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Oxytocin is a neuropeptide produced primarily in the hypothalamus and plays an important role in the regulation of mammalian birth and lactation. It has been shown that oxytocin has important cardiovascular protective effects. Here we investigated the effects of oxytocin on vascular reactivity and underlying the mechanisms in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs)

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the leading cause of end-stage kidney disease. Besides glycemic and blood pressure control, environmental factors such as cigarette smoking (CS) adversely affect the progression of DN. The effects of CS on DN progression have been attributed to combustion-generated molecules without consideration to the role of nicotine (NIC), responsible for the addictive properties of both CS and electronic cigarettes (ECs). Podocytes are essential to preserve the structure and function of the glomerular filtration barrier, and strong evidence indicates that early podocyte loss promotes DN progression. We performed experiments in human podocytes and in a mouse model of diabetes that develops nephropathy resembling human DN. We determined that NIC binding to podocytes in concentrations achieved with CS and ECs activated NADPH oxidase, which sets in motion a dysfunctional molecular network integrated by cyclooxygenase 2, known to induce podocyte injury; downregulation of AMP-activated protein kinase, important for maintaining cellular energy stores and antioxidation; and upregulation of CD36, which increased lipid uptake and promoted apoptosis. In diabetic mice, NIC increased proteinuria, a recognized marker of chronic kidney disease progression, accompanied by reduced glomerular podocyte synaptopodin, a crucial stabilizer of the podocyte cytoskeleton, and increased fibronectin expression. This novel study critically implicates NIC itself as a contributor to DN progression in CS and EC users. NEW & NOTEWORTHY In this study, we demonstrate that nicotine increases the production of reactive oxygen species, increases cyclooxygenase-2 expression, and upregulates Cd36 while inducing downregulation of AMP-activated protein kinase. In vivo nicotine increases proteinuria and fibronectin expression in diabetic mice. This study demonstrates that effects of nicotine on podocytes are responsible, at least in part, for the deleterious effects of smoking in the progression of chronic kidney disease, including diabetic nephropathy.

Yes-associated protein (YAP) and its associated coactivator of PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) are co-transcriptional regulators and down effectors of the Hippo signaling pathway. Recent studies have shown that the Hippo/YAP signaling pathway may play a role in mediating vascular homeostasis. This study investigated the role of YAP/TAZ in endothelial dysfunction and vascular inflammation in angiotensin (Ang)II hypertensive mice. The infusion of AngII (1.1 mg/kg/day by mini-pump) for 3 weeks induced the activation of YAP/TAZ, manifested by decreased cytosolic phosphor-YAP and phosphor-TAZ, and increased YAP/TAZ nuclear translocation, which were prevented by YAP/TAZ inhibitor verteporfin. AngII significantly increased systolic blood pressure (SBP), macrophage infiltration, and expressions of proinflammatory cytokines, and impaired endothelial function in the aorta of the mice. Treatment with verteporfin improved endothelial function and reduced vascular inflammation with a mild reduction in SBP. AngII also induced YAP/TAZ activation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells in vitro, which were prevented by LB-100, an inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A, a major dephosphorylase). Treatment with LB-100 reversed AngII-induced proinflammatory cytokine expression and impairment of phosphor-eNOS expression in vitro. Our results suggest that AngII induces YAP/TAZ activation via PP2A-dependent dephosphorylation, which may contribute to the impairment of endothelial function and the induction of vascular inflammation in hypertension. YAP/TAZ may be a new target for hypertensive vascular injury.

Obesity and cigarette smoke are major cardiovascular (CV) risk factors and, when coexisting in the same individuals, have additive/synergistic effects upon CVD. We studied the mechanisms involved in nicotine enhancement of CVD in Sprague Dawley rats with diet-induced obesity. The rats were fed either a high fat (HFD) or normal rat chow diet with or without nicotine (100 mg/L in drinking water) for 20 weeks. HFD rats developed central obesity, increased systolic blood pressure (SBP), aortic superoxide (O2-) production, and impaired endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and endothelium-dependent relaxation to acetylcholine (EDR). Nicotine further increased SBP, O2- and impaired eNOS and EDR in obese rats. In the peritoneal macrophages from obese rats, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α, interleukin 1β and CD36 were increased, and were further increased in nicotine-treated obese rats. Using PCR array we found that 3 of 84 target proinflammatory genes were increased by 2-4 fold in the aorta of obese rats, 11 of the target genes were further increased in nicotine-treated obese rats. HUVECs, incubated with conditioned medium from the peritoneal macrophages of nicotine treated-obese rats, exhibited reduced eNOS and increased NADPH oxidase subunits gp91phox and p22phox expression. Those effects were partially prevented by adding anti-TNFα antibody to the conditioned medium. Our results suggest that nicotine aggravates the CV effects of diet-induced obesity including the oxidative stress, vascular inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. The underlying mechanisms may involve in targeting endothelium by enhancement of macrophage-derived TNFα.

Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. CD36 mediates oxidized LDL (oxLDL) uptake and contributes to macrophage foam cell formation. We investigated a role for the CD36 pathway in nicotine-induced activation of macrophages and foam cell formation in vitro and in vivo. Nicotine in the same plasma concentration range found in smokers increased the CD36+/CD14+cell population in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, increased CD36 expression of human THP1 macrophages, and increased macrophage production of reactive oxygen species, PKCδ phosphorylation, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) expression. Nicotine-induced CD36 expression was suppressed by antioxidants and by specific PKCδ and PPARγ inhibitors, implicating mechanistic roles for these intermediates. Nicotine synergized with oxLDL to increase macrophage expression of CD36 and cytokines TNF-α, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, IL-6, and CXCL9, all of which were prevented by CD36 small interfering (si)RNA. Incubation with oxLDL (50 μg/ml) for 72 h resulted in lipid deposition in macrophages and foam cell formation. Preincubation with nicotine further increased oxLDL-induced lipid accumulation and foam cell formation, which was also prevented by CD36 siRNA. Treatment of apoE−/−mice with nicotine markedly exacerbated inflammatory monocyte levels and atherosclerotic plaque accumulation, effects that were not seen in CD36−/−apoE−/−mice. Our results show that physiological levels of nicotine increase CD36 expression in macrophages, a pathway that may account at least in part for the known proinflammatory and proatherogenic properties of nicotine. These results identify such enhanced CD36 expression as a novel nicotine-mediated pathway that may constitute an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis in smokers. The results also suggest that exacerbated atherogenesis by this pathway may be an adverse side effect of extended use of high concentrations of nicotine independent of their mode of administration.

Clinical and experimental studies have provided evidence suggesting that statins exert renoprotective effects. To investigate the mechanisms by which statins may exert renoprotection, we utilized the hypertensive Dahl salt-sensitive (DS) rat model, which manifests cardiovascular and renal injury linked to increased angiotensin II-dependent activation of NADPH oxidase and decreased nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability. DS rats given high salt diet (4% NaCl) for 10 wk exhibited hypertension [systolic blood pressure (SBP) 200 ± 8 vs. 150 ± 2 mmHg in normal salt diet (0.5% NaCl), P < 0.05], glomerulosclerosis, and proteinuria (158%). This was associated with increased renal oxidative stress demonstrated by urinary 8-F2α-isoprostane excretion and NADPH oxidase activity, increased protein expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β (63%) and fibronectin (181%), increased mRNA expression of the proinflammatory molecules monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 (LOX-1), as well as downregulation of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) activity (−44%) and protein expression. Return to normal salt had no effect on SBP or any of the measured parameters. Atorvastatin (30 mg·kg−1·day−1) significantly attenuated proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis and normalized renal oxidative stress, TGF-β1, fibronectin, MCP-1 and LOX-1 expression, and eNOS activity and expression. Atorvastatin-treated rats showed a modest reduction in SBP that remained in the hypertensive range (174 ± 8 mmHg). Atorvastatin combined with removal of high salt normalized SBP and proteinuria. These findings suggest that statins mitigate hypertensive renal injury by restoring the balance among NO, TGF-β1, and oxidative stress and explain the added renoprotective effects observed in clinical studies using statins in addition to inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system.

