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Assessing the value of property is important in the real estate activity. Important factor to assess the property value is the location of the property. In India, value of a property is mainly evaluated by the guideline value and the market value. This paper addresses the effect of different parameters that affect the market value in Madurai Corporation area. It also addresses the implementation of urban valuation on a Geographic Information System for better decision-making. The valuation of the land depends upon the popularity and also the facilities around in that area. The spatial data constitutes the location information of the assets and the attributes that contain the details of the assets. Quantum GIS software is used for the storage and analysis of the data. The effective use of GIS along with reliable data and predictive tools can provide a robust and near realistic solution in predicting real estate trends. It is found that, for land assets, the Geographic Information System approach is effective. In this paper, we have used the statistical methods in order to find the market value and modelled value using Voronoi Polygon Method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: In this paper, the philosophical position of the scientist is investigated which will explain the purposes behind the decision approach utilized in this examination. In this way, the principal motivation behind this paper is to exhibit the examination approach and techniques utilized in this investigation to respond to the exploration questions and to accomplish the examination objective. Design / Methodology/Approach Research Design is a groundbreaking strategy indicating the strategies and methodology controlling the specialist to gather their information and investigation their exploration. The most widely recognized research structures that analysts consistently use are exploratory, expressive, and easygoing. In the present investigation, a graphic and quantitative examination is utilized as a reason the examination to get and break down the information. Research Limitations The example was chosen from six regions of South Tamil Nadu, which incorporates Madurai, Dindigul, Kanyakumari, Sivagangai, Tirunelveli, and Virudhunagar. Hence a decent example is a smaller than normal rendition of the populace and a great example configuration includes the accompanying: . Sample Unit . Sample Size . Sampling Technique. Originality / Value The polls were dispersed to examine researchers during 2015-2016. Information sources are named being either essential sources or auxiliary sources. A source is essential if the information gatherer is the one utilizing the information for the investigation. A source is optional if one association or individual has accumulated information to be utilized by another association or person. Both essential and optional information has been gathered in this exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Innovation is the key to the growth of each business in a fast-changing world. Innovations affect financial activities because the successful innovation opens the new markets, gives the opportunity to reduce costs or introduce new products and services with a higher profit margin. Each organization, institution, enterprise or individual can be innovative. Innovations may not be implemented only in large enterprises, but also in medium or small. The aim of this paper is to innovate and optimize the polishing process in production plant with variant production. In this paper case study is used as research method which includes measurements and observation. The paper is focused on five variants of one product. We obtained the required data by measuring in a manufacturing plant in southern India in Madurai. At the end the results are summarized, and the optimization of the polishing process is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green finance represents a positive shift in the global economy's transition to sustainability through the financing of public and private green investments and public policies that support green initiatives. Internalizing environmental externalities and lowering risk perceptions are two of green finance's major goals in order to promote investments that have a positive impact on the environment. Banks, institutional investors, and international financial institutions, as well as central banks and financial regulators, are some of the main players advancing the growth of green finance. To assist the greening of the financial system, some of these entities employ policy and regulatory measures for various asset classes, such as priority lending requirements, below-market-rate finance through interest-rate subsidies, or preferential central bank refinancing possibilities. By issuing green bonds, green equity, and green debentures, green finance has attracted a lot of interest in the current financial market. It fosters a culture of conservation and safeguards the natural resources for the benefit of coming generations. The objective of the paper is toanalyze the profile of the respondents and analyze their opinion, progress and challenges of green finance in Madurai district. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

R.B. Gnanajothi (Topics in Graph Theory, Ph.D. Thesis, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India, 1991) introduced odd graceful labeling. A function f is called an odd graceful labeling of a graph G if f : V (G) → {0, 1, 2, ..., 2q - 1} is injective and the induced function f*: E(G) → {1, 3, ..., 2q - 1} defined as f*(e = uv) = |f(u)-f(v)| is bijective. A graph which admits an odd graceful labeling is called an odd graceful graph. Many results exist on odd graceful labeling. The concept of odd graceful labeling is implemented in the areas of coding theory. In this paper we prove that the jewel graph J*n and the extended jewel graph EJ*n,m without the prime edge is odd graceful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present era, the demand for green and clean source of energy is increasing at an alarming rate with modernization of the society. Still, the intermittent behaviour of renewable energy sources (RES) is a challenge to use them for continuous power production. Therefore, the whole power generation fertility is still dependent on conventional fuel-based energy resources. The solar PV is most promising resource of green and clean energy but the uncertainty in output is still a challenge. Therefore, there is an urgent need to study and to identify the forecasting of output power from solar PV plant. This paper utilizes the Machine Learning (ML) approach to predict the output power for a solar PV plant. The model is prepared and tested with the real time dataset, taken form a solar PV plant at Madurai, India. The multivariable-linear regression technique based different models have been implemented to forecast the output power of the solar PV plant. The Normalised Root Mean Square Error (NRMSE) is used to depict the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The current study can be used for effective load forecasting on hourly basis will adequately mitigate the need for spinning reserve capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes diurnal, monthly, seasonal variations of CO2 along with the meteorological