocarbons or methanol, metathesis of ethylene with 2‐butenes to propene, acrolein oxidation to acrylic acid, methanol conversion to olefins and non‐oxidative propane dehydrogenation to propene. We also provide our personal views on possible developments in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the rapid development of artificial intelligence has enabled the launch of many new screening tools. This review aims to facilitate screening tool selection through a systematic narrative review and feature analysis. The current adoption rate of transparent tool reporting is low: by screening 191 studies published in the Review of Educational Research since 2015, we found that only eight studies reported screening tools. More research is needed to understand the reasons behind this phenomenon. After consulting various sources, 26 available screening tools in the market were found. Among them, we identified and evaluated 12 screening tools for educational reviewers and ranked them in descending order of feature score: Covidence (1), DistillerSR (2, tied), EPPI-Reviewer (2, tied), CADIMA (4), Swift-Active (5), Rayyan (6, tied), SysRev (6, tied), Abstrackr (8, tied), ReLiS (8, tied), RevMan (8, tied), ASReview (11), and Excel (12). In the discussion, we provide insights into the promise and bias in tools' machine learning algorithms. Our results encourage researchers to report their tool usage in publications and select tools based on suitability instead of convenience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultrabroadband and polarization‐sensitive imaging are essential for pioneering advancements in intelligent technology, offering a pivotal pathway to multidimensional information extraction. However, the dearth of appropriate photosensitive semiconductors in the infrared region and the lack of suitably efficient device architecture for the separation and collection of photocarriers significantly impede the development of ultra‐broadband and polarization‐sensitive photodetectors. To address these challenges, a sandwiched Ta2NiSe5/MoTe2/Graphene heterostructure device is engineered. In this device, efficient and polarization‐sensitive photocarriers are generated in the top Ta2NiSe5 layer, rapidly separated through the middle MoTe2 layer, and effectively collected by the bottom graphene layer. As a result, the developed photodetector exhibits an ultra‐broadband and polarization‐sensitive photoresponse that extends from visible light (520 nm) to short‐wave infrared (2200 nm). At 2200 nm, the device displays a notable responsivity of 5.79 A W−1, a specific detectivity of 1010 Jones, and an anisotropic ratio of 1.44. Furthermore, this device successfully demonstrates high‐resolution ultra‐broadband and polarized light imaging capabilities. This study thus presents an intriguing blueprint for the development of advanced 2D imaging platforms for future‐generation intelligent systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the relationship between perceived discrimination and psychological distress among international students during the COVID-19 pandemic. A total of 188 international students from two large U.S. universities participated in the study. Perceived discrimination, psychological distress, and demographic information were assessed using self-reported questionnaires. COVID-related variables and perceived discrimination were significantly associated with international students' psychological distress. Their COVID-related anxiety mediated the relationship between perceived discrimination and psychological distress. Initiatives to mitigate the perceived discrimination experienced by international students may improve their mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigating the paleoenvironment and characteristics of source rocks in sedimentary basins is crucial for understanding organic matter accumulation and guiding hydrocarbon exploration. The Lishui Sag, a significant hydrocarbon-bearing depression in the East China Sea, has experienced extensive marine transgression and increasing salinity in the Paleocene, but the changes in accumulation factors of organic matter during this evolution process remain unclear. Through a comprehensive analysis of total organic carbon (TOC), major and trace elements, and biomarker data, this study investigates the characteristics of source rocks from two lithostratigraphic units, namely the Paleocene Yueguifeng and Lingfeng formations, to gain deep insight into the effects of paleoenvironment on organic matter accumulation and hydrocarbon distribution. Our results indicate that the Lishui Sag transitioned from a closed lake to an open-marine environment in the Paleocene, with a shift from warm-humid to arid climate conditions. The biomarker distribution suggests a change in the origin of organic matter, with a higher input of terrestrial organic matter in the Lingfeng Formation. During the early stage, the lacustrine source rocks in the lower Yueguifeng Formation were formed