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The following article has as objective to analyze the emergence in El Salvador of family farming and the social category family farmer. To that purpose, this article uses mainly two theoretical concepts: family farming and policy transfer. Evidence suggests that the appropriation of the social category "family farmer" in El Salvador responds to an update of formerly used concepts small producer or commercial producer. Hence, it's not possible to find technical, theoretical or methodological grounds to justify the use of family farmer as new social category in El Salvador. The adoption of family farmer comes as a result of a policy transfer enhanced by three vectors: political affinity between Brazil's and El Salvador's presidents, bureaucrat's paper and work performed by intergovernmental organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanotechnology is regarded by many authors as the base for the next industrial revolution. The prefix "nano" is equivalent to 10 m. Manipulation at the nanometric level can modify properties such as color, conductivity, reactivity, melting point, among others, creating new applications for materials. It is seen as a multidisciplinary science with applications in distinct sectors, such as physics, chemistry, biology, materials, and information, among others. In Brazil, the policies of support to nanotechnologies started in 2001, and since 2007, nanotechnologies were identified as a strategic area for the Brazilian government, due to their innovation potential, market growth, and the benefits related to their use. The food and agriculture sector, object of this study, is among the areas that can be benefited from using nanotechnologies. Considering the importance of the sector for the Brazilian economy, this paper aims to identify and to describe the research that involves nanotechnology in the food and agriculture sector. To do this, an application through the software VOSviewer has been made by means of studies published in the database Scopus. To identify how investigations have evolved over time, the search was divided into three different periods: 2001-2005, 2006-2009 and 2010-2013. The results pointed out four trends: 1. use of the biosensors, especially for contamination detection; 2. use of active packaging, biodegradable and containing indicators of deterioration and contamination; 3. encapsulation for delivery of nutrients; and 4. risks and benefits, regulatory frameworks. The results may provide means to develop policies that support and promote nanotechnology to the food and agriculture sector, as well as to suggest research objects for identifying the current phase of these technologies in Brazil. The prospection made also contributes to identify business opportunities for Brazilian businessmen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Increasing fishing effort has caused declines in shark populations worldwide. Understanding biological and ecological characteristics of sharks is essential to effectively implement management measures, but to fully understand drivers of fishing pressure social factors must be considered through multidisciplinary and integrated approaches. The present study aimed to use fisher and trader knowledge to describe the shark catch and product supply chain in Northeastern Brazil, and evaluate perceptions regarding the regional conservation status of shark species. Non-systematic observations and structured individual interviews were conducted with experienced fishers and traders. The demand and economic value of shark fins has reportedly decreased over the last 10 years while the shark meat trade has increased slightly, including a small increase in the average price per kilogram of meat. Several threatened shark species were reportedly often captured off shore and traded at local markets. This reported and observed harvest breaches current Brazilian environmental laws. Fishing communities are aware of population declines of several shark species, but rarely take action to avoid capture of sharks. The continuing capture of sharks is mainly due to a lack of knowledge of environmental laws, lack of enforcement by responsible authorities, and difficulties encountered by fishers in finding alternative income streams. National and regional conservation measures are immediately required to reduce overfishing on shark populations in Northeastern Brazil. Social and economic improvements for poor fishing communities must also be implemented to achieve sustainable fisheries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. This article reviews changes in the social contexts of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon from the 1970s to the 1990s, moving from the household to the global level. Methods. I draw on satellite imagery, state publications, farm surveys, ethnographic field work, and policy analyses for a comparative analysis that shows how land cover, agriculture, demographics, politics, and markets have changed over time. Results. Alterations in the social contexts of deforestation appear on all levels considered, from household demographic evolution and new land use strategies to a regional demographic transition and the emergence of cattle and timber economies, to a “greening” of Brazilian development policy and changes in national land markets, to multilateral bank loans for new infrastructure and local-international alliances between grassroots and environmental organizations. Conclusions. The social contexts of deforestation are very complex and changing and call for greater attention by social scientists to land cover and land use change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]