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Examples of wetland deposits can be found across the globe and are known for preserving organic archaeological and environmental remains that are vitally important to our understanding of past human-environment interactions. The Mesolithic site of Star Carr (Yorkshire, United Kingdom) represents one of the most influential archives of human response to the changing climate at the end of the last glacial in Northern Europe. A hallmark of the site since its discovery in 1948 has been the exceptional preservation of its organic remains. Disturbingly, recent excavations have suggested that the geochemistry of the site is no longer conducive to such remarkable survival of organic archaeological and environmental materials. Microcosm (laboratory-based) burial experiments have been undertaken, alongside analysis of artifacts excavated from the site, to assess the effect of these geochemical changes on the remaining archaeological material. By applying a suite of macroscopic and molecular analyses, we demonstrate that the geochemical changes at Star Carr are contributing to the inexorable and rapid loss of valuable archaeological and paleoenvironmental information. Our findings have global implications for other wetland sites, particularly archaeological sites preserved in situ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A baseline survey in 2007 characterized the physical and chemical conditions for preservation within waterlogged remains at Nantwich. Installation of eighteen dipwells has allowed a five-year monitoring programme to be conducted from 2011. Two add-on projects supplemented this monitoring programme by examining the different methods for redox measurement, and for soil moisture measurement using Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR). Initial results show two main zones of preservation, with reducing conditions attributed to location of the deposits in the floodplain, and a second zone uphill with more variable conditions for preservation. This study shows that sediment-coring programmes combined with dipwell installations can provide useful data to assess and monitor in situ preservation conditions, which can help to formulate management strategies for conservation of waterlogged archaeological deposits. This paper focuses on the efficacy of the methodology, referencing in particular comparative monitoring techniques and lists a series of recommendations for future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper will describe two phases of investigation to characterize conditions that have led to preservation of archaeological remains beneath the historic core of Nantwich. It will discuss the different types of monitoring employed and the relative merits between methodologies for monitoring key indicators, and outline experimental methods for the application of gas monitoring. The Nantwich project is in the middle of a five year programme and therefore interpretations presented here are provisional, and are briefly compared to similar studies from York. The continuation of conditions that have preserved organic remains beneath these two historic centres for over a thousand years are now subject to threat due to various causes from the impact of the modern world, and the conclusions suggest that achieving long-term sustainability of preservation conditions will require a holistic approach from spatial planners, engineers, hydrologists and archaeologists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper will outline the approach taken for monitoring of two waterlogged areas in England: the multi-period deposits beneath the historic town of Nantwich, Cheshire, and the Bronze Age timber platform at Whittlesey, Cambridgeshire. These two examples allow contrast and comparison between urban and rural contexts, and between multiple ownerships and single development. The projects also illustrate how English planning guidance can be variously interpreted dependent on conflicting aims and objectives. The paper will describe the characteristics of the sites, their past history and present threats, and the suggested management strategies for each. The duration, spatial interval, and methods of monitoring (including use of In Situ redox probes, Time Domain Reflectometry, sediment geochemistry, and water-level measurement) will be discussed, and how short-term data-gathering is actually what influences decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the approaches to characterizing and monitoring two very similar sites in proximity. It explores the paucity of scientific evidence for understanding conditions of preservation, and techniques for monitoring it, that presently exist for sites that lie in superficial unconsolidated sediments within which a capillary fringe has developed above a groundwater table, rather than for a more conventional water-logged site. Challenge and review by peers is essential for a robust approach to ensuring management measures are appropriate, rather than relying on the knowledge and experience of a single individual or team. Since 2007, a monitoring programme for the internationally important timber platform at Hanson's Must Farm clay extraction site has been developed and enhanced, whilst excavations within the footprint of the quarry have revealed outstanding preservation of organic remains. The 3000 year inundation and sedimentary sequence, and the 100 years recent development in this landscape, are described along with the unusual preservation processes which have contributed to exceptional survival of archaeological remains. The results from Must Farm are contrasted to the paucity of monitoring data from Flag Fen, and the separate trajectories between a developer-funded project and a nationally protected monument are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]