parameters at Madurai (9° 92'' N and 78° 12'' E), an urban site from January-2015 to December-2015 by using a Non-dispersive infrared sensor (NDIR) based instrument. The highest hourly two peaks are observed in noon (476.8 ± 12.9 ppm between 12-1 PM) and in night (478.5 ± 13.7 ppm between 7-8 PM) respectively. The CO2 concentration is lower (437.93 ± 2.77 ppm) in early morning 5-6 AM. As far as, the monthly variation of CO2 is also concerned high in the month of May (487.19 ± 28.3 ppm) and low in July (444.70 ± 18.2 ppm). The seasonal variation is observed to be maximum in summer (478.33 ± 13.03 ppm) and minimum in the post-monsoon season (448.27 ± 16.8 ppm). An emission inventory is prepared based on the transportation and the electrical consumption in household activities by using a bottom-up approach method. The CO2 emission estimated from transportation is around 85.1 tonnes /day and 10289.5 kilo tonnes /year. By the consumption of electricity, the total emission of CO2 is approximately 3.3 tonnes /day and 1.2 kilo tonnes /year is estimated. Statistical analysis is carried out to find the relationship between carbon dioxide concentration and meteorological parameters observed in this study. Based on the results of statistical analysis, not only the meteorological parameters change varied the carbon dioxide concentration but also by traffic flow, types of vehicles and road types the concentration differs in this city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to look for efficient development strategies towards achieving sustainable precipitation management in the Madurai Town Planning Area (MTPA) in India. In the MTPA, precipitation is the predominant source of freshwater for agricultural and domestic uses in addition to water received through conventional systems. The average annual precipitation in the region is ~ 816 mm with standard deviation of 233 mm. The regression analysis showed that annual precipitation is following a decreasing trend and will be about 716 mm by 2030. The Precipitation Concentration Index (PCI) values ranging from 18 to 20 represented strong irregularities and seasonality in annual precipitation over the study area. March, July, September, and November months contributed 2.5, 6.19, 14, and 16% to annual precipitation, respectively, and all showed decreasing trends over time. Only 20% of Northeast monsoon was active over the past 44 years (1976–2019), resulting in a 15% probability of flood and drought occurrences throughout the MTPA. The long-term (1976–2019) average value of annual precipitation days was about 42. The Concentration Index (CI) showed that 60–70% of precipitation was received within 25% of precipitable days. Daily precipitation class of moderate (7.5–34 mm) and rather heavy (34–64 mm) ranges were the dominant types of precipitation, contributing 46% and 26% to total annual precipitation, respectively. Except for October, the monthly precipitation received was deficit to meet the irrigation water demand in the MTPA. However, development of precipitation harvesting systems can annually preserve about 27 Mm3 freshwater in the urban space of the MTPA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses three institutions in Madurese santri culture: the pesantren (Islamic traditional education system), the Nahdlatul Ulama, and the kiai (tradisional Islamic authority). These three elements have characterised and become central part of both Islam and politics in Madura. The issues are raised in this paper: the nature of pesantren, the role of Nahdlatul Ulama, and kiais within the whole tradition of santri Islam in Madura. How does each of these elements form relationships with the others? These questions lead to answer the main question: Is Islam in Madura different from Islam in other places in Indonesia? Today, it seems clear that despite their rather changed perceptions of modern education, Islamic associations, and men of religion, Madurese people continue to preserve their sacred values, as the main three elements of the santri culture in Madura which have had a great influence on society, in both religious and worldly domains. The people share the view that Islamic law (shari'a) is fundamental to daily life and thus must be integrated in all aspects of life. However, like Islam in other places in Indonesia, the characteristic of Islam in Madura emphasises primarily, but not exclusively, on aspects such as mysticism and local cultures. [Artikel ini menjelaskan tiga elemen penting budaya santri yang melekat pada masyarakat Madura, yaitu pesantren, mewakili elemen pendidikan Islam tradisional, Nahdlatul Ulama, mewakili organisasi Islam, dan kiai, merepresentasikan tokoh Islam. Ketiga elemen tersebut berjalin-kelindan dan membentuk relasi yang kompleks antara Islam dan politik sebagaimana dipraktikkan dalam masyarakat Madura. Dua persoalan penting yang hendak dijawab melalui artikel ini yaitu bagaimana karakter pesantren, Nahdlatul Ulama, dan kiai yang menjadi dasar Islam-santri di Madura dan bagaimana ketiga elemen tersebut saling terkait satu sama lain. Persoalan ini kemudian mengantarkan pada pertanyaan penting lainnya, yakni apakah Islam di Madura memiliki karakteristik dan bentuk yang berbeda dengan Islam yang hidup di wilayah lain di Indonesia? Sampai sekarang, meski masyarakat Madura mengalami pergeseran dalam menilai pendidikan modern, organisasi Islam, dan ulama, mereka masih tetap mempertahankan nilai-nilai sakral agama. Ini bisa dibuktikan dengan kuatnya pengaruh pesantren, Nahdlatul Ulama, dan kiai dalam urusan agama dan duniawi. Masyarakat Madura meyakini bahwa syariat Islam sangat penting dan perlu diterapkan dalam keseluruhan aspek kehidupan mereka. Namun, seperti Islam di wilayah lain di Indonesia, Islam di Madura juga sangat dipengaruhi oleh tasawuf dan budaya lokal.] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fungal isolate Aspergillus terreus PDB-B (accession number: MT774567.1), which could tolerate up to 500 mg/L of cypermethrin, was isolated from the lake sediments of Kulamangalam tropical lake, Madurai, and identified by internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing followed by phylogenetic analysis. The biotransformation potential of the strain was compared with five other strains (A, J, UN2, M1 and SM108) as a consortium, which were tentatively identified as Aspergillus glaucus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus terreus, and Aspergillus flavus, respectively. Batch culture and soil microcosm studies were conducted to explore biotransformation using plate-based enzymatic screening and GC-MS. A mycotransformation pathway was predicted based on a comparative analysis of the transformation products (TPs) obtained. The cytotoxicity assay revealed that the presence of (3-methylphenyl) methanol and isopropyl ether could be relevant to the high rate of lethality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

