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Achieving the global electricity demand and meeting the United Nations sustainable development target on reliable and sustainable energy supply by 2050 are crucial. Portable energy storage (PES) units, powered by solid-state battery cells, can offer a sustainable and cost-effective solution for regions with limited power-grid access. However, operating in high-dust and high-temperature environments presents challenges that require effective thermal management solutions. This paper is a comprehensive review of thermal management systems for PES units, with a specific focus on addressing the challenge of overheating in airtight designs. The review of various active and passive cooling systems is conducted through extensive study of the relevant literature, which is significant in providing insights into the operation, performance parameters, and design options for different cooling system technologies. The findings from this review show heat pipe (HP) technologies as key cooling-system solutions for airtight PES units. Specifically, loop and oscillating HPs, as well as the vapour chamber, offer desirable features such as compactness, low cost, and high thermal conductivity that make them superior to other alternatives for the cooling systems in PES. The insights and knowledge generated via this review will help facilitate the design and development of innovative, efficient, and reliable PES units, thereby contributing to the advancement of off-grid renewable energy applications and enabling sustainable power solutions worldwide. Furthermore, an appropriate design of PES units can help in reducing capital and maintenance costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a novel technology to improve the energy efficiency of refrigeration and air-conditioning (RAC) systems by applying a condenser cooling approach. The approach is based on the integration of an innovative radiation-enhanced thermal diode tank (RTDT) with a RAC system. The thermal diode tank (TDT), consisting of heat pipes and an insulated water tank, is a passive device to generate cooling water at a minimum night ambient temperature. When the radiation-enhanced heat pipe (RHP) is equipped with the TDT, it becomes an RTDT, which could theoretically lower the water temperature below the ambient temperature. In this study, a radiation-enhanced thermal diode tank (RTDT) is proposed to supply cooling water to the RAC system. Simulation models for the proposed RTDT-assisted RAC (RTDT-RAC) system are developed in order to investigate the impacts of the tank size to cooling capacity (TS/Qc) ratio, day/night ambient temperature fluctuations on the system's coefficient of performance (COP) and the energy saving percentage (ESP). The results show that a greater day/night ambient temperature difference and a larger TS/Qc value can both enhance the COP and ESP of the RTDT-RAC system. The optimal and threshold TS/Qc values were 1 m3/kW and 0.18 m3/kW, respectively. These findings demonstrate the potential of the RTDT-RAC system to achieve significant energy savings and provide valuable insights for the design and optimization of an RTDT-RAC system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study concerns the numerical simulation and the experimental implementation of a low-scale Phase Change Material-based (PCM-based) condenser, to be included in a PCM-based portable cooling systems. In this category of cooling systems, the PCM can be integrated either in the condenser or in the evaporator. In the present study, the PCM is integrated in the condenser of the vapor compression cycle to absorb the heat power released from the refrigerant fluid (R134a) during condensation, thus eliminating the need to transfer heat to the external environment. The main objective of the present study is to realize and validate a numerical model capable of simulating both the refrigerant fluid and the PCM thermofluid dynamics. For this purpose, a commercial solver was used for the implementation of the developed numerical model, and experimental tests were performed to validate the numerical simulations results. The paper reports the details and test results of both the numerical model and the experimental apparatus. The simulation results indicate a good accordance between the numerical and experimental data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a new type of split natural cooling system that maximizes the use of natural cold energy to significantly reduce the power consumption of the air conditioning system in data centers. A split natural cooling system module, which consisted of indoor and outdoor heat exchanger based on micro heat pipe arrays connected by liquid circulation system, was selected for experimental research. The heat transfer process and flow characteristics were analyzed under different outdoor environment temperatures, air and water flow rates, and different ratios of heat transfer components (N) of indoor and outdoor heat exchangers. To improve the utilization of natural cold energy, two kinds of heat dissipation conditions, namely room and heat channel-based, were proposed. The indoor temperature of two conditions at 28 °C and 38 °C were simulated in the laboratory at constant temperature-humidity, respectively. Results indicated that the air flow rate had a greater influence on the heat transfer performance than the water flow rate. The pressure drop of the air and water sides was at a lower level, and the fitting curve of the pressure drop was obtained to provide a reference for the heat exchanger design and equipment selection. When the ratio of heat transfer components (N) of the indoor and outdoor heat exchanger was approximately 0.75, the split natural cooling system showed optimal comprehensive performance. Under heat channel-based conditions, the maximum heat transfer