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For the twenty-sixth year, the Research and Theory Division of the Association for Educational Communications and Technology (AECT) is sponsoring the publication of these Proceedings. This is Volume 2 of the 26th Annual Proceedings of Selected Papers On the Practice of Educational Communications and Technology presented at the National AECT Convention in Anaheim, CA. This volume contains papers dealing primarily with instruction and training issues. Papers dealing with research and development are contained in the companion volume (26th Annual, Volume 1) which also contains over 60 papers. The papers contained in this document represent some of the most current thinking in educational communications and technology. (Individual papers contain references, tables, and figures.) [For Volume 1, see ED496305. For Volume 1 of the 2002 proceedings, see ED496300. For Volume 2 of the 2002 proceedings, see ED496301.]

The International Conference on the Changing Academic Profession Project convened in Hiroshima City, Japan, January 24-25, 2014. It was jointly hosted by the Research Institutes of Higher Education at Hiroshima and Kurashiki Sakuyo Universities. The theme of the conference was "The Changing Academic Profession in Asia: The Formation, Work, Academic Productivity, and Internationalization of the Academy." Two keynote address and eight presentations were made by university professors from seven countries and regions. The present volume is a collection of the addresses and papers presented at the conference. Following a foreword by Fumihiro Maruyama, contents include: (1) Institutionalization of the R-T-S Nexus in the Academic Profession from an International, Comparative Perspective (Akira Arimoto); (2) Strong States, Strong Systems (William K. Cummings); (3) Quality of Education and Research at Higher Education Institutions in Cambodia: Results of the Survey on University Faculty Members (Yuto Kitamura, Naoki Umemiya, and Aki Osawa); (4) The Internationalization of the Academy in Asia: Major Findings from the International Survey (Futao Huang); (5) Effects of International Education Degree and Organizational Effectiveness Perception on Academic Research Productivity in China (Lu Li and Fengqiao Yan); (6) Career Prospects of the Malaysian Academic Profession (Aida Suraya Md. Yunus and Vincent Pang); (7) Academic Career Development in Vietnam (Pham Thanh Nghi); (8) The Self-Contained Academic Profession in Japan, a Matured Country (Akiyoshi Yonezawa); (9) The Impact of Research Productivity on Academics in Taiwan (Robin J. Chen and Ching-Shan Wu); (10) University Academic Staffs' Career and Research Productivity: Similarities and Differences in Six Asian Nations (Tsukasa Daizen); and (11) What Is a Mature University in This Competitive World? (Yumiko Hada). The conference program and list of participants are appended. Individual papers contain references. [Charles R. Barton edited the manuscripts in this report. For "The Internationalization of Higher Education: Realities and Implications. Report of the International Workshop on University, 2013. RIHE International Seminar Reports. No. 21," see ED574175.]

Based on student survey data from five East Asian countries, the paper contains an analysis of attitudes towards the use of personal connections in politics and towards personal morality among politicians. The first part of the analysis describes the extent and variations of these attitudes, which are viewed as of particular relevance within the East Asian context. The second part of the analysis investigates the relationship of these attitudes with student background and school-related variables such as civic knowledge as well as uncovering the extent to which these attitudes are related to indicators of future civic engagement among students. (Contains 1 figure and 7 tables.)

East Asia is the region which has experienced unprecedented growth in the past few decades. This growth resulted in the increase in education opportunities and the empowerment of women. Modernization and globalization provided opportunities for many women in China, Hong Kong, Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, and Japan. Modern Asian women can obtain higher education and gain status in their careers; they are at the crossroads between tradition and modernity. This paper provides information about the women's movements in China, Hong Kong, Japan, Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan. Readers obtain an understanding of globalization and its impact on women's lives in these societies. It concludes that the status of women has improved dramatically over the last 30 years; but there are still obstacles that prevent women from achieving equity in political participation, equal pay, and equal share of household responsibilities. Contains a 13-item bibliography. (Author/BT)