False smut of rice is an upcoming menace to rice production in India. In order to understand the intricate relationship between disease incidence and weather parameters, field experiments were conducted for three years (2019, 2020 and 2021) in two cropping seasons viz., late kharif (August to November) and rabi (October to January) at the Agricultural College and Research Institute (AC & RI), Madurai, Tamil Nadu. Results revealed that the disease severity had positive correlation with relative humidity (RH), wind speed (WS) and bright sunshine hours (BSS) and negative correlation with heavy rainfall (RF), evaporation (EP) and temperature. The pooled data analysis (2019 and 2020) for the late kharif and rabi cropping season revealed that disease severity was perfectly showed positive correlation with relative humidity (0.80) and wind speed (0.83) and negatively correlated with weekly maximum temperature (-0.78) and minimum temperature (-0.84). The step wise linear regression analysis was performed which revealed that among the six weather factors minimum temperature influenced the false smut disease severity up to 92%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Agriculture is the most sensitive sector to climate variability. In rain-fed ecosystems, rainfall is the single most essential component in crop planning. Crop planning using rainfall variability and probability analysis helps to improve the productivity. Methods: A study was taken for crop planning in Madurai district by analyzing the rainfall variability and probability analysis using 40 years (1982-2021) of weekly, monthly, seasonal and annual rainfall data. Result: The mean annual rainfall in Madurai district was 925.5 mm was spread over 74 rainy days with 24.7 per cent of coefficient of variation thereby the rainfall is dependable over years with decreasing trend. The probability analysis showed that receiving 20 mm rainfall per week was for 12 weeks (32 to 45th week) except 35 and 37th week which is helpful for sowing and planting. On the other hand, highest mean monthly rainfall was received in October (176 mm) followed by September (137.4 mm). Seasonal analysis resulted that Southwest monsoon had high rainfall quantity with mean value of 397.7 mm. Rice is the major crop cultivated in this region should be replaced by maize, green gram, black gram, cowpea, sorghum, ragi and minor millets which can withstand drought conditions with less crop duration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the recent past, exotic whiteflies viz., Aleurodicus rugioperculatus, Paraleyrodes bondari, Paraleyrodes minei and Aleurotrachelus atratus are infesting coconut plantations in India. Based on the damage potential, the predominant species are the rugose spiralling whitefly, A. rugioperculatus and the Bondars nesting whitefly, P. bondari. A study was undertaken to determine the seasonal incidence and population dynamics of these in the new invasion region at Karungalakudi block of Madurai district from 33rd standard meteorological week (SMW) of 2021 to 32nd SMW of 2022. The results indicated that A. rugioperculatus incidence rose considerably from the first week of April (10.9 adults/leaflet) to third week of May (8.3 adults/leaflet; while P. bondari reached maximum during the third week of March (71.99 adults/leaflet) and extended up to first week of June (67.57 adults/leaflet) coinciding with summer months with high temperature and limited precipitation. Subsequently, their incidence declined with the onset of north east monsoon coupled with parasitism by Encarsia guadeloupae and predation by chrysopids from thirdweek of August to fourth-week of December in 2021. The extent of parasitism by E. guadeloupae on A. rugioperculatus nymphs was positively correlated and ranged from 40% (third week of August, 33rd SMW, 2021) to 84% (second week of June 2022, 24th SMW). Chrysopids revealed a highly significant positive correlation with the incidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Staphylococcus aureus is part of normal flora and also an opportunistic pathogen responsible for a wide range of infections in both humans and animals. Livestock-associated S. aureus (LA-SA) has gained importance in recent years due to its increased prevalence in recent years, becoming a worry in public health view. This study aimed to study the epidemiology of LA-SA strains in Madurai district, Tamil Nadu, India. Methods: A total of 255 samples were collected from bovine and other small ruminants like goats and sheep nares (n = 129 and n = 126 respectively). Nasal swab samples were collected from study animals with sterile sample collecting cotton swabs (Hi-Media, Mumbai). Samples were transported to the lab in Cary-Blair Transport media for further analysis. The samples were tested for S. aureus using antibiotic selection and PCR-based assays. The pathogenicity of the bacteria was assessed using chicken embryo models and liver cross-sections were used for histopathology studies. Results: The prevalence rate in bovine-associated samples was 42.63% but relatively low in the case of small ruminants associated samples with 28.57% only. The overall prevalence of S. aureus is found to 35.6% and MRSA 10.98% among the study samples. The antibiogram results that LA-SA isolates were susceptible to aminoglycosides and tetracyclines but resistant to β-lactam drugs. The biofilm formation results showed that the LA-SA isolates are weak to high-capacity biofilm formers. The enterotoxigenic patterns revealed that most of the isolated strains are enterotoxigenic and possess classical enterotoxins. The survival analysis of chicken embryos suggested that the Bovine-associated strains were moderately pathogenic. Conclusion: The study concluded that economically important livestock animals can act as reservoirs for multi-drug resistant and pathogenic which in-turn is a concern for public health as well as livestock health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Many school children experience psychological inflexibility, which leads to anxiety regarding their academic wellbeing, subsequently affecting their psychological well-being. The objectives of the present study were to investigate the relationship between psychological inflexibility and academic anxiety among school children, understand the sociodemographic characteristics of the selected participants, and identify significant mean differences in subgroups based on sociodemographic details in relation to psychological inflexibility and academic anxiety. Aim: To examine the relationship between psychological inflexibility and academic anxiety in students who were preparing for their board exams. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study involved the selection of 348 school children from 9th to 12th grade in Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India, using simple random sampling. Data collection took place from March 2021 to June 2021. The study employed a 17-item Acceptance and Fusion Questionnaire (AFQ-17), a 25-item academic anxiety scale, and a semi-structured interview schedule. The data analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for Social Services (SPSS) software, version 19.0. Descriptive statistics were used, and the Pearson's correlation method was employed to determine the relationship between variables. Additionally, a one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was conducted to identify significant mean differences between demographic variables, with a 95% confidence level and p-value<0.05 considered as statistically significant. Results: Out of the total 348 participants, majority 184 (52.9%) were in the age group of 16 to 18 years. The results indicate a positive correlation (r=0.117, p<0.05) between the level of psychological inflexibility and academic anxiety among school