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This volume comprises sixteen peer-reviewed selected papers presented at the 45th Linguistic Symposium on Romance Languages (LSRL), that took place on May 6–9, 2015, at the University of Campinas, Brazil. United by a common goal – the formal analysis of Romance languages –, these papers focus on a wide range of topics in different areas of grammar (phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics, plus interfaces), and in different research domains (L1 grammar, L2 acquisition, variation and change, bilingualism and language contact, code-switching). The Romance languages represented in this volume include Peninsular and American Spanish; European, Brazilian and Mozambican (Maputo) Portuguese; French; Italian and Italian dialects (especially Borgomanerese); and Palenquero, a Spanish-based creole. Most papers assume a comparative approach to the discussed topics. Overall, the papers present new data and new approaches to familiar structures, as well as new developments for less known phenomena.

This paper provides a critical review of the state of the art in code-switching research being conducted in linguistics. Three issues of theoretical and practical importance are explored: (a) code-switching vs. borrowing; (b) grammaticality; and (c) variability vs. uniformity, and I take a position on all three issues. Regarding switching vs. borrowing, I argue that not all lone other-language items are borrowings once more subtle measures of integration are used. I defend the use of empirical data to compare competing theoretical frameworks of grammaticality, and I exemplify quantitative research on variability in code-switching, showing that it also reveals uniformity and the possible influence of community norms. I conclude that more research is needed on a range of bilingual communities in order to determine the relative contribution of individual factors, processing and community norms to the variability and uniformity of code-switching.

Code-switching is especially common within the Southeast Asian region which is home to a large number of bilinguals and multilinguals. Over the years, code-switching has been studied extensively, both in and out of Asia, via sociolinguistics, structural linguistics, and psycholinguistics. From the psycholinguistic perspective, code-switching is said to be the result of the co-activation of languages during the process of speech production for bilinguals. Grosjean's Language Mode and Green's Control Process Model are two psycholinguistic frameworks focusing on the psycholinguistic as well as interactional factors behind code-switching. However, past studies in this area were mostly experimental in nature. It is necessary to consider authentic production data to develop a greater understanding of the code-switching phenomenon especially within the Southeast Asian context due to its bilingual and multilingual communities. This conceptual paper aims to demonstrate how the interactional and psycholinguistic factors behind code-switching can be examined using authentic production data. In particular, a review of the literature pointed to the Conversation Analysis (CA) approach to code-switching as well as the concepts of triggered code-switching and primed code-switching as being relevant. Accordingly, this paper describes each construct in detail and provides suggestions on how they can be brought together in a single study on code-switching based on authentic production data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This volume comprises sixteen peer-reviewed selected papers presented at the 45th Linguistic Symposium on Romance Languages (LSRL), that took place on May 6-9, 2015, at the University of Campinas, Brazil. United by a common goal - the formal analysis of Romance languages -, these papers focus on a wide range of topics in different areas of grammar (phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics, plus interfaces), and in different research domains (L1 grammar, L2 acquisition, variation and change, bilingualism and language contact, code-switching). The Romance languages represented in this volume include Peninsular and American Spanish; European, Brazilian and Mozambican (Maputo) Portuguese; French; Italian and Italian dialects (especially Borgomanerese); and Palenquero, a Spanish-based creole. Most papers assume a comparative approach to the discussed topics. Overall, the papers present new data and new approaches to familiar structures, as well as new developments for less known phenomena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One characteristic of multilingual speakers is that in everyday life, they may integrate elements from their languages in the same sentence or discourse, a practice known as code-switching. This paper examines code-switching at the interfaces, in particular as related to information structure. Despite the fact that a core question of modern linguistic theory is how syntactic and information-structural theories interact in accounting for licensing of different grammatical phenomena, there has been relatively little literature on code-switching and information structure. In this paper, we provide an overview of the available literature on code-switching across different language combinations, focusing in particular on subject pronoun–verb switches, ellipsis, light verbs, topic/focus particles, and code-switching between sign languages. We argue that the study of the interplay between information structure and code-switching sheds light on our understanding of multilingual grammars and language competence more generally. In this regard, we discuss theoretical and methodological considerations to guide future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Code-switching (CS) in spoken language is where the speech has two or more languages within an utterance. It is an unsolved issue in automatic speech recognition (ASR) research as ASR needs to recognise speech in bilingual and multilingual settings, where the accuracy of ASR systems declines with CS due to pronunciation variation. There are very few reviews carried out on CS, with none conducted on bilingual and multilingual CS ASR systems. This study investigates the importance of CS in bilingual and multilingual speech recognition systems. To meet the objective of this study, two research questions were formulated, which cover both the current issues and the direction of the research. Our review focuses on databases, acoustic and language modelling, and evaluation metrics. Using selected keywords, this research has identified 274 papers and selected 42 experimental papers for review, of which 24 (representing 57%) have discussed CS, while the rest look at multilingual ASR research. The selected papers cover many well-resourced and under-resourced languages, and novel techniques to manage CS in ASR systems, which are mapping, combining and merging the phone sets of the languages experimented with in the research. Our review also examines the performance of those