in a relatively humid and anoxic environment within brackish water, resulting in a substantial influx of terrestrial and lacustrine algae organic matter. In contrast, in the late stage, the marine source rocks in the overlying Lingfeng Formation were developed in an arid and oxidizing environment. The lacustrine source rocks in the Yueguifeng Formation were notably more favorable to developing good-quality source rocks. Compared with the other regions, the western and northeastern parts of the study area have greater hydrocarbon generation potential due to the wider distribution of high maturity and organic-rich source rocks, with higher terrestrial and algal organic matter input. Moreover, considering the practical circumstances in the exploration, the northeastern part of the Lishui Sag is recommended as the next exploration target zone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Die Metathese von Ethen mit 2‐Butenen zu Propen ist ein etablierter großtechnischer Prozess. Allerdings sind die Grundlagen der In situ‐Umwandlung von geträgerten WOx‐, MoOx‐ oder ReOx‐Spezies in katalytisch aktive Metallcarbene und deren intrinsische Aktivität sowie die Rolle metatheseinaktiver Cokatalysatoren noch ungeklärt, was sich nachteilig auf die Katalysatorentwicklung und Prozessoptimierung auswirkt. Die Studie liefert die erforderlichen Grundlagen basierend auf steady‐state isotopic transient kinetic analysis. Zum ersten Mal wurden die stationäre Konzentration, die Lebensdauer und die intrinsische Reaktivität von Metallcarbenen bestimmt. Die erhaltenen Ergebnisse können direkt für das Design und die Herstellung von Katalysatoren für die Metathese‐Reaktion und Cokatalysatoren verwendet werden, was die Möglichkeit zur Optimierung der Propenproduktivität eröffnet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The metathesis of ethylene with 2‐butenes to propene is an established large‐scale process. However, the fundamentals behind in situ transformation of supported WOx, MoOx, or ReOx species into catalytically active metal‐carbenes and the intrinsic activity of the latter as well as the role of metathesis‐inactive cocatalysts are still unsolved. This is detrimental for catalyst development and process optimization. In this study, we provide the required essentials derived from steady‐state isotopic transient kinetic analysis. For the first time, the steady‐state concentration, the lifetime, and the intrinsic reactivity of metal carbenes were determined. The obtained results can be directly used for the design and the preparation of metathesis‐active catalysts and cocatalysts, thereby opening up possibilities for optimizing propene productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the field of education, and especially gifted education, gradually moves toward open science, our research community increasingly values transparency and openness brought by open science practices. Yet, individual researchers may be reluctant to adopt open science practices due to low incentives, barriers of extra workload, or lack of support to apply these in certain areas, such as qualitative research. We encourage and give guidelines to reviewers to champion open science practices by warmly influencing authors to consider applying open science practices to quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-methods research and providing ample support to produce higher-quality publications. Instead of imposing open science practices on authors, we advocate reviewers suggest small, non-threatening, specific steps to support authors without making them feel overwhelmed, judged, or punished. We believe that these small steps taken by reviewers will make a difference to create a more supportive environment for researchers to adopt more open science practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studying the accumulation rules of organic matter (OM) in paleo-ocean sediments can not only enhance our understanding of how OM becomes enriched in ancient oceans but also provide guidance for the exploration of shale gas in unconventional shale strata. A breakthrough has been made in shale gas exploration in the early Cambrian Qiongzhusi Formation in South China. However, less attention has been paid to the intraplatform basin of the Yangtze Platform, and the factors controlling organic matter enrichment in this special region remain unclear. This study focuses on a continuous drilling core across the full well section of the Qiongzhusi Formation in the intraplatform basin of the Yangtze Platform. Through the comprehensive analysis of total organic carbon (TOC), major and trace elements, and Mo isotopes, this study investigates the controlling factors for OM enrichment with δ98/95Mo ratios utilized to identify the existence of euxinic bottom water. The examined 240 m long core can be divided into four units, where the TOC values of the lower Units 1 and 2 (0.2–5.0 wt.%) average higher than the upper Units 3 and 4 (0.2–2.5 wt.