children. Furthermore, significant relationships were found between psychological inflexibility and academic anxiety in terms of age and gender. Conclusion: The present study highlights a positive correlation between psychological inflexibility and academic anxiety. It emphasises the importance of raising awareness, promoting psychological flexibility, and reducing academic anxiety among school children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The most alarming post-operative consequences for patients and doctors are wound infection and dehiscence. Post-operative wound infection and dehiscence lengthen the hospital stay after surgery. Aims and Objectives: The present study examined the incidence of wound infection, wound dehiscence, duration of hospital stay, and burst abdomen between conventional and Hughes repair techniques of midline laparotomy wound closure. Materials and Methods: A 12-month prospective study was performed in the General Surgery Department at Government Rajaji Hospital in Madurai. In total, 80 patients, divided randomly into two groups of 40 each, received emergency midline laparotomies for various reasons. The primary outcome measures the infection incidence, wound dehiscence, and burst abdomen at the end of 10 days by the assessing surgeon. Results: In the study group, 30 (75%) were males, and females were 10 (25%). In the control group, males were 29 (72.5%), and females were 11 (27.5%). The mean age in the study and control groups was 42.4±11.927 and 41.7±13.607, respectively. There was a significant difference in surgery duration between groups. Most patients, i.e., 27 (67.5%) and 19 (47.5%), had wound infection and dehiscence in the control group, respectively. There was a significant difference in wound infection (P=0.025), wound dehiscence (P=0.002), duration of hospital stay (P<0.001), and burst abdomen (P=0.02) between groups. Conclusion: Hughes repair is associated with less incidence of wound infection, wound dehiscence, burst abdomen, and duration of hospital stay compared to patients whose abdomen was closed using the conventional continuous technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Endoscopic screening for esophageal varices (EV) is suggested for all cirrhotic patients. Patients with steady liver function should have a screening endoscopy every 2 years if no varices are found. In addition, a liver function test should be performed yearly for those with worsening liver function. Aims and Objectives: The study aimed to investigate non-invasive parameters' predictive efficacy, such as Platelet count/splenic diameter ratio (PC/SD ratio), by diagnosing EV in cirrhotic patients. Materials and Methods: A Prospective, analytical, singlecenter study was conducted on 50 patients admitted to Government Rajaji Hospital, Madurai, with cirrhosis between March 2021 and August 2021. Patients with cirrhosis histories and clinical characteristics were admitted to the medical ward of Government Rajaji Hospital. The ultrasonogram (for splenic diameter) and a platelet count were performed on all 50 patients. Results: Thirty-three of the 50 patients had EV during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. A platelet count/splenic diameter ratio of <900 was found in 33 patients. The two remaining patients have seen a ratio of >900. Therefore, the study's total of 33 patients had a ratio of <900. Varices were absent in 2 of them. The mean platelet count/spleen diameter ratio of patients without varices was 948.98, and with varices it was 826.9. Hence, using a ratio of 870 as a cutoff, 96% of patients with varices were detected (sensitivity: 94.12% and specificity: 93.94%). Conclusion: This study suggests that a lower Platelet count/splenic diameter ratio (PC/SD ratio) identifies patients needing endoscopy for esophagal varices preventative therapy. Platelet count, spleen bipolar diameter, and PSR are non-invasive, cost-friendly diagnostics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hearing loss is a frequent congenital condition. If not treated promptly, the disease's progression may endanger newborns and young children's proper growth and development. Cochlear implants (CIs) are the only viable treatment for severe or extremely severe sensorineural hearing loss. Aims and Objectives: This study aimed to see how auditory performance and speech development changed after cochlear implantation in children born deaf and whether there is a link between sociodemographic parameters and the outcome. Materials and Methods: Analyze the improvement of speech and auditory performance in congenitally deaf children aged 1-6 years who underwent CI surgery at Government Rajaji Hospital, Madurai Medical College, Madurai, from January 2016 to June 2018. The data acquired in this study were statistically analyzed to provide detailed findings. Results: Among the study population with age distribution, 18 (26.87%) were in 3 years, followed by 17 (25.37%) in 4 years and least 1 (1.49%) were in 1 year. Sex distribution - 42 (62.69%) were male, and 25 (37.31%) were female children. Progress in hearing and speech was observed, which was evident from the 2-year assessment of categories of auditory performance (CAP) (2.7-4.4) and speech intelligibility rating (SIR) scores (1.04-3.67), increasing every 3 months (P<0.001). Scores of children in age group 2 (CAP2 and SIR 3.3) were the highest, yet differed significantly among age groups, implying that the earlier the CI implantation age, the better their language outcomes were. Conclusion: The importance of age at implantation and the role of family members in effective audioverbal therapy and aural stimulation at home were highlighted in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to provide information for the government, stakeholders, and society on the quantity and types of economic activities on Madura Island that are undetected by the State Tax System. The method used in this research is the electricity consumption approach, i.e., comparing the total income of four regencies in Madura Island (Gross Regional Domestic Product) to the total electricity consumption during the 2016-2021 period. By this approach, the amount of Black Economy in four regencies in Madura Island compared to the total economic activities during 2016-2021 can be discovered, as well as the types of economic activities indicated as Black Economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Web-Based Information repository is a technology used to collect and organize multimedia information such as images, text, audio, video, software, and scientific data. It improves knowledge management and provides high-speed access to the database. The researcher made an initiative to analyze the trends in information services accessed from the university library website and to analyze the satisfaction of the respondents with Web-Based Information Repositories available in the sample unit. The target population of this study is research scholars in various departments of Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai. The questionnaire method has been used for the collection of data required. A well-designed questionnaire was personally distributed to selected academicians covering different university departments. On the whole, 150 questionnaires were distributed to the respondents. Only 125 teaching faculties have responded to the request, with