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Stig Jarle Hansen. Al-Shabaab in Somalia: The History and Ideology of a Militant Islamist Group. London: Hurst and Company, 2016. xvi 213 pp. Foreword. Chronology. Glossary. Notes. Bibliography. Index. $21.95. Paper. ISBN: 978-0190264826

У статті здійснюється критичний аналіз приватних грошей за допомогою методів емблематики, хронології, метрології та ін., виявляються специфічні риси зовнішнього оформлення приватних паперових грошей та визначаються особливості, які відрізняють методику джерелознавчої критики приватних грошей від методики джерелознавчої критики державних грошових знаків. This article presents private paper money research by using emblematic, chronology, metrology etc. methods, determines outward appearance descriptions of the private paper money, and defines characteristics, distinguished methods of the private money investigation from methods of the official notes sources analysis.

The Thompson Nickel Belt marks the boundary between the Archean Superior Province and the Trans-Hudson Orogen in Canada. It comprises Archean gneisses, and Paleoproterozoic rocks with metasediments and metavolcanites (Ospwagan Group) and intrusions. The gneisses are frequently migmatitic and host numerous pegmatites. The western belt boundary is a fault contact with the Kisseynew Domain of the Reindeer Zone. In the south, the transition zone between the belt and the Kisseynew Domain comprises granitoids and a detrital sequence (Grass River Group), part of which grades into turbidites in the Kisseynew Domain. The eastern belt boundary is a diffuse zone where the Archean east–west (E–W) structural trend changes into the north-northeast (NNE) trend of the belt. This paper presents U–Pb ages for granitoids and 207Pb/206Pb detrital zircon ages from the Ospwagan and Grass River groups. Ages and a comparison of events in the belt and in the eastern Reindeer Zone have major implications. The change from stable platform deposits to syn-tectonic filling and emplacement of mafic intrusions in the Ospwagan Group are attributed to the convergence between the Reindeer Zone and the Superior Province at 1891–1885 Ma. At ca. 1850 Ma, continuing convergence led to drowning of marginal basins of the Superior craton and to the development of a transpressive regime in the belt, the onset of which could be as old as ca. 1885 Ma. Metamorphic ages of 1818–1785 record closure of the Kisseynew basin and crustal thickening. Collision of the new continental block with the Superior Province was accommodated by transpression until 1750–1720 Ma.

Walpole Island, the southernmost island of Melanesia, is a spectacular raised limestone formation 135 km south of the Loyalty Islands within the New Caledonian archipelago. Occupied by enormous numbers of seabirds when the first westerners landed, this rocky spot was mined for guano. Workers frequently reported archaeological finds that indicated prehistoric occupation and an early collection of artefacts was sent to the Australian Museum in Sydney. Over the last 30 years, research on the archaeological heritage of the island has been carried out through the study of museum collections and excavations. This paper reports the results of recent stratigraphic excavations, and synthesizes current archaeological knowledge about the human occupation of Walpole spanning at least 2,500 years. SAND, CHRISTOPHE, 2004. Walpole, a “Mystery Island” in southeast New Caledonia? In A Pacific Odyssey: Archaeology and Anthropology in the Western Pacific. Papers in Honour of Jim Specht, ed. Val Attenbrow and Richard Fullagar, pp. 109–122. Records of the Australian Museum, Supplement 29. Sydney: Australian Museum. Records of the Australian Museum, Supplement 29 (2004): 109–122 ISBN 0-9750476-3-9 www.amonline.net.au/pdf/publications/1407_complete.pdf During the last two decades, Melanesian and Polynesian prehistory has come of age (Kirch, 2000). Jim Specht was a pioneer with an insatiable drive to explore new directions in Pacific prehistory. Amongst numerous other projects, he initiated modern archaeological studies of the pre-European settlement on Norfolk Island (Specht, 1984). Before discovering Norfolk on the 5th October 1774, James Cook put a new archipelago on the European map—New Caledonia (Beaglehole, 1961). One week previously he had passed just out of sight of a small uplifted coral island, at the southeastern tip of the Grande Terre. Its name, given a few decades later, is Walpole. Very few people know of this island at the southernmost point of Melanesia. Although Walpole appeared as a “mystery” early in the literature (see Sand 2002: 14 for a review), it is not normally listed in studies of the Pacific “mystery islands”, which focus only on Polynesia and eastern Micronesia (Bellwood, 1978: 352–353; Kirch, 1988; but see Di Piazza & Pearthree, 2001: 165). A historical connection links Walpole to the Australian Museum in Sydney, where the oldest archaeological collection from the island is stored. In this paper I summarize the historical and archaeological data of Walpole and propose a tentative chronology. “Mystery Islands”: a short review When European navigators started to systematically explore the Pacific, they visited uninhabited islands with signs of former human occupation, like Pitcairn in East Polynesia, and Norfolk off eastern Australia. These abandoned islands were mostly in Polynesia (Kirch, 1984: table 9), although some east Micronesian islands were also identified (Terrell, 1986: fig. 28). The “mystery” of their pre-historic settlement and abandonment led to early research (e.g., Emory, 1928, 1934). As Kirch (1984: 89–92, 1988) pointed out, although all these “mystery islands” were grouped on the basis of isolation, resource scarcity and absence of occupation at