rate reached 12.4 kW, and the maximum energy efficiency ratio was 17.15; the maximum heat transfer rate and the maximum energy efficiency ratio increased by 42.5% and 22.64% compared with the room-based condition, respectively. The fitting curve of the energy efficiency ratio was calculated under different outdoor temperatures at two heat dissipation conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the experimental research and verification of a passive cooling system operating on the principle of a loop gravity heat pipe designed for cooling electrical cabinets. This type of cooling works automatically by changing the state of the working substance and thus saves energy consumption. Since the designed cooling system ensures heat transfer from the interior cabinet to the outdoor space, where the heat can naturally dissipate to the surroundings, it is dustproof. The heat pipe consists of an innovative evaporator concept designed to minimize liquid and vapour phase interference in the refrigeration circuit. The aim of the research was to experimentally determine the limit performance parameters of the refrigeration system for different volumes of working medium in the evaporator and decrease heat loss in the cabinet interior. The designed device was verified experimentally and by mathematical calculations as well. The greatest benefit of the work is that the cooling device was able to ensure temperature conditions inside the electrical enclosure at a heat load of 2000 W under 60 °C, 1500 W under 55 °C, 1000 W under 50 °C, 750 W under 45 °C and 500 W under 40 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In electronic equipment, thermal failure and thermal degradation are two increasingly prominent problems of the devices, with the deepening integration and growing power density. Currently, there are relatively few reports on the heat transfer mechanism, heat source analysis, and numerical simulation of electronic equipment containing power electronic devices (PEDs). Therefore, this paper carries out thermal design and evaluates the cooling performance of PED-containing electronic equipment. Firstly, the basic flow was given for the thermal design of PED-containing electronic equipment; the heat transfer mode of PEDs and the equipment were detailed, so was the principle of thermal design; the cooling principles were introduced for ventilation cooling, heat pipe cooling, and closed loop cooling. Then, numerical simulation was carried out on the solid and liquid state heat transfer of PEDs and the equipment under different cooling modes. Based on an engineering example, the cooling scheme was finalized through heat source analysis on the proposed electronic equipment. The experimental results rove the effectiveness of numerical simulation and electronic equipment cooling scheme. The results provide a reference for the cooling scheme design for other fields of thermal design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Promising cooling systems for high-power electronic elements are those based on vapor chambers and heat pipes which allow for the local heat flow to be dispersed from the electronic element to a larger surface area of the vapor chamber or the heat pipe. To reduce the thermal resistance of the cooling system, a finned radiator is installed on the outer surface of the vapor chamber or heat pipe. The authors propose a new design of the radiator which increases the heat transfer efficiency. The paper presents results of numerical simulation of heat transfer and aerodynamic resistance of the heat transfer surface with lamellar-split finning. The comparative analysis of heat transfer and aerodynamics was carried out for three types of radiators: with lamellar smooth finning, with lamellar split finning and with the sections of split finning rotated 30? against the air flow. It is shown that cutting the fins and rotating the split sections leads to an increase in heat transfer intensity and increase in aerodynamic resistance. The obtained results may be useful in the design of cooling systems for computer processors, power amplifiers for transmitting modules, energy-saving solid-state light sources, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, the thermal behavior of a power battery cooling structure employing copper rods, and heat pipes was compared. The influences of flow rate and inlet temperature of coolant, as well as input power were discussed by numerical methods. The numerical computation results showed that heat pipe could significantly augment the heat transfer of the battery cooling system than the copper rod. Within the scope of this study, the heat pipe reduced the maximum temperature by 41.6-60.9%. The distributions of temperature ratios on the battery surface, together with the heat flux as soon as streamlines around the heat pipe condenser was also illustrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The operating limits of oscillating heat pipes (OHP) are crucial for the optimal design of cooling systems. In particular, the dryout limit is a key factor in optimizing the functionality of an OHP. As shown in previous studies, experimental approaches to determine the dryout limit lead to contradictory results. This work proposes a compact theory to predict a dryout threshold that unifies the experimental and analytical data. The theory is based on the influence of vapor quality on the flow pattern. When the vapor quality exceeds a certain limit (x = 0.006), the flow pattern changes from slug flow to annular flow and the heat transfer decreases abruptly. The results indicate a uniform threshold value, which has been validated experimentally and by the literature. With that approach, it becomes possible to design an OHP with an optimized filling ratio and, hence, substantially improve its cooling abilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]