methods. This review found a significant variation in the performance of CS in terms of word error rates, indicating an inconsistency in the ability of ASRs to handle CS. In the conclusion, we suggest several future directions that address the issues identified in this review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2020 census reports that 61.2 million Latinxs live in the US, totaling around 19% of all residents, forming the country's largest minority population. With the growing number of Latinxs, there has been a higher level of contact between Spanish and English leading to language mixing or code-switching (CS) in mainstream American culture. This paper examines the Spanish/English CS in radio advertisements on Los Angeles's 96.3 La Mega, a bilingual radio station geared towards today's youth. Using Derrick' 2015 sentential framework for the linguistic analysis of multilingual sentences, I carry out a sentence-by-sentence analysis of the linguistic nature of the on-air bilingual advertisements. I explore both national advertisements, as well as DJ-endorsed advertisements, to discern whether they follow the patterns previously pointed out in the literature for positive consumer evaluations of Spanish/English bilingual advertisements. Furthermore, I am interested in if these advertisements are in line with the ethos of 96.3 La Mega, which prides itself on being fully bilingual. This research will shed light on the linguistic nature of contemporary strategies being used in bilingual advertisements for the US Latinx community and marketing tactics designed to encourage their consumerism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Code-switching (CSW) is the phenomenon where speakers use two or more languages in a single discourse or utterance—an increasingly recognised natural product of multilingualism in many settings. In language teaching and learning in particular, code-switching has been shown to bring in many pedagogical benefits, including accelerating students' confidence, increasing their access to content, as well as improving their participation and engagement. Unfortunately, however, current educational technologies are not yet able to keep up with this 'multilingual turn' in education, and are partly responsible for the constraint of this practice to only classroom contexts. In an effort to make progress in this area, we offer a data-driven position paper discussing the current state of affairs, difficulties of the existing educational natural language processing (NLP) tools for CSW and possible directions for future work. We specifically focus on two cases of feedback and assessment technologies, demonstrating how the current state-of-the-art in these domains fails with code-switching data due to a lack of appropriate training data, lack of robust evaluation benchmarks and lack of end-to-end user-facing educational applications. We present some empirical user cases of how CSW manifests and suggest possible technological solutions for each of these scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent times, there has been tremendous growth in the number of multi-lingual users on social media platforms. Consequently, the code-mixing phenomenon, i.e., mixing of more than one language, has become ubiquitous in Internet content. In this paper, we present a shared-private, multi-lingual, multi-task model coupled with a transformer-based pre-trained encoder for sentiment analysis of code-mixed and English languages. Our model is tailored for multitasking that transfers the knowledge between code-mixed and English sentiment tasks. We consider code-mixed sentiment analysis as the primary task and enhance its performance by English sentiment analysis (auxiliary task) by sharing knowledge between them. We fine-tune the Bidirectional Encoder Representation using Transformer (BERT) encoder in a shared-private fashion to obtain the shared and task-specific features using the multi-task objective function. We evaluate our proposed framework using three benchmark datasets for the Hindi-English (Hinglish), Punjabi-English (Punglish) code-mixed and English sentiment tasks. Experiment results justify that our proposed multi-task framework improves the performance of our primary task in comparison to the state-of-art single-task systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of new models of bilingual speech processing and bilingual visual word recognition (Green and Abutalebi, [6]; Green and Li, [7]; Dijkstra et al., [5]) also led to a renewed interest in CS, for example among researchers interested in Cognitive Control and Executive Functions. Conversely, as bilingual corpora are generally small and unlikely to provide the necessary evidence about all switches that are possible in a language pair, experimental methods can help drive forward research into constraints on CS (Munarriz-Ibarrola et al., [13]; Treffers-Daller, [21]). The final paper in this Part took a slightly different approach by examining the role of the social situation in which CS takes place by comparing processing in Spanish-English bilinguals in the presence of another bilingual or in the presence of a monolingual speaker of English. Keywords: code-switching; language switching; cognitive control; executive functions; task switching; event related potentials EN code-switching language switching cognitive control executive functions task switching event related potentials N.PAG N.PAG 4 03/12/21 20210309 NES 210309 One of the unique characteristics of bilinguals is that they can freely switch between languages, both between and within utterances, a phenomenon that is generally described as code-switching (CS). [Extracted from the article]

The paper focuses on linguistic terminology used by Ælfric (10th c.) in his translation of an anonymous Latin grammar (Excerptiones de arte grammatica anglicе) going back to Priscian and Donatus' works. Ælfric's grammatical metalanguage, comprising loan words, semantic loans, loan translations, and periphrastic expressions created for explanatory purposes, is characterized by great diversity. A question arises whether these terms, remaining occasional, made any impact on the language system and can be thus evaluated as change from above. The paper combines a traditional semantic, morphological, and functional description of Ælfric's terminology and its consideration within the frame of sociolinguistics; the analysis is supplemented by a cross-linguistic study of Ælfric's terms with remarks on other Germanic languages. The results achieved enable us to argue that Ælfric's linguistic terminology, being innovative, displays some features of change from above, arising from language contact and individual change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper explores the opinions of two hundred Hungarian secondary school students in Slovakia on the code-switching between Hungarian as a minority language and Slovak as the state language. The results of the research show, on the one hand, that the students in the study have rather contradictory