%). Redox indicators (U/Th, Ni/Co, EF(Mo)—EF(U)) indicate an increasing oxidation of bottom waters from the bottom upwards. δ98/95Mo data further confirm the presence of weakly euxinic conditions in Units 1 and 2, addressing the ongoing controversy surrounding bottom water redox environments. Primary productivity indicators (Ni/Al, Cu/Al) suggest a relatively low average productivity level within the intraplatform basin. The upwelling indicators EF(Co) * EF(Mn) of different profiles in the Yangtze Platform suggest that low productivity within the intraplatform basin can be mainly attributed to the absence of upwelling. Consequently, this study proposes an organic matter enrichment mechanism for the Qiongzhusi Formation in the intraplatform basin, which emphasizes the significance of the redox environment in the formation of high-quality hydrocarbon source rocks in restricted environments that lack upwelling, setting it apart from the deep ocean. These findings have the potential to provide valuable insights for the exploration of high-quality hydrocarbon source rocks in other similar regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The broad application of ultraviolet (UV) photodetectors in civil, astronomical, and military fields has sparked significant research interest. Recently, two-dimensional layered transition metal dichalcogenides have emerged as an ideal platform for developing high-performance and versatile photodetectors due to their abundant intriguing optoelectronic properties. Here, we constructed a photodetector utilizing dual heterojunctions based on rhenium disulfide (ReS2) nanosheet/tungsten disulfide (WS2) nanosheet/p-type gallium nitride (p-GaN) substrate, which incorporate dual built-in electric fields. The built-in electric field at the WS2–p-GaN interface accelerates the separation of photogenerated electrons, enabling a fast photoresponse. Simultaneously, the built-in electric field at the ReS2–WS2 interface not only suppresses dark current but also confines photoexcited holes within the ReS2 layer, ultimately extending the lifetime of photocarriers. Consequently, a photogating effect with high photoconductive gain is achieved. Exploiting these advantages, the ReS2/WS2/p-GaN device exhibits a high responsivity of 3.78 A/W, an outstanding detectivity of 2.1 × 1012 Jones, and a fast rise/decay time of 259/374 μs under 365 nm light with a power density of 0.069 mW/cm2. Furthermore, the device demonstrates its potential for high-resolution UV imaging by functioning as a single pixel, showcasing its capabilities for advanced UV detection and imaging applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The poor mixing caused by zinc powder deposition in purification process is a serious problem which can't be avoided in treatment of zinc-containing solid waste. Here, to enhance the purification efficiency of zinc-containing solid waste treatment reactor, two kinds of multi-blade combined stirring systems are compared with single layer four straight-blade and double-layer straight-blade (DFB) stirring systems which are traditionally chosen by industry. This study simulated and explored the flow field characteristics and purification effects of these four kinds of stirred-tank reactor, further proposes the unit ion purification energy (UIPE) as a criterion for purification energy consumption and effect evaluation. The results show that multi-blade combined (MBC) stirring system enhances axial flow by 12.56% in water. Meanwhile it effectively inhibits the growth of isolated mixing region which scope has decreased by 56.25%. In high viscosity Carboxymethylcellulose sodium solution, the fluid axial speed can be increased by up to 1407 times with MBC. MBC can increase the purification rate by 24.79% while the UIPE decreases by 29.45% compared with DFB which is used in industrial purification process. MBC paddle has exhibited a wide range of fluid viscosity applicability and axial velocity improvement effect. The improvement increases collisions between the impurity particles and the zinc powder particles, which increased rate of substitution reactions. The application of MBC solves the purification problem in the process of treating zinc-containing solid waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the generation process of reinforcement learning decision model, due to the complex environment and incomplete observation of state information, the classical proximal policy optimization algorithm faces problems such as low exploration and utilization efficiency and poor effect of generated strategies, this paper proposes an MNAEK-PPO (proximal policy optimization based on maximum number of arrival & expert knowledge algorithm) based on curiosity mechanism. Focusing on the difficult problem of exploring the strategy space, by constructing the exploration frequency matrix of the agent in the training process, the exploration frequency is treated as an internal reward to participate in the agent's reinforcement learning and training process. In