a response rate of 83.33%. The data was then tabulated and analysed for results and discussions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Southern Granulite Terrane (SGT) in India hosts granulite facies rocks metamorphosed at ultra‐high temperature (UHT) conditions in the various crustal blocks, as well as within the Palghat‐Cauvery Suture Zone (PCSZ), that is considered as a trace of the Late Neoproterozoic—Cambrian Gondwana suture. Here we investigate UHT granulites from the northern margin of the Madurai Block adjacent to the PCSZ where Mg‐Al‐rich granulites are exposed. We identify sodic gedrite + kyanite in these rocks as the high‐pressure prograde stage assemblage, followed by sillimanite‐garnet‐orthopyroxene that formed during pressure decrease and temperature increase. The rare remnant gedrite is also stable at the near‐peak UHT metamorphism until it was replaced by sapphirine. The rocks subsequently underwent decompression that formed sapphirine + cordierite and sapphirine + plagioclase symplectite around sillimanite. Dehydration during decompression generated orthopyroxene‐sillimanite‐quartz assemblage with the appearance of sapphirine, defining the diagnostic mineral assemblage indicative of peak UHT metamorphism (T > 900°C) at relatively high‐pressure (P > 9 kbar). The UHT peak metamorphism in this region is consistent with the results of P–T calculations using conventional geothermometers and phase equilibrium modelling (T up to 1,050°C, P over12 kbar). Zircon and monazite geochronology on the UHT metapelites indicate distinct stages. Detrital zircon grains in the metasediments indicate protolith from ca. 2.5 Ga igneous source and the metamorphic overgrowths yield 206Pb/238U mean ages concentrated at ca. 550–520 Ma. Monazite ages define another younger group 206Pb/238U mean ages at ca. 450 Ma. The prograde high‐pressure granulite‐facies metamorphism and following UHT event correlate with the subduction‐collision tectonics at 550–500 Ma associated with the final stage of amalgamation of the Gondwana supercontinent, while the 420–460 Ma monazite age records a later hydration at the post‐orogenic stage, possibly associated with deep shearing and fluid influx. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Cognition is the mental process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through aspects such as awareness, perception, reasoning, memory and judgment. Chewing movement of jaw stimulates memory parts of brain by increasing blood flow and glucose delivery. Taste and odour of mint is also known to stimulate memory areas of the brain. The synergistic effect of chewing and flavour is expected to have a greater effect on cognition than chewing alone. Aim: To assess the effect of use of mint flavoured, flavourless and absence of chewing gum on an individual's cognitive function among the medical undergraduates. Materials and Methods: This comparative, interventional study, was conducted in the Department of Physiology at Velammal Medical College and Hospital, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India, August 2019 to September 2019. Study involved 75 (39 females,36 males) MBBS first year students, aged 18-20 years. Only students with cognitive score between 28-30 based on Mini-mental state exam score were included in the study and were divided into 3 groups. Group A (n=25) who were given mint flavoured chewing gum, Group B (n=25) given flavourless chewing gum and Group C (n=25) the control group, not provided with chewing gum. Baseline memory, Heart Rate (HR), Reaction Time (RT) and Stress Levels (SL) were recorded. Groups were taken into separate rooms where they were allowed to study a particular topic i.e Parkinson's disease for 30 minutes. Then they were allowed to take tests on standard Parkinson's questionnaire for 20 minutes and assessed based on the test performance. Group A and Group B were provided with chewing gums both during studying the topic as well as taking tests. Post intervention test performance (short term memory), HR, RT and SL were again recorded. Test performance was also assessed after one month to assess the effect of chewing gum on long term memory. Oneway Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and paired t-test were used to compare all the post test parameters between the three groups. results: A statistically significant increase in short term memory (p-value=0.001) and HR (p-value=0.001) were observed after intervention. Similarly, short term memory level of the three groups subjects statistically differed (p-value=0.001). When considering the reaction time (p-value=0.068) and stress level (p-value=0.927), there was no significant difference among the three groups after the intervention. Assessment of the test scores alone after one month (long term memory) showed a significantly higher score (p-value<0.001) in Group A when compared with the other two groups. conclusion: Mint flavoured chewing gum improves cognition as evidenced by improvement in test scores, alertness and attention. The performance in the flavour less chewing gum group was lesser than mint flavoured group, but significantly better than control group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hexane extracts of certain botanicals were evaluated in the laboratory for their oral, contact, fumigant toxicity and repellent activity at 5% concentration against rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae L. at the Natural Pesticide Laboratory, Department of Agricultural Entomology, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai, Tamil Nadu during 2019-2021. The results revealed that all the botanicals were effective. Considering the contact toxicity, 5% hexane extract of Mentha spicata 5% (80.00%) performed better at 72 hr after treatment. M. spicata and Vitexnegundo 5% hexane extract exhibited maximum oral toxicity (90.00%). Fumigant effect was maximum in V. negundo (73.33%), M. spicata, Ocimum sanctum and Tagetes erecta flower extracts (70.00%). Ocimum sanctum (70.56%) and M. spicata (67.22%) exhibited maximum repellency. Thus, M. spicata at 5% was the most effective as contact, oral, fumigant toxicant and repellent against S. oryzae in stored maize. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The elderly in the rural areas are suffering due separation or loneliness resulted through urbanization and emergence or increase of nuclear families. The elderly are differing from not only in their socio-demographic, economic and health characteristics but also differ by their gender roles in various aspects of life. This paper explores the gender differentials of the rural aged population in their socio-demographic, economic and health characteristics in Madurai district, Tamil Nadu. The data, collected from 160 aged persons in four villages of Madurai district selected through a disproportionate stratified random based on the number of households reveal that most of the rural male aged were older and married, while most female aged were old and widowed. Male aged mostly lived with their spouses and female aged with their children. Marital status was found to be the most positive significant variable to an increase in economic well-being of the rural aged, and living arrangement found to be negative significant one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jasminum sambac L, Madurai Malli, the pride