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South Africa's basic education system is dysfunctional. It scores last or close to last in a myriad of metrics and delivers learners with some of the worst literacy and numeracy competencies worldwide. A bimodal distribution in the results exists when learners from the richest socioeconomic quintile are performing adequately well, while learners from the poorest quintiles are failing. This paper presents a system dynamics simulation model to describe the causal linkages between improved early childhood and pre-school learning practices on the education system as a whole. The paper investigates the difference in performance between rich and poor communities. Three interventions explore the research question of whether it is the number of enrolments into early childhood development programs that increases a cohort's school readiness, or rather the quality of the early childhood development programs into which they were enrolled. The results answer the research question for the Western Cape province by showing that increasing the quality of the formal ECD programs leads to a greater percentage of school-ready five year olds than increasing the percentage of enrolled children, but that decreasing community poverty leads to better results than either intervention. The results show the simulation model to be a powerful tool to assist with policy setting and intervention testing for any other province or country by simply changing the input data and calibration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

South Africa's basic education system is dysfunctional. It scores last or close to last in a myriad of metrics and delivers learners with some of the worst literacy and numeracy competencies worldwide. A bimodal distribution in the results exists when learners from the richest socioeconomic quintile are performing adequately well, while learners from the poorest quintiles are failing. This paper presents a system dynamics simulation model to describe the causal linkages between improved early childhood and pre-school learning practices on the education system as a whole. The paper investigates the difference in performance between rich and poor communities. Three interventions explore the research question of whether it is the number of enrolments into early childhood development programs that increases a cohort's school readiness, or rather the quality of the early childhood development programs into which they were enrolled. The results answer the research question for the Western Cape province by showing that increasing the quality of the formal ECD programs leads to a greater percentage of school-ready five year olds than increasing the percentage of enrolled children, but that decreasing community poverty leads to better results than either intervention. The results show the simulation model to be a powerful tool to assist with policy setting and intervention testing for any other province or country by simply changing the input data and calibration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic created large disruptions in the energy industry as governments all around the world responded by enforcing lockdowns on 54% of the global population to slow down the spread of the virus. This impacts the energy consumption of the residential sector as policies prevented residents from leaving their homes and accelerated the transition towards remote work environments. The impact of lockdown on South Africa's energy sector is unique to other countries due to its extreme inequalities across the affluence divide and ongoing blackouts that affect the entire country. A case study is performed in George, a region in South Africa with a distribution of wealth and energy inequality typical for South Africa. In this paper, the following questions are answered: (i) How has the lockdown period influenced the total energy consumption of a household? and (ii) To what extent has the lockdown affected energy consumption of households based on wealth and demographics? The results of this study showed that implementing the highest stage of lockdown resulted in wealthy communities increasing their overall energy consumption by 5 percentage points and poor communities by 2.5 percentage points. The findings of this study support the use of local data and insight for the unique difference in behavioural change across different communities for optimal decision making in future pandemics or natural disasters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Democracy in the post-apartheid era South Africa has a culture of violent service delivery protests epitomized by the chanting of liberation songs. The usage of liberation songs during protests in South Africa's Nelson Mandela Metropolitan Municipality is examined in this article (in the Eastern Cape Province). Protests have become a sign of discontent among people in the new South Africa's poor communities, and they are usually violent. The authors discuss the topic of violent protests as well as the study of isiXhosa liberation songs performed by protestors. The paper is qualitative in character, and it examines critically liberation anthems in service delivery protest actions using a narrative approach and a literature review assessment. Symbolic interactionism theory and psychoanalysis theory are used on a theoretical level. Political science, sociology, and development studies have not looked at the topic under question in this work. As a result, this research adds something new to multidisciplinary discussions about the relationship between struggle songs and violent service delivery protests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uptake of contraceptive implants has declined in South Africa since their introduction in 2014, with side effects and inadequate health provider training cited as primary contributors underlying a poor community perception of implants. In this paper we explore a theme that emerged unexpectedly during analysis of our research in Cape Town that may be an additional factor in this decline: narratives of women being assaulted by robbers who physically remove the implants for smoking as drugs. Narratives were described consistently across interviews and focus groups with youth (aged 18–24 years) and in interviews with health providers, with six participants (two young people, four health providers) sharing personal experiences of robbery. While there was a range of perspectives on whether narratives are based on real experiences or are myths, there was strong consensus that narratives of implant robbery may be influencing women's decisions around implant use in Cape Town. This is a potent example of how perceptions of new products can affect uptake and offers important lessons for implementers to reflect on in planning for rollout of other health technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a growing pool of evidence showing that cash transfers can promote livelihood activities. Yet there has been limited empirical studies that explore how financial support influences beneficiaries' decision-making in the construction and operation of livelihood activities in an urban context. This study presents findings from qualitative research conducted in a poor urban community in South Africa. Structuration theory provides an analytical tool to understand how cash transfers enable decision-making of beneficiaries in livelihood activities. The study finds that beneficiaries make different types of initial and ongoing decisions to improve their socio-economic condition. Among the contributions of this paper is that it counters the cynicism that is usually attached to cash transfers. The study's implications include the incorporation of both social and economic goals in the design of social protection policies as well as the need for greater recognition of the role of the informal economy in eradicating poverty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Community health worker teams are potential game-changers in ensuring access to care in vulnerable communities. Who are they? What do they actually do? Can they help South Africa realize universal health coverage? As the proactive arm of the health services, community health workers teams provide household and community education, early screening, tracing and referrals for a range of health and social services. There is little local or global evidence on the household services provided by such teams, beyond specific disease-oriented activities such as for HIV and TB. This paper seeks to address this gap.Methods: Descriptive secondary data analysis of community health worker team activities in the Ekurhuleni health district, South Africa covering approximately 280,000 households with 1 million people.Results: Study findings illustrated that community health workers in these teams provided early screening and referrals for pregnant women and children under five. They distributed condoms and chronic medication to homes. They screened and referred for hypertension, diabetes mellitus, HIV and TB. The teams also undertook defaulter and contact tracing, the majority of which was for HIV and TB clients. Psychosocial support provided was in the form of access to social grants, access to child and gender-based violence protection services, food parcels and other services.Conclusion: Community health workers form the core of these teams and perform several health and psychosocial services in households and poor communities in South Africa, in addition to general health education. The teams studied provided a range of activities across many health conditions (mother and child related, HIV and TB, non-communicable diseases), as well as social services. These teams provided comprehensive care in a large-scale urban setting and can improve access to care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Maternal–infant feeding interactions are a primary context for engagement between mothers and their infants, and constitute a unique space in which reciprocity, attunement and maternal sensitivity can be expressed. Increasingly, research demonstrates the importance of the psychological and social nature of the feeding context, and how it may be affected by maternal mental state, feeding skills and sensitivity. As such, feeding interactions may provide useful contexts for observations of maternal sensitivity, reflecting well on day‐to‐day maternal sensitivity. Aims and Objectives: This paper is a post hoc examination of the impact of an intervention on maternal sensitivity during a feeding interaction when the infants were 6 months old. Participants: A total of 449 women consented to participate in the original intervention and were randomly assigned to the intervention or control groups. Mothers and infants were assessed during pregnancy, and then at 2, 6, 12 and 18 months of infant age. At the 6 month follow‐up visit, 79% (354 out of 449) of the participants were retained. Post hoc analyses were conducted on the original sample to determine breastfeeding status. Sixty‐nine percent of the women completed the feeding observation at the 6 months follow‐up visit, of which 47% reported exclusively breastfeeding and 22% reported bottle‐feeding. Results: Results demonstrated that during a feeding interaction, maternal sensitivity was significantly improved among non‐breastfeeding mothers who received the intervention. Particularly, maternal responsiveness to infant cues and synchronous interactions was higher among non‐breastfeeding intervention mothers compared to control group mothers. The results also show that non‐breastfeeding mothers who received the intervention were significantly less intrusive in their interactions with their infants. Conclusion: The intervention had particular beneficial effects for mothers who were not breastfeeding and suggest that the intervention offered a protective effect for non‐breastfeeding mothers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies of tenure security and insecurity tend to focus on the lack of tenure rights for certain groups in society. This discourse of rights is often legalistic and engenders a logical relationship between tenure security and formal tenure rights. The legal guarantee of tenure security through a title deed, for example, is couched in theories of a liberal rights-based discourse where the award of individual rights and access to mechanisms to uphold those rights are regarded as essential for the empowerment and prosperity of the poor. In South Africa, the dominant discourse in urban tenure security for shack dwellers is one of legal rights encapsulated by a freehold title deed that accompanies the award of a housing subsidy in the process to upgrade informal settlements. This approach to formalising tenure assumes tenure insecurity is experienced by shack dwellers as predominantly a fear of eviction emanating from a lack of legal rights to land and property use and/or ownership. The paper contends this top-down conceptualisation of tenure insecurity misrepresents shack dwellers' own tenure experiences and reflects an incomplete understanding of tenure security. In 2010, I conducted an ethnographic study to ask 24 shack dwellers in Durban their conceptions of tenure security as an ideal, their experiences of tenure insecurity, and the strategies they have adopted to achieve a sufficient degree of security. The study's emphasis on hermeneutical definitions of tenure offers a detailed perspective that reveals shortcomings in the conceptualisation of tenure security in contemporary housing and urban land policy. The paper offers a re-conceptualisation of the term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]