addition, expert knowledge is added to assist the agent in making decisions. Through experiments in the intelligent battlefield simulation environment, the best construction method of internal rewards in MNAEK-PPO is determined, and a series of comparative experiments are carried out. The experimental results show that MNAEK-PPO greatly improves the exploration efficiency of decision space, and the convergence speed and game score are significantly improved, which provides a new solution for promoting the application and development of deep reinforcement learning in the generation of intelligent tactical strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Systematic reviews are vital instruments for researchers to understand broad trends in a field and synthesize evidence on the effectiveness of interventions in addressing specific issues. The quality of a systematic review depends critically on having comprehensively surveyed all relevant literature on the review topic. In addition to database searching, handsearching is an important supplementary technique that helps increase the likelihood of identifying all relevant studies in a literature search. Traditional handsearching requires reviewers to manually browse through a curated list of field‐specific journals and conference proceedings to find articles relevant to the review topic. This manual process is not only time‐consuming, laborious, costly, and error‐prone due to human fatigue, but it also lacks replicability due to its cumbersome manual nature. To address these issues, this paper presents a free and open‐source Python package and an accompanying web‐app, Paperfetcher, to automate the retrieval of article metadata for handsearching. With Paperfetcher's assistance, researchers can retrieve article metadata from designated journals within a specified time frame in just a few clicks. In addition to handsearching, it also incorporates a beta version of citation searching in both forward and backward directions. Paperfetcher has an easy‐to‐use interface, which allows researchers to download the metadata of retrieved studies as a list of DOIs or as an RIS file to facilitate seamless import into systematic review screening software. To the best of our knowledge, Paperfetcher is the first tool to automate handsearching with high usability and a multi‐disciplinary focus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the results of a phenomenological study that examined twelve counseling students' experiences of facilitating an online mindfulness-based wellbeing group for international students (MBWIS) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Three themes emerged, including the challenges of facilitating an online MBWIS, strategies and resources to cope with the challenges, and personal and professional growth of the facilitators. Implications for group work and counselor training are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficient and clean conversion of light alkanes is a research hotspot in the petrochemical industry, and the development of effective and eco-friendly non-noble metal-based catalysts is a key factor in this field. Among them, gallium is a metal component with good catalytic performance, which has been extensively used for light alkanes conversion. Herein, we critically summarize recent developments in the preparation of gallium-based catalysts and their applications in the catalytic conversion of light alkanes. First, we briefly describe the different routes of light alkane conversion. Following that, the remarkable preparation methods for gallium-based catalysts are discussed, with their state-of-the-art application in light alkane conversion. It should be noticed that the directional preparation of specific Ga species, strengthening metal-support interactions to anchor Ga species, and the application of new kinds of methods for Ga-based catalysts preparation are at the leading edge. Finally, the review provides some current limitations and future perspectives for the development of gallium-based catalysts. Recently, different kinds of Ga species were reported to be active in alkane conversion, and how to separate them with advanced in situ and ex situ characterizations is still a problem that needs to be solved. We believe that this review can provide base information for the preparation and application of Ga-based catalysts in the current stage. With these summarizations, this review can inspire new research directions of gallium-based catalysts in the catalysis conversion of light alkanes with ameliorated performances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes how facilitating a mindfulness-based well-being group for international students (MBWIS) impacts self-efficacy development in group facilitation for graduate counseling students. Twelve students facilitated these eight-week structured psychoeducation support groups online and were supervised weekly by group counseling faculty. With a qualitative case study design, students