of Madurai and the GI tagged ornamental and a biotherapeutic of the region, stands indeed a floral delight with manifold utility. Despite the vouching of its use in folk medicine and socio-cultural and economic interest, the norms of its field cultivation, production and marketing have not been worked out in greater detail. Notwithstanding to the popularity of this floral crop, there is research gap in understanding the dynamics of harvest. Attempts made to compare the efficacy of PGR treatments in this field study which involves foliar spraying of auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins and salicylic acid show that the flower development and yield can be considered for profitable manipulations. Experiments performed on randomized block design in the month of January-February for a period of two consecutive years indicate that among PGRs, GA and SA can trigger early flowering at higher intensities. Although each of this PGR could exert its own specific influence, salicylic acid treatments provided ample material for scrutiny. Best results of growth and yield could be observed at 100 ppm dosage where the flower production assessed in terms of increases in the number of flowering points, size of the individual flower and the quantum of produce showed an increase. Comparisons show that SA could increase the floral density by stimulating lateral shoots as in BAP and simulated the effects of GA by enhancing the enlargement of calyx and corolla whorls. Observations and results gathered in this investigation assume significance due to the paucity of documented information on this said species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India's monetary incorporation system needs to get another component of complete monetary mindfulness. A monetary mindfulness program that helps lay-residents become monetarily capable and improves monetary security. There is at present no single wellspring of free and unprejudiced data identified with individual budget. All exertion is item explicit. Without a thorough arrangement, there is no element blending the contentions between different monetary items. In this manner, admittance to exhaustive application-arranged arrangements will help monetary incorporation through improved monetary wellbeing. Equipped with sufficient information, a lay-resident can make his/her cash turn out more diligently for him/her and that can permit families to save, oversee incomes and lessen the need to sell resources in the midst of emergency. It can empower them to assemble their resources and pad themselves against outer stuns. It will help them buy animals and customer durables or grow their business. Residents will discover that their independent companies can likewise profit of protection or that fixed stores are not by any means the only method to make riches. They will like that the essential capacity of protection will be assurance and not abundance creation, or the way that they can regularly store cash in their ledgers from anyplace in the nation. Effective administration of their restricted assets will expand investment funds and permit helpless moms and fathers to cause the change from ordinary endurance to wanting to satisfy their life-stage objectives. Guardians will have the option to pay for their youngsters' educational cost, better their everyday environments, and search out and pay for medical care administrations as they are required. The multiplier impact accomplished by this can't be disparaged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this research is to look into a study on M.Ed. students' preferences for reading print and digital resources in Madurai district. The current study chose 300 M.Ed. students in Madurai District as the sample using a random sampling technique. For the study, the investigator used the normative survey method. A scale of reading preference for print and digital materials was utilised. The data was segregated and consolidated with the help of Microsoft Excel. SPSS version 21 was used to perform the required statistical analysis. The findings demonstrate that there is a substantial link between M.Ed. students' gender and their use of digital resources for reading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this research is to look into a study on M.Ed. students' preferences for reading print and digital resources in Madurai district. The current study chose 300 M.Ed. students in Madurai District as the sample using a random sampling technique. For the study, the investigator used the normative survey method. A scale of reading preference for print and digital materials was utilised. The data was segregated and consolidated with the help of Microsoft Excel. SPSS version 21 was used to perform the required statistical analysis. The findings demonstrate that there is a substantial link between M.Ed. students' gender and their use of digital resources for reading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ecosystem services offered by two native tree species viz. Azadirachta indica, Morinda tinctoria, and four exotic species viz. Tamarindus indica, Prosopis juliflora, Leucaena leucocephala, and Ipomoea carnea in the Mathippanur village of Madurai district, Tamil Nadu, India were assessed to augment their valuable ecosystem services and to get the management strategy for sustainable use. The selected plant species provide economic benefit through their products, regulating soil health, sequestering carbon, and supporting nests of animals. However, they cause discomfort to the associated vegetation and human beings. Both native and exotic species play a crucial role in the ecosystem and the removal of exotic species will lead to disturbance in the ecosystem resilience. For sustainable management, mixed plantations of tree species can be raised in barren and fallow lands. The plantations will aid in monetary support to the local inhabitants, people’s participation in resource management and conservation, and effective use of land and tree services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Search for an efficient anti-cancer compound of natural origin with well-defined mechanisms of action is an important scientific pursuit today, due to cancer being the second leading cause for the death of affected people. The members of the genus Penicillium are one of the important sources of bioactive compounds. In the present study, Penicillium rubens, isolated from a garden soil in Madurai district of Tamil Nadu, was found to produce a highly promising anti-cancer metabolite. The percentage viabilities of HepG2, HeLa and MCF-7 cancer cells treated with the bioactive fraction (P5) isolated from P. rubens, ranged between 40-50% after 96 h. Apoptosis induction was found to be the major reason for the observed reduction in cancer cell proliferation and cell count which was confirmed by caspase activity, DNA fragmentation, clonogenic assay, cell cycle analysis and LDH assays. The upregulation of proapoptotic Bax, coupled with the downregulation of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 expressions were confirmed by RT-qPCR and flow cytometry methods. The current study also indicated an upregulation of p53 which further strengthened the apoptogenic property of P5 fraction. Non-toxicity of P5 was demonstrated on normal peripheral lymphocytes. The analysis of P5 fraction through