The sedimentary record in a 40.9 m giant (Calypso) piston core (MD02-2494) raised from the inner basin within Effingham Inlet, British Columbia, Canada, during the 2002 Marges Ouest Nord Américaines (MONA) campaign, spans from 14 360 14C years BP (17 300 calibrated calendar (cal.) years BP) to about nine centuries before present. The core archives changes in sedimentation and sea level immediately following deglaciation of the Late Wisconsin Fraser Glaciation, which peaked about 15 000 14C years BP. The presence of the Mazama Ash in the core anchors a detailed chronology based on 49 radiocarbon dates and seven Pleistocene paleomagnetic secular variation correlations. Diatom assemblages identify a marine–freshwater–marine transition in the basin, which occurred 11 630 14C years BP (13 500 cal. years BP). At this time, a bedrock sill, presently at 46 m depth, was briefly exposed as sea level fell and then rose again during isostatic crustal adjustments. These data constrain a new sea-level curve for the outer coast of Vancouver Island covering the past 12 000 14C years BP (14 000 cal. years BP), providing new information on the nature of deglaciation along the west coast of Canada and informing interpretations of regional paleoceanographic records and mantle viscosity models.

Between 1960 and 1993 Ray Rappaport (Fig. 1) published a series of seminal articles in the Journal of Experimental Zoology that defined the fundamental rules for how the mitotic apparatus determines the position of the cleavage furrow. This lasting achievement is recognized in every cell biology textbook and his story is told in every cell biology class. His legendary experiments remain fresh and his papers still make exciting reading. This appeal comes in part from Ray’s gift as a storyteller, but it’s mainly the events in these riveting stories that hold one’s attention. The work is so important that his strategies and ideas strongly influence current research on cell division. We still debate the meaning of his experiments. This remarkable accomplishment was achieved in a manner that has been all but lost in contemporary biological research. Ray did virtually all of his experiments with his own two hands during summers at the Mt. Desert Island Biological Laboratory in Salisbury Cove Maine. During the rest of the year he taught at Union College in Schenectady New York. The Mt. Desert Island Biological Laboratory is a rustic collection of wooden buildings, a world apart from the pretentious palaces designed by signature architects that house many biological research labs today. Ray’s equipment was as modest as the lab in Maine. It consisted of a Unitron inverted microscope, a deFonbrune microforge, a dissecting microscope, micromanipulators, a simple centrifuge, and various observation chambers that he fabricated himself from materials available at a hardware store. Ray used a rowboat to collect sand dollars from the local waters for his experiments. He never used an electron microscope or a fluorescence microscope. The work was done without large research grants, graduate students, postdoctoral fellows, or research assistants. A couple of undergraduates helped with two early papers. Ray’s wife Barbara was a constant source of support, helped with writing, and co-authored some later papers. Although Ray never worked with a gene, protein, or antibody, he defined the rules for how the mitotic apparatus stimulates the cortex to form a furrow. He showed that the asters of the mitotic spindle are the source of this positive signal (at least in echinoderm eggs), measured the rate that the stimulus moves from the mitotic asters to the cortex, identified the time required for the stimulus to make a lasting impression on the cortex, and discovered a latent period between receipt of the signal and the formation of a visible

Foreword Preface Lists of Maps and Illustrations PART ONE: INTRODUCTION: Spartacus and the Slave Wars The Slave Wars in Italy and Sicily Spartacus: the Man, the Myth, and the Modern Symbol of Rebellion Reading Greek and Roman History Sources A Note about the Text PART TWO: DOCUMENTS Slave Life on the Large Farms: Work, Organization and Surveillance Gladiators, Slaves and Resistance Fugitive Slaves and Maroon Communities Slave Revolts in Italy and Sicily before the Great Slave Wars The First Sicilian Slave War, 135-131 BC The Second Sicilian Slave War, 104-100 BC The Spartacus Slave War, 73-71 BC APPENDICES A List of the Principal Authors and their Sources Glossary of Greek and Latin Terms Chronology of Events of the Slave Wars (198-60 BC) Questions for Consideration Selected Bibliography