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Highlights • We estimate twelve emotions from emails - six positive and six negative. • We propose a Markov chain model to capture the emotion dynamics. • An algorithm rates email senders from the most emotional to the least. • The guilty subjects expressed more positive emotions than the non-guilty. • The guilty subjects are not more joyous than the non-guilty.', Abstract Emotion is a crucial indicator of the mental state influenced by environmental cognition, health, and intention. Therefore, modeling emotional patterns from daily communications is useful and vital for behavioral studies. This paper presents an analytical system that combines psycho-linguistics, statistical modeling, and computational algorithms to extract, analyze, and rank users' emotions from their emails. A new category of twelve emotions is proposed to identify a balanced set of six positive emotions and their negative counterparts, respectively. A lexicon-based algorithm is proposed to extract emotions from individual emails at the sentence level by combining thesaurus and parts-of-speech. A Markov chain model is then proposed for the time-dependent emotion stochastic process. Statistical characterization of the Markov chain model provides insights from four aspects: repetition, revisits, steady states, and emotional stability. Finally, an algorithm is discussed to compute the relative ratings of user emotions and subsequently ranking them from the most emotional to the least. As the verification that the proposed system is able to distinguish detailed emotional behaviors caused by mental activities, the Enron email dataset is used to model emotional patterns from 22 executives who were deemed guilty in the court of law vs. 21 non-guilty. Our analysis demonstrates that the proposed system uncovers emotional patterns that are more distinct compared to the traditional emotion categorizations. It is also observed that the guilty subjects express more positive emotions in their emails compared to their non-guilty counterparts, while they are not more joyous than the non-guilty. Such insights have implications for employee risk assessment in organizations. The proposed approach can also be applied to other related areas such as mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper establishes the generalization that whenever agreement with the finite verb is controlled by a constituent that is not in a Spec–Head relation with the inflectional head of the clause, this agreement cannot affect person. A syntactic representation for person inside the noun phrase and on the clausal spine is proposed which, in conjunction with the workings of agreement and concord, accommodates this empirical generalization and derives Baker's Structural Condition on Person Agreement. The proposal also provides an explanation for the φ-feature agreement facts of specificational copular sentences. The paper places its findings on person vs. number agreement in the context of recent psycho- and neuro-linguistic investigation of number/person dissociation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to determine the semantic model of the perception and the adoption of the units of language structure from the point psycho- linguistic formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: We performed a set of experiments dealing with the interpretation of novel Place–Food noun–noun compounds (NNCs) denoting fictive food products, in Danish. These were used in order to address concerns of linguistic theory, in particular the interrelation between semantics and pragmatics, psycholinguistics—investigating the role of sentential context for the interpretation of noun–noun compounds, and consumer oriented food labeling research. In the first experiment, a significant proportion of the novel NNCs was found to have a pre-contextually biased interpretation, in the majority of the cases conforming to what is usually considered the “default” interpretation for the studied type of compounds: FOOD ORIGINATING IN PLACE. In a subsequent experiment, this was however found to be easily overturned when sentential context supported what was initially found to be the least preferred interpretation. This contrasts with previous research comparing the role of such context on conventional NNCs. This suggests a qualitative difference between novel pre-contextually biased NNCs and conventional NNCs, and has implications for the semantics–pragmatics boundary, which we discuss. Furthermore, the three types of interpretations offered to the participants: ORIGINATING IN, RECIPE FROM and REMINDS OF, were shown to form an implicational hierarchy, which could explain the “asymmetric” preferences attributed to them by the participants in the experiments. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: Subtle formal thought disorders are difficult to quantify. Their relationship to florid thought disorder is unknown.Aims: To assess the interrater reliability, sensitivity and factor structure of a new assessment instrument, the Thought and Language Index (TLI), and to determine if minor aberrations detectable in the speech of healthy individuals are related to the more severe formal thought disorders characteristic of schizophrenia.Method: Interrater reliability was evaluated by determining the intraclass correlation for the ratings by five assessors. Factor analysis of the TLI scores of 87 patients was performed, and TLI scores in matched patients and controls were compared.Results: The intraclass correlation was good for individual TLI items, and excellent for sub-scale scores. Factor analysis identified three groups of approximately orthogonal disorders. Mild speech aberrations were observed in healthy participants and in patients with schizophrenia. The prevalence of mild aberrations was correlated with the prevalence of definite formal thought disorders.Conclusions: The TLI is reliable and capable of detecting subtle disorders. Some mild aberrations occurring in the speech of healthy individuals appear to be attenuated forms of the florid disorders characteristic of schizophrenia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the prevailing issues related to Psycholinguistics and Second Language Teaching. The two theories "audiolingual habit" and "cognitive-code learning" have no real conflict between them, as applied to language teaching. Making an opposition between rule-governed behavior and language habits is false. The conception of habit is more general than that of rule. Acquisition of knowledge about rules and the formation of the habits described by these rules, both are required for the learning of second languages. Application of psychological knowledge concerning the learning of language habits would definitely improve the language teaching procedures. Incorporation of situational meanings into language rules, where applicable, is a must and that the corresponding language habits must be made contingent upon these situational meanings. Language teachers need to be constantly reminded of cognitive habit-formation theory as they tend to develop, under the pressure of new fads and theories, a kind of professional panic and anxiety about their work.