GC-MS indicated the presence of indole-2, 3-(4,4-dimethyl-3-thiosemicarbazone) as one of the major compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dengue is a microorganism sickness transmitted by the yellow-fever (mosquito Aedes aegypti) mosquito. The global incidence of dengue has grown dramatically in recent decades. In Madurai, dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever has shown an increasing trend. Data associated with dengue fever was gathered from the varied government health agencies. This study analysed dengue cases from 2009–2015 in different precincts in Madurai city. It associates with "Z" score variation based on GIS techniques. Moran's I, average nearest neighborhood and kernel density estimation were used to access spatial distribution cases. The result showed that dengue cases were spatially random (p < 0.0001) by using spatial autocorrelation analysis showed dengue cases within the Madurai wards were highly clustered and occurred at an average distance of 143.56 m. Several locations, especially residential areas had been identified as hot spots of dengue cases in the Madurai city used by using kernel density estimation analysis. It will helpful for health officers in developing efficient control measures and contingency programs in identifying and prioritizing their efforts ineffective dengue control activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reviews existing Effects of an Enriched Library strategy on Teaching Mathematics Enhancing the B.Ed. Trainees 'Achievement in Mathematics. The sample consists of 40 B.Ed. teacher trainees. In the present-day study, the sample contains of 40 B.Ed. trainees at Madurai district, Tamil Nadu the researcher was adopted a purposive sample technique for this study. The investigator used the experimental design. The experimental design was the pre-test and post-test nonequivalent group. The experimental group was taught using An Enriched Library strategies, whereas the control group was taught using conventional teaching methods. In this study a significant found that difference between Post- tests mean scores of Experimental group and the Control B.Ed. trainee's achievement in Mathematics. Experimental means score (M= 22.35) better than the control group (M=16.15) in their post-test mean scores. Enriched Library strategies on Teaching Mathematics were found effective during the intervention. In this study significant found that difference between Post- tests mean scores of the Experimental group and Control B.Ed. trainee's achievement in Mathematics in their effect size. The effect size reveals that the mean of the control group in the post-test is 16.15 and the experimental group is 22.35. The effect size is found to be 4.65 which represents the large effect. Hence, Experimental group performance is superior than the control group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was conducted at the Department of Horticulture, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai during 2018. The experimental plot was laid out in Randomized block design without replication due to segregating population with four crosses P2 X P5, P3 x P5, P5 x P6 and P6 x P5 selected from the F2 generation based on the yield attributes of a single plant from the plant population and raised as F3 generation to find out GCV, PCV, heritability, genetic advance, correlation and path analysis for growth and yield traits. Though in segregating generation the plant possesses bizarre of traits in plant population. However, a wider genetic variability was observed in the crosses. The mean performance for vine length (7.47), average fruit weight (1.15) and the number of fruits per plant (3.42) was estimated for the crosses P2 x P5, P3 x P5, P5 x P6 and P6 x P5. The PCV was registered high with low genetic advance over the mean for average fruit weight (40.44), the number of seeds per fruit (30.55) and fruit yield per plant (64.31). From the correlation it was revealed that the traits viz., average fruit weight (0.822), fruit diameter (0.417), the number of seeds per fruit (0.460) and hundred seed weight (0.340) showed a significant and positive association with fruit yield per plant in the F3 generation. Path coefficient analysis revealed that the biometric traits viz., number of fruits per vine (0.5767) and average fruit weight (0.981) showed a positive direct effect on fruit yields per plant and traits like fruit diameter (0.4566), fruit length (0.3221), flesh thickness (0.1728), number of seeds per fruit (0.5719) and hundred seed weight (0.4939) exhibited positive indirect effect through average fruit weight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The identification of areas of health and disease zones of Madurai city can lead one to associate the factors of social and physical environment that are identified with both. The spatial distribution of diseases is still a matter of importance and mapping plays a huge role in the field. Dengue is a viral disease transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquito. Dengue has become an important public health problem worldwide. It affects tropical and subtropical regions around the world, predominantly urban and semi urban areas. The present study considers the potential impact of vector borne infections on human health. In Madurai, dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever have shown an increasing trend. The study area of Madurai is located in South Tamilnadu, India. This study aimed to map the spatial distribution of dengue cases in Madurai city. This study analyzed dengue cases from 2013 to 2015 in different precincts of Madurai city. The main aim of this study is to locate the distribution of vector born diseases in the study area and associate with "Z" Score variation based on GIS techniques. Identification and interpretation of spatial variations resulting from such distribution suitable policies and decisions for an effective health care planning. The study has shown that by using GIS; it's possible to improve the understanding of the distribution of dengue cases within a particular area. GIS and spatial statistical analyses are important in guiding health agencies, epidemiologists, public health officers, town planners and relevant authorities in developing efficient control measures and contingency programs in identifying and prioritizing their efforts in effective dengue control activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims at investigating the effect of gender on the reading habits, reading preferences and attitudes towards reading among the school students. Survey research with a well-structured questionnaire was employed by the researchers. Five matriculation schools of Madurai City, Tamil Nadu State, India are the unit of study. The secondary and higher secondary students form the sample of the study. Out of 250 questionnaires distributed, 200 duly filled questionnaires were received back. The study reveals that : More boys than girls prefer non-fiction, prefer science fiction, crime and fantasy stories, prefer biographies and autobiographies and essays, spend 1-2 hours per week on reading, prefer Tamil language materials to read, read to pass time and get a job, prefer lips reading, decide to read a book based on table of contents, depend on school library, prefer to read in the early morning, spend 5-10 minutes