opinions about the code-switching; on the other hand, that students who have more experience with Slovak in everyday life are more accepting of the code-switching than students who have more limited contact with the state language. In many cases, the self-reported responses of code-switching-rejecting students are based on a language myth that conveys negative value judgements, due to the lack of knowledge of bilinguals and their use of the language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the bilingual children's and adults' code-switching (CS) dependency treebanks, this paper investigates the syntactic features and pragmatic functions of the Chinese-English bilingual children's CS and compares them with bilingual adults'. It is mainly found that (1) As to the bilingual children, the mixed sentences present the longest mean sentence length (MSL), followed by those of the dominant language and the weak language. Similarly, Chinese-English adults' mixed sentences present longer MSL than monolingual Chinese and English; (2) Subjects, objects, adverbials, and attributives are four major syntactic functions. Regarding bilingual children's CS, objects are the most frequently switched dependency relations and subjects are the least. Differently, as to bilingual adults, attributives are most frequently switched, and subjects are the least. (3) Nouns, pronouns, determiners, adjectives, adverbs, and prepositions are the top word classes involved in four major syntactic relations; (4) The adverbial dependency relations present the longest mean dependency distance (MDD), and the attributives present the shortest for both bilingual children and adults; (5) The major causes that make different MDDs are the CS peripherality, the distributions of top word classes and adjacent dependency relations; (6) Six major pragmatic functions are performed by bilingual children and adults: filling lexical gaps, emphasis or expressing the intense feelings, explaining, giving "orders" or requirements, quotation, reiteration. The results syntactically and pragmatically suggest that there exist great similarities between bilingual children's and adults' code-switching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the paper is to use multimedia as a method to improve proficiency in vocabulary of undergraduate students from the level B1 to B2 (CEFR). The term "code-switching" is used to describe the use of multiple languages during a single discourse. Human minds can take in so much data before they get overwhelmed. The quality of that limited space can be improved by incorporating visual attention alongside verbal attention in order to create mental representations that are utilised to digest incoming information. "People learn more deeply from words and pictures than from words alone" (Mayer, 21). This research builds on previous work in this area by making use of multimedia materials that feature both the learners' native language and English subtitles. This creates mental space for the students, which in turn guides them to a vocabulary-learning interface. CTML was employed to conduct a quantitative study between the age groups 17 and 20. Using a random sampling technique, researchers collected data from a total of 40 individuals. ANOVA (Analysis of Variance), independent t-tests, and paired t-tests were used to examine the use of Code- Switching in the experimental group and its statistical significance relative of the control group. The findings of the study suggest that utilising CTML can help non-native speakers of English improve their language through code-switching. There was a significant advancement in the vocabulary usage of the experimental samples of those who participated in the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines code-switching as a language style of Yoruba newspapers, within the larger context of the day-to-day speech mannerisms of Nigerians. This linguistic mode is a result of culture mix and has encroached on the indigenous languages of the peoples, and the style (of the writings) of indigenous language media. The paper analyses the texts of Alaroye newspaper to demonstrate the phenomenon. Questions raised concerned the purpose of code-switching, as well as its effects on Yoruba language and influence on respondents' interest in reading Alaroye. Survey and content analysis were the research designs used, while purposive sampling was preferred for the selection of seventy-five respondents to the questionnaire and six who were interviewed. Findings show that code-switching simplifies, aids comprehension, increases interest in indigenous language newspapers and accommodates the bilingualism of readers. Respondents agree that code-switching contributes to the linguistic half-caste mode of journalism and society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the earlier study "Code-Switching and the Optimal Grammar of Bilingual Language Use" in 2011, we present a unified account of language use in multilingual communities using the key insight of OPTIMIZATION to capture variations between multilingual communities. This paper explores the extensions and implications of our optimality-theoretic model of multilingual grammars. We provide evidence indicating that the vast array of empirical facts of bilingual language use (code-switching) are constrained by the operation of five universal socio-cognitive constraints of multilingual grammars, and that community grammars differ from each other in terms of how they prioritize these five constraints. We provide evidence to show that the model we propose (i) accounts for bi-dialectal community grammars, as well as grammars of indigenous and transplanted multilingual communities; (ii) replicates reverse patterns of socio-grammatical differences observed earlier between indigenous and transplanted communities in terms of the relative ranking of two constraints (POWER and SOLIDARITY), linked with different indexical potentials for accruing "a profit of distinction"; and (iii) presents empirical evidence of a complete dominance hierarchy of constraint rankings, satisfying, ultimately, the desideratum of an optimality-inspired framework of assumptions, i.e., constraints are universal; constraints are in (potential) conflict with each other; constraints are violable; and the sociolinguistic grammar of bilingual language consists of the interactions between, and optimal satisfaction of, the constraints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Education Policy Analysis Archives / Archivos Analíticos de Políticas Educativas / Arquivos Analíticos de Políticas Educativas is the property of Educational Policy Analysis Archives & Education Review and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper sought to examine the impact of code-switching in the Lower Gweru community of Midlands Religion in Zimbabwe where IsiNdebele and ChiShona co-exist as first and third languages respectively. The main thrust of the paper was to establish the impact of code-switching involving IsiNdebele and ChiShona in bilingual