The Commission on International Adult Education (CIAE) of the American Association for Adult and Continuing Education (AAACE) provides a forum for the discussion of international issues related to adult education in general, as well as adult education in various countries around the globe. The following purposes summarize the work of the Commission: (1) To develop linkages with adult education associations in other countries; (2) To encourage exchanges between AAACE and associations from other countries; (3) To invite conference participation and presentations by interested adult educators around the world; and (4) To discuss how adult educators from AAACE and other nations may cooperate on projects of mutual interest and benefit to those served. The Commission holds its annual meeting in conjunction with the AAACE conference. The following papers are presented at the 2012 CIAE Pre-Conference: (1) Religious Rites and Celebrations As Frameworks for Lifelong Learning in Traditional Africa (Mejai B.M. Avoseh); (2) A Confucian Model for Scholarly Development (Elizabeth Anne Erichsen and Qi Sun); (3) The Use of Learning the Contract Within a University Setting in an Italian University (Monica Fedeli, Ettore Felisatti, and Mario Giampaolo); (4) The Cross-Culture Readiness Exposure Scale (CRES) (Emmanuel Jean Francois); (5) International History and Philosophy of Andragogy: Abbreviated for 2012 with Newer Perspective and Insights (John A. Henschke); (6) Exploring Cross-Cultural Learning Styles Differences of African and American Adult Learners (Alex Kumi-Yeboah and Waynne James); (7) An Educational Preparatory Program for Active Aging: Preliminary Results Based on Proactive Coping Theory (Ya-Hui Lee, Hui-Chuan Wei, Yu Fen Hsiao, Liang-Yi Chang, and Chen-Yi Yu); (8) Global Work Competencies and the Identification and Selection of Candidates for Expatriate Assignments (Arthur Ray McCrory); (9) Adult Education/Learning in South Africa: Promises and Challenges (Matata Johannes Mokoele); (10) Cross-Cultural Use of Surveys and Instruments in International Research: Lessons Learned From A Study in Turkey and the United States (Claudette M. Peterson, Anita Welch, Mustafa Cakir, and Chris M. Ray); (11) English Only? English-Only Policies, Multilingual Education and its Ramifications on Global Workforce Productivity (Orlando A. Pizana and Alex Kumi-Yeboah); (12) Reflections On A Research Experience at an International Treasure: The Alexander N. Charters Library of Resources for Educators of Adults (Lori Risley); (13) Bridging Adult Education Between East and West: Critical Reflection and Examination of Western Perspectives on Eastern Reality (Qi Sun and Elizabeth Anne Erichsen); (14) The Challenges and Prospects of Adult Education Programmes in Nigerian Universities (Nneka A. Umezulike); (15) The Perceived Impact of Women for Women International (WFWI) Non-formal Learning Programmes for Rural Women in Nigeria (Loretta C. Ukwuaba and Nneka A. Umezulike); (16) Perceptions of Needed Attitudinal Competencies Compared by Geographical Region (Helena Wallenberg-Lerner and Waynne B. James); (17) Identifying Intercultural Sensitivity Competencies Through Focus Group Research (Melanie L. Wicinski and Arthur Ray McCrory); and (18) Measuring Intercultural Sensitivity at the Army Medical Department Center and School: The IRB Process--Challenges and Lessons Learned (Roberta E. Worsham and Melanie L. Wicinski). Individual papers contain figures, tables, references and footnotes.

The Research Institute for Higher Education (RIHE) at Hiroshima University established a program of research on the Changing Academic Profession (CAP) in 2005. The first conference of this new project was held in Hiroshima in February 2011. This conference was organized by the Research Institute for Higher Education, Hiroshima University, Japan in cooperation with Hijiyama University, Japan. The following papers are presented at the conference: (1) Universities Reforms in Japan (Tsuyoshi Enomoto); (2) International Trends in the Academic Profession from a Japanese Perspective (Akira Arimoto); (3) The Rise of Asian Research Universities: Focus on the Context (William K. Cummings); (4) Is There an Asian Academic Profession? Common and Diverse Features in Comparative Perspective (Ester Ava Hohle and Ulrich Teichler); (5) The Same Term but Different Connotations: Cultural and Historical Perspectives on Studying the Academic Profession in Asia (Fengqiao Yan); (6) The Academic Profession in East Asia: Change and Realities (Futao Huang); (7) The Academic Profession in Japan: Work, Careers and Scholarship (Hideto Fukudome); (8) The Academic Profession in Malaysia 2010: A Proposed Study (Vincent Pang, Morshidi Sirat, Aida Suraya Md Yunus, Ambigapathy Pandian, Fauziah Mohd. Taib; Munir Shuib, Norzaini Azman, Koo Yew Lie, Shukran Abdul Rahman, Rosni Bakar, Lay Yooh Fah, Ramayah Thurasamy, Worran Kabul, Roszehan Md. Idrus, Lai Yew Meng, and Mohd. Rahimie Abd. Rahim); (9) The Korean Academic Profession Revisited: Academic Activity, Performance and Governance (Jung Cheol Shin); (10) The Internationalization of Universities in South Korea: Networking Strategies and Research Performance (Soo Jeung Lee and Yangson Kim); (11) The Changing Taiwanese Academic Profession: From Regulation to Supervision (Hsiou-Hsia Tai and Chia-Yu Chen); (12) Connect ASEAN: Promoting Regional Integration in Higher Education in Southeast Asia (Supachai Yavaprabhas); (13) The U.S. as a Prototype for an Asian Academic Profession: What Does That Prototype Really Look Like? (Martin J. Finkelstein); and (14) Changes in and Issues of Academic Profession in Asia (Futao Huang). Appended are: (1) Conference Program; and (2) List of Participants. Individual papers contain figures, tables, references and footnotes.

