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1. Political Islam and International System: Impacts and Implications.

Author

Simbar, Reza

Subjects
ISLAM, MUSLIMS in non-Islamic countries, DEMOCRACY, PEACE, NATIONAL security, WESTERN countries
Abstract

To ensure world peace and security in twenty-first century, hostile relationship between the two major civilizations in the world today should he managed. Considering the geographical distribution of Muslims in the world today, we can see on the top of the world's known fuel deposits, most important trade routes -- the Mediterranean, the Red Sea, the Bosporus, the Black Sea, and the Straits of Malacca -- are all heavily populated by Muslims. Over the past half-century, many events have highlighted the role of lslam as a cultural and political force in international affairs. They have generated debates and discourses, many of which fall under polemics and apologetics. To understand how and why certain anti-rational tendencies have gained ground in the Islamic world, we need to consider their historical and socio-political context, including the official state policies, notably the attempts to crush major mainstream lslamist movements such as the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt, and the cancellation of Algeria's elections. This paper aims to present a critical reading of some of the problems faced by the Muslim world and their impacts on international system. The method of approach in this paper is descriptive with explaining the relationship among International relations, Islam, peace and security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2009

2. Emerging Risks and Opportunities in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Author

HERBST, JEFFREY and MILLS, GREG

Subjects
PEACE, NATIONAL security, AFRICAN politics & government, 1960-, POLITICAL violence, DEMOCRACY, PUBLIC administration, ECONOMIC conditions in Africa, 1960-, ECONOMIC conditions in Africa
Abstract

The article explores the state of peace and security in Sub-Saharan Africa and its political and economic conditions. The security concerns facing the region are discussed, including the proliferation of violent armed conflicts, the increase in the number of Sub-Saharan African countries experiencing conflicts and the vulnerability of Nigeria to violence. The correlation of democracy and governance is also explained.

Published
2014

3. State-Building, Economic Development, and Democracy : The Japanese Experience

Author

Tsunekawa, Keiichi and Yoshida, Kohei

Subjects
MILITARISM, ECONOMIC GROWTH, TREATIES, DEPENDENCE, OPINION SURVEY, GOVERNORS, FOREIGNERS, TERRORISM, GOVERNMENT POLICY, CIVIL WAR, TERRORIST, XENOPHOBIA, ELECTORAL POLITICS, EXTERNAL INTERVENTION, CRIME, POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS, DEMOCRACIES, REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT, PROCUREMENT, REVOLUTION, DIPLOMACY, MILITARY LEADERS, TREATY, WAR, REPRESENTATIVES, VIOLENCE, SOCIAL UNREST, SKILLED WORKERS, POLICE FORCE, PRIME MINISTER, POSTWAR YEARS, PRIMARY EDUCATION, REPATRIATION, DEMOCRACY, PEACE, WARFARE, POLITICAL PARTY, RECONSTRUCTION, NATIONALISM, MODERNIZATION, LEGAL RIGHTS, INDUSTRIALIZATION, OPINION POLL, FIGHTING, DEBT, WARS, GOVERNMENT OFFICES, GOVERNMENT POLICIES, PARLIAMENT, PUBLIC OPINION, OBSERVERS, SOCIAL CONDITION, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, FAMILY MEMBERS, REBEL, ALCOHOLIC, NATIONAL PARLIAMENT, MINORITY, SUPPORT FOR DEMOCRACY, MARTIAL LAW, DEMOCRATIC PRACTICES, POLITICAL UNREST, CITIZENS, PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEM, GOVERNMENTAL POWER, ECONOMIC STATUS, CIVIL SERVANTS, POLICE, JUSTICE, PARLIAMENTARIANS, RESPECT, TRADITIONAL VALUES, ELECTORATE, CABINET, DIET, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, ELECTIONS, SOCIAL CONDITIONS, SOVEREIGNTY, UNIONS, HOME AFFAIRS, PUBLIC OPINION SURVEY, CONFLICT, SUFFRAGE, REPRESSION, POLITICIANS, NATIONAL SECURITY, COERCION, PARTY POLITICS, TOTALITARIAN REGIME, ELECTION, MASS MEDIA, SOLDIERS, DISARMAMENT, NUMBER OF PEOPLE, POLITICAL PARTIES, WORLD DEVELOPMENT, LEADERSHIP, DEMOBILIZATION, DEMOCRATIC STATE, ACCOUNTABILITY, IMPERIALISM
Abstract

The remolding of the state from an autocratic to a democratic one in postwar Japan is sometimes regarded as a successful case of external intervention for state-building. When Americans landed in Japan two weeks after Japan's acceptance of unconditional surrender, they expected to meet a fanatic and intransigent people. Instead they were surprised by the orderly and peaceful behavior of Japanese soldiers and citizens (Tamaki 2005, 13-20). Disarmament, demobilization, repatriation, and reintegration (into their home towns/villages) of millions of soldiers proceeded surprisingly smooth between 1945 and 1948. The authoritarian state gave way to a democratic one within two years of the beginning of the American occupation and democracy has persisted since1. And finally, the Japanese economy had already begun to experience high growth when the occupation ended in April 1952. In every respect, American occupation policies seem to have been successful. Against this image of the American occupation in Japan, this paper will argue that American policies were only partially helpful in the democratic remolding and economic development of postwar Japan. The prewar political and economic experiences of the Japanese themselves, and the psychological impact of the defeat, played equally important roles in the democratic rebirth of the Japanese state. Those in search of solutions to the development challenges facing fragile countries today should understand that Japan's 'success' did not begin in 1945 and was not the result of a peace settlement quickly followed by new institutions. The ground work for Japanese success was 80-90 years in the making. Analysis of state-building, economic development and democracy in Japan must start from the Meiji restoration of 1868.

Published
2010