and multilingual situations such as schools and communities. This study used a qualitative research approach and focused on two intentionally selected primary schools and two secondary schools as representatives of the whole population in the community. Since the selection of participants was purposively done, the sample had twenty participants. Key instruments used in the collection of data included Interviews, Observations and Document Analysis because of their relationship with the qualitative approach characterised by the use of words in explaining phenomena as they obtain in their natural settings. Collected data was presented and analysed depending on the nature of the gathered responses. Findings from this research revealed that code-switching is an indispensable issue in bilingual communities. Hence, it has both positive and negative impacts on learning in the target language. In conclusion, the study categorically established that the impact of code-switching is inevitable in bilingualism and diversified communities. The study recommends that educators and teachers be equipped with basic strategic skills of handling code-switching in bilingual and multilingual classrooms. The research adds knowledge in the sphere of education in multilingualism and mu

Being able to deal with "moments of crisis" is crucial in intercultural communication. Using identities as an analytical lens, this paper examines different types of "moments of crisis" identified in educational virtual exchanges between Chinese and Finnish university students. The study shows that the participants use soothing and code-switching as strategies in these moments of crisis to "do" interculturality, i.e., to achieve interactional arrangements (e.g., moving the discussion forward) and self-other alignments (e.g., saving face). Focusing on soothing as a positive strategy and code-switching as an avoidance strategy in dealing with "moments of crisis", we also scrutinize the emergence of the identities of mediator, fence-sitter, and facilitator in the students' behaviors. Finally, students' working experience, language use, and physical surroundings are identified as having a potential influence on their use of soothing and code-switching during the online intercultural interactions. Recommendations for preparing students for international virtual exchanges conclude the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Research in Language & Translation (JRLT) is the property of Journal of Research in Language & Translation (JRLT) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The utilization of code-switching in EFL classrooms among instructors is quite common in the education field as a teaching tool. However, code-switching has been a critical issue for some teachers because they think it decreases students' performance. In contrast, other teachers use code-switching as a teaching tool. Instructors and students of the English language in Kurdistan higher education institutions tend to use two or more languages alternately and fluently for a variety of reasons and functions in bilingual classes. The paper aims to examine the function of code-switching (CS) on EFL students. Moreover, it investigates the instructor's view toward CS in ESL classrooms. The observation and interview were carried out to collect data among three different groups of twenty-five students. The result of the observation was compared to the interview result for better analysis. Finally, the finding of this paper proves that lectures code-switch for different purposes: explaining the topic, asking the question, checking students' understanding, and classroom management. In addition, during the interview, two lecturers claimed that they do not employ code-switching in the classroom, but it was observed that they do when instructing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Romanian Journal for Baltic & Nordic Studies/Revista Romana de Studii Baltice si Nordice is the property of Sciendo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Al-Adab / Al-ādāb is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

During a conversation, speakers in multilingual societies frequently switch between two or more spoken languages. A linguistic action known as "code-switching" particularly alters or merges two or more languages. The development of software or tools for detecting code-switching has received very little attention. This paper proposes a Deep Learning based methods for detecting code-switched English-Marathi data. These suggested methods can be applied to various applications, including phone call merging, Intelligent AI assistants, Intelligent travelling systems to assist travellers in navigation and reservations, call centres to handle customer service issues, etc. To create a system for code switch detection, our study demonstrates a detailed analysis of extracting several audio features such as the Mel-Spectrogram, Mel-frequency Cepstral Coefficient (MFCC), and Perceptual Linear Predictive coefficients (PLP). Our team's EnglishMarathi code-switched dataset served as the testing ground for our methodologies. Our model's accuracy was 92.99%, with 40 MFCC coefficients having energy coefficient serving as the zeroth coefficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last decades, ethnolinguistic Otherness has assumed an increasingly prominent position in many audiovisual products focusing on non-mainstream cultures otherwise quite voiceless in audiovisual media and giving voice to multilingual discourse practices where code-switching stands out as a key conversational strategy in expressing linguacultural diverse identities. This ties issues of on-screen multilingualism to the field of audiovisual translation and raises new challenges as far as the screen representation/translation of linguacultural specificities is concerned. All this is interestingly to be observed in animated films; indeed, since the early 1990s, such important animation production companies as Walt Disney, Pixar, and Dreamworks began to produce ethnically diverse films offering deep sociolinguistic insights into non-dominant countries and populations whose richness is conveyed on the screen by dialogues interspersed with their native languages, acting as vital symbols of their ethnocultural identity. Starting from these observations, this paper aims at looking contrastively and diachronically at how L3s, i.e., languages different from both the language of the original film and the language of the film's dubbed version, used in instances of turn-specific, intersentential and intra-sentential code-switching, have been dealt with in the original version and in the Italian dubbed version of thirty American multilingual animated films, released between 1991 and 2022. The main objectives of this study are: to verify to what extent the original ethnolinguistic Otherness is either retained for the Italian audience or manipulated in dubbing; to observe whether and how the screen translation studies' approach in conveying linguistic diversity