Salt-sensitive (SS) hypertension is a vascular diathesis characterized by reduced cardiovascular and renal nitric oxide bioavailability and local upregulation of ANG II. We have demonstrated that rats infused with ANG II manifest increased cortical cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression and activity via NADPH oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS). In the present studies we used Dahl salt-sensitive (DS) rats to test the hypothesis that hypertensive SS rats have increased cortical COX-2 upregulation, which is mediated by ANG II and ROS. DS rats were placed on either a normal-salt diet (0.5% NaCl) or a high-salt diet (4% NaCl) for 6 wk and treated with either the ANG II type 1 (AT1) receptor blocker candesartan (Can, 10 mg·kg−1·day−1) or the SOD mimetic tempol (1 mmol/l). Hypertensive SS rats had a twofold increase in the cortical expression of COX-2 as assessed by Western blot. These changes in COX-2 expression were accompanied by a 10-fold increase in COX-2 mRNA expression and a 2-fold increase in the urinary excretion of PGE2. Treatment with either the AT1receptor blocker Can or the SOD mimetic tempol did not reduce blood pressure but resulted in significant reductions in the cortical expression of COX-2 and the urinary excretion of PGE2. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that local activation of the renin-angiotensin system, via increased ROS generation, mediates COX-2 upregulation in hypertensive SS rats. These studies unveil novel mechanistic pathways that may play a role in the pathogenesis of hypertensive renal injury.

It has been speculated that if baroafferent signals are only related to the negative feedback control of arterial pressure (AP), then physical activity would increase the range of AP fluctuation in baroafferent-denervated animals. Mean AP (MAP), heart rate (HR), and cardiac output (CO) were measured for 24 h in free-moving conscious rabbits. On the basis of hydrostatic pressure and electromyogram, MAP data taken during periods of physical activity and rest were selected from the overall 24-h MAP data and then converted into histograms. During physical activity, the mode of MAP histogram increased in intact rabbits and was unchanged in sinoaortic-denervated (SAD) rabbits. Movement increased the mode of total peripheral resistance (TPR) but did not significantly change CO in intact rabbits. Conversely in SAD rabbits, movement slightly decreased TPR and slightly increased CO. These findings indicate that arterial baroafferent signals are required to shift MAP to a higher pressure level by an increase in TPR but not in CO during a moving phase. These results suggest that baroafferent signals may not only minimize the fluctuating range of MAP through negative feedback control but also be involved in actively resetting MAP toward a higher pressure level during daily physical activity.

Insulin activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway stimulates glucose uptake in peripheral tissues and synthesis of nitric oxide (NO) in the endothelium. Insulin resistance (IR) and hypertension frequently coexist, particularly among individuals with salt-sensitive hypertension. The mechanisms underlying this association are poorly understood. We investigated these mechanisms in a model of salt-sensitive hypertension in which we have previously shown that endothelial dysfunction is mediated by superoxide anion (O2−) linked to local ANG II. Dahl salt-sensitive rats were fed, for 6 wk, a normal salt diet (NS; 0.5% NaCl), high-salt diet (HS; 4% NaCl), HS plus the ANG II type 1 receptor (AT1R) blocker (ARB) candesartan (10 mg·kg−1·day−1), or HS plus the antioxidant tempol (172 mg/l in drinking water). Hypertensive (mean arterial pressure: 145 ± 4 vs. 102 ± 5 mmHg in NS, P < 0.05) rats manifested increased aortic AT1R mRNA (210%) and protein (101%) expression and O2− production (104%) and impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation (EDR) to acetylcholine [maximal response ( Emax): 68 ± 9 vs. 91 ± 8% in NS, P < 0.05]. ARB or tempol normalized O2− and EDR despite that they did not normalize mean arterial pressure, which was reduced only 25%. Hypertensive rats manifested metabolic IR (36% reduction in the glucose infusion rate by insulin clamp), impaired NO-mediated insulin-induced EDR ( Emax: 12 ± 5 vs. 32 ± 4% in NS, P < 0.05), and impaired insulin activation of PI3K/endothelial NO synthase. ARB or tempol improved insulin-mediated EDR, PI3K, Akt/ endothelial NO synthase phosphorylation, and metabolic IR (all P < 0.05). This study provides insight into the mechanisms that underlie the association between metabolic and hypertensive cardiovascular diseases and support the notion that O2− overproduction linked to tissue ANG II interferes with shared insulin signaling pathways in metabolic and cardiovascular tissues.