The global movement to improve education by decentralizing governance and financial management and by holding school personnel accountable for outcomes aligned with standards extends even to traditionally centralized systems in Asia. The author explores research questions related to how resources are acquired, who decides how best to use resources within schools, and accountability for school performance in Taiwan. During 2004-2005, the author interviewed principals of nine elementary, junior high, and senior high schools in three regions (large and small cities; rural communities). On-site interviews and reviews of such documents as school budgets and brochures describing goals and programs reveal similarities and differences in the following: sources of funds; budget development; the determination of priorities for curriculum, special programs, and hiring personnel; school-level control of resources; use of student outcomes in curricular and budget decisions; and external accountability systems. Following a qualitative case study method, the author discusses conclusions within three themes that emerged from the data: (1) dependence; (2) relationships; and (3) accountability. (Contains 1 endnote.)

Recent research focusing on Human Resource Development (HRD) in East Asia is attracting increasing attention. The purpose of the study is to explore the definition and practice of HRD, together with influencing cultural factors, in Mainland China, Taiwan, and Japan. The results indicate a difference in the definition and implementation of HRD among these three areas, and that the nature and role of HRD are influenced by cultural factors specific to each region examined. [For complete proceedings, see ED491481.]

Secondary-level technology programs in Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan (also known as the "Four Little Dragons") were compared by using a methodology incorporating four stages: description, interpretation, juxtaposition, and comparison. It was discovered that, in all four countries, technology education is required for all students in the lower secondary grades (grades 7-9) and offered on an elective basis to students in the upper secondary grades (grades 10-12). A trend toward increasing incorporation of information technology into technology education was noted in all four countries. Emphasis on higher-order thinking skills and the role of problem solving in the design process also appeared to be increasing in all four countries. Among the common problems faced by all four countries in the implementation of technology education were the following: lack of qualified teachers and adequate equipment; insufficient financial support and teaching hours; and out-of-date curricula. More dialogue among technology educators from Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan is necessary. All four countries' chances of fostering technology education are good provided they engage in ongoing and systematic curriculum development and effective professional supervision. (MN)

The transcript of a conference presentation describes, with audience activities, one college instructor's use of videotaped television broadcasts for English-as-a-Second-Language instruction in Taiwan. The method, intended primarily for developing listening skills, makes use of English-language satellite television now widely available. Students use tapes of authentic broadcasts in class and are encouraged to watch the same network in their leisure time. A primary objective is for students to feel comfortable enough with English language listening to undertake it on their own. News broadcasts and music videos have been particularly useful instructional materials. The news stories broadcast on the satellite network are generally of international or general human interest, address varied topics, are authentic, contain varied language, are culturally structured, and because of their nature, often provide additional aids to comprehension. The topics may already be familiar from native-language broadcasts. News stories offer a variety of classroom activities. Music videos are appealing to students and offer many possibilities for listening activities, including use of cloze tests and analyses of lyrics, music, and visual activity. Group questions and handouts used in class and in the presentation are appended. (MSE)