in animation has possibly changed over the last thirty years; and to point out what can be achieved by audiovisual translation in terms of intercultural/interlingual transmission when autochthonous linguacultures are represented in animated films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Danish language is undergoing rapid standardization: traditional dialects are rapidly disappearing, and studies of language attitudes show that Danes strongly favour standard language over non-standard varieties such as regional dialects. This paper looks at the values and attitudes attached to another type of nonstandard Danish, namely that spoken by learners of Danish as a second language. It argues that the dynamic whereby social prestige is strongly associated with standard, or “fluent”, Danish, can cast immigrant second language speakers as the linguistic other on the margins of the standard/non-standard dynamic. The paper gives voice to the immigrants and Danes themselves, letting speakers from both groups assess the social meanings and potential emotional impacts of a certain linguistic culture clash: language switching, where Danish interlocutors switch into English when hearing Danish spoken with a second language accent. The analysis draws on responses to two surveys, administered to first and second language Danish speakers. It finds that both groups of speakers are aware of the switches, and also that both are aware of the negative impact of switches on second language learners. Both groups mention that speaking “perfect Danish” can be essential for membership and belonging to Danish society, and are aware that switching from Danish to English as a response to second language speech can convey a sense of sociolinguistic exclusion and othering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses manifestations of multilingualism in two Lithuanian novels, Balta drobulė (White Shroud) (1958) by Antanas Škėma and a more recent Stasys Šaltoka: Vieneri metai (Stasys Šaltoka: A Year) (2017) by Gabija Grušaitė, and their translations into English, both published in 2018, White Shroud by Karla Gruodis and Cold East by Kipras Šumskas. The texts are analysed addressing both their cultural and socio-historical contexts and their aesthetic form and expression, in which multilingualism plays an important role. Drawing on theoretical propositions about multilingualism by Werner Helmich (2016), Till Dembeck (2017) and others, as well as about multilingualism in translation by Rainier Grutman (1998; 2006) and Reine Meylaerts (2006; 2013), this paper discusses the various manifestations of multilingualism in the selected literary texts and the ways they are conveyed in the English translations, focusing on the functions multilingual patterns perform in the original novels and how these patterns are adjusted in their translations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Code-switching can be a successful marketing strategy in online advertisements even when the targeted audience is monolingual. Yet, little research was conducted on its frequency or attitudes towards it, especially in the Middle Eastern context. Additionally, most current research on codeswitching is on bilingual communities. Such gaps in the literature contribute to the significance of the current study. Therefore, this paper is an attempt to investigate whether gender is a factor influencing both the frequency and the preferences of code-switching in online written advertisements listed on Maroof, a Saudi governmental platform for verifying local online shops. Two questions were formulated to determine if code-switching frequency in advertisements for male and female products is statistically different and to check whether the targeted recipients have different code-choice preferences depending on the gender for which the product is made. A textual analysis and an online questionnaire were employed to answer these research questions. Fifty randomly selected online shops containing products for women were compared with fifty other shops advertising men's products. The advertisements were mostly Arabic monolingual for both groups (82% in men's products and 76% in women's products). However, the group of women's products had a significantly higher frequency of code-switching, with a p-value of 0.46. A questionnaire completed by 936 Saudi respondents revealed that English monolingual advertisements are favored by a considerable number of respondents, despite their complete absence in the sampled advertisements. The questionnaire also revealed that code-switching preferences seem to be influenced by linguistic constraints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the pragmatic approach to code-switching studies, this paper presents a case study of how a group of Thai multilingual teenagers employ code-switching to organise their discourse while gaming. Auer's method of sequential analysis was used to reveal the ways participants used code-switching to negotiate the language for interaction and to organise conversational tasks. Participants were found to have used both participant-related and discourse-related code-switching in their interactions with one another. Analysis of these instances of code-switching suggests that code-switching is used as an additional resource by multilingual teenagers to achieve particular conversation goals in interaction, and that multilingualism is a linguistic and interactive resource that is unique to those that are able to communicate in more than one language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper explores the occurrence of code-switching as a form of translatoriality among members of the Italian national minority in Slovenia. As a continuation of a wider sociolinguistic study, which brought a comprehensive analysis of 1,389 instances of code switching between Italian and Slovene among bilingual speakers, the paper examines the intersection between code switching and self-translatoriality by studying 85 instances of bilingual reiteration in spontaneous and semi-spontaneous speech. By observing these instances from the perspective of translatoriality, the paper presents a case study on the translatorial actions that occur in such bilingual utterances, i.e. summarizing, duplicating, expanding and complementary language practices, as well as their underlying motivation and purpose, while also highlighting the practice of intercomprehension among bilingual speakers within the culturally and linguistically diverse community of the Slovene coast. The data show that self-translatoriality occurs both in in-group and out-group bilingual communication, although more frequently in the context of public events aimed at the broader multilingual community. While duplicating language practices occur in all settings, speakers often only repeat the nearest element, which leads to a fragmentation of the message. Translatorial action types are also frequently combined, producing fluid bilingual utterances that presuppose a plurilingual competence among all participants.