to read newspaper every day, read GK magazines, visit the library daily, visit the library to borrow books and read newspapers, prefer to visit the library during lunch breaks and read e-magazines. More girls than boys prefer horror stories, motivational books, spend 3-4 hours per week on reading, read to improve knowledge and relax, decide to read a book based on authors, depend on own collection, prefer to read before bed hours, read comics, visit the library once in a week, visit the library to read books, prefer to visit the library during library hours and read e-newspapers. Both boys and girls prefer both fiction and non-fiction, prefer to read English language materials, prefer silent reading, prefer to read at home, prefer Tamil newspapers, prefer to read newspapers in the morning, look for local news and entertainment news in the newspaper, prefer Dinamalar newspaper, prefer Tamil magazines, read subject magazines, prefer to use laptops and desktops, spend less than one hour, read e-books, use search engines to access required e-materials, e-read for time pass, prefer PDF files. Thus, there are instances where gender influences and there are few instances where gender does not influence the reading habits and preferences of the school students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dengue fever is an infectious tropical disease caused by the dengue virus. Dengue is transmitted by several species of mosquito within the genus Aedes, principally A. aegypti. The study area of Madurai is located in South Tamilnadu, India. Mapping of geographical distribution and identification of disease risk area is an important element in disease management efforts. The present study demonstrates the significance of geo-medical mapping in identifying the risk zones of vector-borne disease by taking a study of dengue cases in Madurai city. Data on dengue cases recorded during 2011–2015 in 100 wards (unit area) of Madurai city was analyzed. The land use/land cover map prepared from the satellite image of 2016 was spatially correlated. About 0.34% of the population had been affected by dengue during 2011–2015 in the Madurai city with spatial variations at different wards. Location quotient analysis aided the identification of dengue risk zones in Madurai city. Built-up lands and fallow lands are characterized by a large number of water bodies and irrigated crop land making them more vulnerable to dengue. The main objective of the study was to identify the risk zone of dengue disease through geospatial mapping by taking a geomedical study of Madurai city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study has been undertaken to assess the online information seeking behaviour of the faculty members of Arts and Science colleges in Madurai district. A sample of 50 faculties was selected by random sampling method. The well structured questionnaire was distributed among the faculty members to collect data on the availability of online information services, the major information services used, the purpose of online information seeking and the level of satisfaction. The findings of the study reveal that: Most of the respondents (56%) are male faculty members. Majority of the respondents (32%) visit the library once a week. The majority of the respondents (37%) access information at the college library. Majority of the respondents (43%) need/use online information for their career development. (42%) of the respondents are satisfied with the online sources available in the library. Most of the respondents (33%) use Wikipedia. Majority of the respondents (63%) use search engines to look for information. Majority of the respondents (30%) complained about Lack of time as their major problem in accessing online resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An exposure of polyphase, Neoarchaean-early Palaeoproterozoic basement rocks has been identified in the northeastern part (10°53⋅44'N, 78°22⋅88'E) of the Madurai Province. The dominant migmatitic charnockite contains older enclaves of isoclinally folded syenitic biotite gneiss and boudinaged mafic dykes. A highly evolved (Mg# 10) and high field strength element (HFSE) + rare earth element (REE)-enriched ferroan basic dyke body exhibits a distinct mineralogical zonation produced during intense syn-boudinage infiltration metasomatism, coeval with high-grade metamorphism and anatexis of the host charnockite. Core domains that preserve an anhydrous granulite assemblage (domain A: garnet, clinopyroxene and minor plagioclase) grade through a narrow mineralogical transition zone (domain B) into a broad amphibole-rich rind (domain C: ferropargasite + K-feldspar ± plagioclase, quartz). Pseudosection modelling and thermobarometry yields P-T estimates of ~800 °C, 8 kbar for the granulite-facies metamorphism (M1) and ~730 °C, 7 kbar for the high-grade metasomatism (M2). The changes in fabric, mineral assemblage and whole-rock chemistry across domains A to C reveal near-isovolumetric-isochoric conditions of infiltration-driven metasomatism and an unusual enrichment in large ion lithophile elements (LILE), REE, and HFSE, causing prolific neoblastesis of apatite and zircon, and attest attainment of chemical equilibrium. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) trace element analyses for major constituents and accessory phases in the metasomatic domains provide a new set of equilibrium distribution coefficients for the REE. LA-ICP-MS spot analyses of zircon in well-documented microstructural settings identified the following events: ~2⋅67 Ga: intrusions of foid-bearing syenite and ferroan basic dykes during crustal extension; ~2⋅6 Ga: high-grade metamorphism M1; ~2⋅6 Ga: emplacement of voluminous arc-type intrusions (the protolith of charnockite); ~2⋅48 Ga: high-grade metamorphism and anatexis M2 of the charnockite protolith and metasomatism of the ferroan metabasite. A distinct Pan-African overprint (M3, ~610 Ma, 520 Ma) of the Palaeoproterozoic high-pressure rocks is manifested by hydration related to the exhumation of the deep-seated granulites to mid-crustal levels. This study confirms the continuation of Neoarchaean crust farther south beyond the perceived Palghat Cauvery shear zone system and contradicts the view that this shear zone system represents the Neoproterozoic-Cambrian suture zone along which the Mozambique Ocean was closed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Field experiments were conducted at Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai during kharif and rabi seasons of 2000 - 2001 and 2001-2002, to study the effect nitrogen and potassium management in maximizing the productivity of hybrid rice (ADTRH 1 and CORH 2). The experiments were laid out in randomized block design with three replications. The treatments included sources and levels of nitrogen and split application of N and K. The results revealed that application of 10 t ha-1 green manure along with 200kg ha-1 inorganic nitrogen improved the yield and yield attributes of rice hybrids (ADTRH 1 and CORH2) and also recorded higher yield (8210 kg ha-1 in kharif and 7775 kg ha-1 in rabi seasons) Similarly, application of N and K in four equal splits at active tillering, panicle initiation, booting and flowering recorded higher yield ( 7598 kg ha-1 in kharif and 7272 kg ha-1 in rabi seasons). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]