participated in focus groups to discuss their experiences in the group facilitation. Two broad qualitative themes emerged from the findings including areas of increased self-efficacy and factors promoting self-efficacy. Implications for incorporating such multicultural group facilitation experiences as a teaching strategy when preparing students to conduct group work are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trademark fabric was prepared with the water polyacrylate as a coating agent and a compound of kaolin and CaCO3 as filler to study the fabric's digital inkjet printing performance. Results showed that a 7:5 ratio of kaolin and CaCO3 in the fabric produced uneven pores; the best ink absorption, quick-drying performance and the best printing sharpness and the highest colourfastness to crocking. The coating slurry included 100 g water, 25 g EC-507 modified styrene acrylic emulsion, 75 g compound filler (kaolin and CaCO3 according to mass ratio 7:5), 1.5 g dispersant and 0.375 g crosslinking agent. The optimised coating process was a baking temperature of 150 °C and a baking time of 90 s. The fabric was printed upon using an Epson label printer, producing a printing pattern with good printing sharpness (e.g. lines had no bleeding phenomenon, text and patterns were clear, colours were better and printed two-dimensional codes were scannable). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With an increasing number of international students enrolled in U.S. higher education, they were reported to have severe mental health issues, especially during the coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) pandemic. It is critical to provide evidence‐based mental health services to help them cope with those issues and promote mental health and the overall well‐being of international students. In this article, we utilized a randomized controlled trial to pilot‐test the effectiveness of a mindfulness‐based well‐being group for international students (MBWIS) in improving participants' overall well‐being and mental health. The results indicated that the MBWIS not only improves international students' trait mindfulness but also increases positive mental health as well as decreases their overall psychological distress and perceived discrimination. Related findings and implications for counselors and university personnel, including how to implement MBWIS in mental health facilities, are discussed within the existing literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the effect of supports based on ZrO2, TiO2, Al2O3, and SiO2 on the rate of propene formation in the metathesis of ethylene with 2-butene at 50 °C over Mo-containing catalysts possessing highly dispersed MoOx. Large improvements in this rate were achieved when using supports composed of mixed oxides (ZrO2–SiO2, ZrO2–PO4, TiO2–SiO2; Al2O3–SiO2) rather than of individual oxides (ZrO2, TiO2, Al2O3, SiO2). Although previous literature studies dealing with the metathesis reaction over Al2O3- or SiO2-suppported catalysts at higher temperatures suggest the importance of redox or acidic properties of supported MoOx species for catalyst activity, we were not able to establish any general direct correlation in this regard. Contrarily, the rate of propene formation can be significantly enhanced when promoting supports with an oxide promoter. We suggest that the created support lattice defects may facilitate the transformation of MoOx to Mo carbenes under reaction conditions or improve the intrinsic activity of the latter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although traditional deep learning improves the accuracy of intelligent fault diagnosis, it suffers from a problem, which is that a change in working conditions may reduce the diagnostic accuracy. The reason for this phenomenon is that a change of working conditions influences the probability distributions. To solve this problem, domain adaptation is adopted to perform intelligent fault diagnosis. However, the design of regularization methods, such as maximum mean discrepancy (MMD), neglects the phenomenon of fault extension. Considering the property of fault extension, the paper sums up a concept named short-time consistency which means that ‘during stable operation, a failure does not expand over a short time period.’ Moreover, short-time consistent regularization is proposed to ensure that the output of the model meets the requirement for short-time consistency, and closed-set regularization is proposed to further solve the problem of ‘types of label drop’ when short-time consistent regularization is used. When the problem occurs, the number of predicted label types in the target domain is smaller than that in the source domain in the closed-set domain adaptation. Two types of regularization, namely entropy-based regularization and regularization based on the L 2 norm, are easily adopted in the final loss function. The proposed method is verified by experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]