Natural Language Processing (NLP) tools typically struggle to process code-switched data and so linguists are commonly forced to annotate such data manually. As this data becomes more readily available, automatic tools are increasingly needed to help speed up the annotation process and improve consistency. Last year, such a toolkit was developed to semi-automatically annotate transcribed bilingual code-switched Vietnamese-English speech data with token-based language information and POS tags (hereafter the CanVEC toolkit, L. Nguyen & Bryant, 2020). In this work, we extend this methodology to another language pair, Hindi-English, to explore the extent to which we can standardise the automation process. Specifically, we applied the principles behind the CanVEC toolkit to data from the International Conference on Natural Language Processing (ICON) 2016 shared task, which consists of social media posts (Facebook, Twitter and WhatsApp) that have been annotated with language and POS tags (Molina et al., 2016). We used the ICON-2016 annotations as the gold-standard labels in the language identification task. Ultimately, our tool achieved an F1 score of 87.99% on the ICON-2016 data. We then evaluated the first 500 tokens of each social media subset manually, and found almost 40% of all errors were caused entirely by problems with the gold-standard, i.e., our system was correct. It is thus likely that the overall accuracy of our system is higher than reported. This shows great potential for effectively automating the annotation of code-switched corpora, on different language combinations, and in different genres. We finally discuss some limitations of our approach and release our code and human evaluation together with this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper focuses on the multilingual discourse of the Lehesaju Muusika international music and poetry festival, which takes place annually in Tartu, Estonia. Being an international cultural event organised by ethnic minorities, Lehesaju Muusika represents a unique source of empirical data for research on multilingualism. The festival attracts songwriters and performers of the so-called ‘author song’ or ‘bard song’ not only from Estonia, but also from all over the world. The key feature of this genre is the dominance of the text over the music. The spatial organisation of a concert hall represents a specific power constellation within a microsocial structure. Performing artists have the power to decide in which language they perform and address the multilingual audience, while the audience itself has an indirect effect on this decision. The artist’s dialogue with the audience represents a peculiar discursive entity within the discourse of the festival. Code-switching appears to be one of the inherent characteristics of this discursive entity. The present paper summarises some key features of international music and poetry festivals as multilingual cultural events, focusing on the discourse of the Lehesaju Muusika festival. It offers a brief analysis of the audience’s language profile based on the results of a microsociological case study carried out during the latest festival, in 2019. To illustrate the complexity of the multilingual communication during the festival, three situations of code-switching during the performance of an Estonian native speaker in front of the multilingual audience are described and analysed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To attract global multilingual audiences, English lyrics had been included in K-Pop songs for decades as a strategy (Lauren, 2018; Sea, 2018). This paper analyzed the English usage of "All Night", "Blue Flame", and "Knock" by ASTRO, a third-generation K-Pop group from a nonmainstream agency to examine code-switching and the global recognition of K-Pop songs. All songs were examined by using code-switching theories from Poplack (1980) and Bullock and Toribio (2009) and other theories on function analysis by Lawrence (2010) and Lee (2004) and comment analysis by Fernandez-Martinez et al. (2014) and Kwon (2019). The findings revealed that the majority of code switches in "All Night" and "Blue Flame" were inter-sentential, yet "All Night" and "Knock" were more similar in utilizing English by having a new function (i.e., emphasizing a dialog from one's perspective), an important addition to Lee's (2004) functions. Furthermore, from the usage and function analysis and the comment analysis, the audience responses seemed to be influenced by the singers' mispronunciations and the non-existence of a new function that failed to create uniqueness in English usage in "Blue Flame," which may have led to the song's failure to win awards. In conclusion, the research suggested that, in the nearabsence of promotional support from the agency, the interplay among the number of switches, accurate pronunciations, and a new English-switching function seemed to play an important role in making "All Night" and "Knock" popular among multilingual audiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aimed at investigating the issue of the future of the Arabic Language with special attention given to exploring the following questions: (1) What are the factors that enhanced the prominent Arabic Language status in the past?(2)What are the phenomena that anticipate the death of the Arabic Language?