The 48 papers in this proceedings focus on aspects of non-formal adult education including international comparative adult education. The papers are: "Lifelong Learning in Perspective" (Knox); "Women in their Thirties: The In-Between Generation" (Caffarella, Freeman); "Development in Women: An Analysis of the Appropriateness of an Age-Related Life Phase Typology" (Knott); "Researching the Relationship between Life Satisfaction of Older Adults and Their Participation in Volunteer Activities" (Deaton, Blieszner); "The Role of Religious Institutions in the Lifelong Learning Process in Roxbury, Massachusetts from 1900-1980" (Dickens); "Political Adult Education: A Study of Community Legal Education in One Major City" (Marx-Singer); "Perceptions of Their Adolescence Held by Adult Incarcerated Males: Implications for Adult Education" (Dowling); "The Measurement of Organizational Climate in the Washington State University Cooperative Extension" (Fortner et al.); "Commitment and Systematic Approach Yield Progress in Civil Rights Compliance" (Gerken et al.); "Testing an Alternate Approach to Extension for Limited Resource Farm Families with Emphasis on Developing Countries" (Mercado, Carter); "Benefits of Noncredit Adult Education in Extension Pride and Non-Pride Groups" (Oaklief); "Factors for Agricultural Extension Success: Organizational, Interactive, and Contextual" (Rivera); "Class Attitudes, Adult Industrial Education, and the 'New South' in Richmond, Virginia, 1884 to 1904" (Craver); "Nikolai Grundtvig: Eduard Lindeman's Denmark Connection" (Stewart); "Emerging Paradigms and Forms of Adult Education: A Classification Scheme" (Stubblefield); "Refugee Adult Education: A Case Study of an Appropriate Educational Approach in a Technical Society" (Mattocks); "The HRD Professional: A Macromotion Study" (Shipp); "Colleague Coaching to Support Lifelong Learning on the Job: Critical Issues and Implications for Expanded Practice" (Yakowicz); "The Implementation-Replication Extension System: A New, Low-Cost Fuelwood Energy Extension Strategy for Developing Countries" (Belson); "The Cooperative Movement and Greece's Development" (Boucouvalas); "The Role of Adult Education in Development" (Cookson); "The Involvement of Continental European Universities in Continuing Education" (Kulich); "Training for Taking Over: Three Asian Models for Educational Fieldworkers" (Marsick); "Professional Training through Collaborative Research: An Egyptian Case Study" (Rowntree); "The Distance Learning Program at Ikipujung Pandang, Indonesia: Problems and Recommendations for Its Improvement" (Sahide et al.); "Agricultural Extension for the Progressive or Marginal Farmer? The T and V System in Some Sri Lankan Villages (Schneider-Silwa); "A Model of Culture for Cross-Cultural Adult Education: Examples from Agricultural Research Management Training" (Werge); "An Analysis of Adult Learning Styles Using the Myer-Briggs Type Indicator" (Campbell); "Critical Review of Adult Learning Principles from a Self-Directed Learner's Point of View" (Danis, Tremblay); "Effects of Learning Styles and Learning Environment by Levels of Learning" (Korhonen, McCall); "The Relationship between Locus of Control and Value Orientation in Adult Learners" (Londoner et al.); "An Investigation of the Occupational Reading Demands of the Plumbing Trade" (Chang); "Assessing the Impact of Adult Literacy Education" (Copeland et al.); "Interpersonal and Institutional Support: The Impact of Significant Others" (Lewis); "Two Years After the GED Tests: Employment, Education, and Training Activities of GED Examinees" (Reed, Malizio); "Marginal Adult Educators: The Part-Time Instructors of Adults" (Draper); "Notes and Comments on the Panel 'Lifelong Learning--A Problem of Definition, Policy, and Value'" (Martell); "Government and Adult Education in Canada" (Thomas); "An Analysis of the Policies and Issues Which Resulted in the Formation of the Maryland Fire-Rescue Education and Training Commission Using the Systems Theory Model of Policy Formation" (Walz); "Clerical Women as Returning Students" (Bomboy); "Graduate Adult Education as a Socio-Cultural Product: A Cross-Cultural Analysis of Professional Preparation in the U.S. and U.K." (Brookfield); "Deterrents to Public Participation in Adult Education" (Darkenwald, Valentine); "Market Research: What Continuing Educators Can Learn From Current Students" (Hanniford); "Competence and Careers: A Study Relating Competencies Acquired in College to Career Options for the Liberal Arts Graduate" (Schall et al.); "How Mandatory Is Mandatory Continuing Education?" (Jahns et al.); "An Application of Social Network Analysis to the Planning of Continuing Professional Education Programs" (West); "Using Microcomputers to Facilitate Qualitative Data Management" (Fingeret); and "Development of a Model for Designing and Evaluating Microcomputer Courses" (Hockaday et al.). (YLB)