(3) What are the factors that influenced the Arabic Language and led to the likelihood of its deterioration? (4)What are the best strategies to revive the past prominent status of the Arabic language and to stop its deterioration? More specifically, the paper discussed the status of the Arabic Language with regard to the different chronological stages it experienced during different historical eras. It also explored the influence of colonialism, globalization, current educational systems in the Arab countries and the political Arab scene on the status of the Arabic Language. The paper highlighted different linguistic and social phenomena that anticipate the "death" of the Arabic Language, such as "Arabization", "Englishization", "Diglossia", and "Code-Switching" Authentic visual examples of these linguistic phenomena were provided to elucidate their negative impact on the Arabic Language. More focus was directed to the status of the Arabic Language in the Gulf Countries: conferences and recommendations suggested to protect the standard Arabic Language.In conclusion, this paper, by closely analyzing the current status of the Arabic Language, shed light on the littlerecognized issue of strategic plans to protect the identity of the Arab nations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper examines the utilization of Arabic tautological expressions, provided by customers as a reiteration of an element of an English compound such as 'apple pie' [ fatˁi:rit ʔabil bai 'an apple pie pie'], from the perspective of Relevance Theory (RT). Data was collected from 90 participants, divided into two groups: 40 native speaker informants recruited from various shopping malls, and 50 shop assistants in Amman, Jordan. The first group was interviewed, whereas the second group filled out a multiple-choice task aimed at identifying the type of expression they typically receive when taking orders from customers. The data analysis revealed that Arabic tautological expressions are more frequently used compared to other alternatives. Drawing on RT, we argue that Arabic tautological expressions function as an ostensive stimulus. We propose that tautological expressions, utilized within a code-switching context, function as a means of pragmatic enrichment. This occurs through the process of ad hoc construction, wherein speakers refine the originally encoded concept to convey corrective or contrasting meanings. Instead of lacking information, the use of tautological phrases can be seen as a pragmatic tactic to maximize relevance by minimizing cognitive effort, optimizing successful communication of the intended meaning, and reinforcing contextual effects. • Examining the use of Arabic tautology in English compounds provided by customers. • Arabic tautologies are preferred and more frequently used than alternatives. • Drawing on RT, Arabic tautological expressions function as an ostensive stimulus. • The use of tautology conveys corrective or contrastive meanings via ad hoc concept construction. • The use of tautological phrases can be seen as a pragmatic tactic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Code-switching, a common linguistic practice among multilingual speakers, occurs when a speaker alternates between two or more language varieties in a single conversation. This phenomenon manifests itself in diverse ways and to achieve different goals. It may occur within or between sentences; it may signify social aspects such as identity or solidarity among people who share values; and, as this paper demonstrates, it may serve instructional purposes. This paper examines the alternating use of English and Swahili in lectures at the University of Dar es Salaam in the context of Tanzania’s language-in-education policy, which makes English the sole language of teaching and learning in higher education. The data comprise eight recorded lectures and interviews with the lecturers teaching first-year students in the departments of Political Science and Public Administration (PSPA) and Sociology and Social Anthropology (SSA). The study was premised on the assumption that lecturers are likely to make marked language choices consciously or unconsciously with first-year students because they are new to the university’s English spoken register. The primary objective of this particular paper is to identify, describe, document and analyse the types of code-switching that lecturers used during lectures. A discourse analysis (DA) approach facilitated the identification and analysis of the lecturers’ code-switching. The findings indicate that lecturers used inter- and intra-sentential code-switching to engage with students, to translate concepts, to explain, to manage students’ behaviour, and to advise or encourage students. This paper broadens our understanding of individual and societal multilingualism and how lecturers manage it in the context of higher education in Tanzania. It highlights practical issues of English language usage in Tanzanian higher education as an instance of the use of English as an academic lingua franca in contexts where a local language dominates practically all other spheres of the speakers’ lives.

One characteristic of multilingual speakers is that in everyday life, they may integrate elements from their languages in the same sentence or discourse, a practice known as code-switching. This paper examines code-switching at the interfaces, in particular as related to information structure. Despite the fact that a core question of modern linguistic theory is how syntactic and information-structural theories interact in accounting for licensing of different grammatical phenomena, there has been relatively little literature on code-switching and information structure. In this paper, we provide an overview of the available literature on code-switching across different language combinations, focusing in particular on subject pronoun–verb switches, ellipsis, light verbs, topic/focus particles, and code-switching between sign languages. We argue that the study of the interplay between information structure and code-switching sheds light on our understanding of multilingual grammars and language competence more generally. In this regard, we discuss theoretical and methodological considerations to guide future studies.

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Copyright of Etudes Romanes de Brno is the property of Masaryk University, Faculty of Arts and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Linguistica Uralica is the property of Teaduste Akadeemia Kirjastus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

With this paper I wish to investigate the nature of code-mixing found in English place names chiefly, though not exclusively, from the Danelaw area. The paper analyses this code-mixing in the frame-work of contact linguistics in the light of the contact situation between Old English and Old Norse, as described by Townend (2002) and Lutz (2013), that existed from the 8th century onwards, bearing in mind, however, that the Scandinavian place names may not necessarily be direct indicators of the nature and extent of the Scandinavian settlement itself. Historical code-switching usually and generally focuses on describing intersentential and intrasentential code-switching, and this paper aims at broadening the overall scope of the investigation through the inclusion of onomastics. The analysis will be chiefly based on a corpus of 1,915 relevant place-names, with the data drawn from the Oxford Dictionary of English Place-Names (Mills 1998), and Fellows-Jensen's regional studies on Scandinavian place-names in England (Fellows-Jensen 1972, 1978, 1985). The primary focus of the investigation will be those place names which In this paper I also argue that names (specifically the above mentioned place-names) can conform to Muysken's (2000) category of congruent lexicalization and that word-internal code-switching, and CS in general, is in fact a phenomenon that can occur in the case of hybrid place-names. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper investigates a Hungarian-English bilingual child's Sarah's second language acquisition (SLA) with a special focus on how she integrated English (L2) into her speech to convey the intended meaning and negotiate the multiple identities she developed in her bilingualism in various social contexts. An ethnographic single-case study research seemed to be a relevant method of giving an exploratory, interpretive, and in-depth description of my single participant's language development (Creswell & Creswell, 2018, Duff, 2007). The applied qualitative data collection comprised the participant's everyday interactions, semistructured retrospective interviews, and her own spontaneous reflections. The findings indicate that Sarah used L2 as a complementary set of linguistic forms to differentiate meaning and as a social site for negotiating and gauging her own and her interlocutor's conduct and language use. Use of L2 expanded her linguistic repertoire, conveyed communicative intentions, and shed light on her transitory bilingual roles. The various feedback she received from her social environment shaped her self-concept and called for discussing and revisiting her own language competence. What she thought about peer feedback exerted a powerful impact on her selfimage. The study might provide incentive for teaching English to young learners in home settings and might underpin the relevance of investigating single-case scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past years, the Internet has become a tool of communication among different people in the world. Due to the spread of the Internet, many researchers have focused their attention on the study of language use through the Internet. Code-switching is one of the sociolinguistic phenomena that have been observed in Computer Mediated Communication (CMC). The present paper explores the sociolinguistic phenomenon of code-switching in computer mediated communication by Jordanians. The study highlighted several English words that have been utilized for code-switching through online interaction. Furthermore, it studied the participants' views about the role of Facebook in mixing Arabic with English. The methodology used in this study was descriptive, involving both qualitative and quantitative methods. An online questionnaire was shared on Facebook pages and groups. The sample included 181 participants; in addition, 35 interviews took place at home with relatives, with neighbors and in shops. The results revealed several perspectives about code-switching. Some participants mentioned that Facebook has led them to code-switch by using the most frequently switched words, such as; comment, like, group, share. Nevertheless, other participants mentioned that they prefer to use Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) and avoid using any English words in online activities, which means that Facebook has no impact on their language. A higher percentage of participants agreed that Facebook plays a role in mixing Arabic with English. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Code-switching (CS) refers to the phenomenon of using more than one language in an utterance, and it presents great challenge to automatic speech recognition (ASR) due to the code-switching property in one utterance, the pronunciation variation phenomenon of the embedding language words and the heavy training data sparse problem. This paper focuses on the Mandarin-English CS ASR task. We aim at dealing with the pronunciation variation and alleviating the sparse problem of code-switches by using pronunciation augmentation methods. An English-to-Mandarin mix-language phone mapping approach is first proposed to obtain a language-universal CS lexicon. Based on this lexicon, an acoustic data-driven lexicon learning framework is further proposed to learn new pronunciations to cover the accents, mis-pronunciations, or pronunciation variations of those embedding English words. Experiments are performed on real CS ASR tasks. Effectiveness of the proposed methods are examined on all of the conventional, hybrid, and the recent end-to-end speech recognition systems. Experimental results show that both the learned phone mapping and augmented pronunciations can significantly improve the performance of code-switching speech recognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the influence of the relative size of speech communities on language use in multilingual regions and cities. Due to peoples' everyday mobility inside a city, it is still unclear whether the size of a population matters for language use on a sub-city scale. By testing the correlation between the size of a population and language use on various spatial scales, this study will contribute to a better understanding of the extent to which sociodemographic factors influence language use. The present study investigates two particular phenomena that are common to multilingual speakers, namely language mixing or Code-Switching and using multiple languages without mixing. Demographic information from a Canadian census will make predictions about the intensity of Code-Switching and language use by multilinguals in cities of Quebec and neighborhoods of Montreal. Geolocated tweets will be used to identify where these linguistic phenomena occur the most and the least. My results show that the intensity of Code-Switching and the use of English by bilinguals is influenced by the size of anglophone and francophone populations on various spatial scales such as the city level, land use level (city center vs. periphery of Montreal), and large urban zones on the sub-city level, namely the western and eastern urban zones of Montreal. However, the correlation between population figures and language use is difficult to measure and evaluate on a much smaller sub-urban scale such as the city block scale due to factors such as population figures missing from the census and people's mobility. A qualitative evaluation of language use on a small spatial scale seems to suggest that other social influences such as the location context or topic of discussion are much more important predictors for language use than population figures. Methods will be suggested for testing this hypothesis in future research. I conclude that geographic space can provide us information about the relation between language use in multilingual cities and sociodemographic factors such as a speech community's size and that social media is a valuable alternative data source for sociolinguistic research that offers new insights into the mechanisms of language use such as Code-Switching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dispute over code-switching (CS) dates back to the 19th century. Numerous studies have been carried out to investigate how code-switching functions, the perception toward code-switching and the motive behind the use of code-switching. However, the use of code-switching in teaching writing skill has yet to be explored deeply, specifically for tertiary-level students in Asia. Therefore, in order to fulfil the gap in the current existing literature, this paper looks into how code-switching is employed so as to teach writing skill to Asian EFL tertiary-level students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]