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April 15th, 2019: Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris was burning, the spire collapsed on the nave, vaults crumbled and most of the timber roof was gone. In the post-disaster context, the authenticity and the monitoring of the archaeological remains are crucial for their potential reuse during reconstruction. This paper analyzes the collapsed transverse arch from the nave of Notre-Dame as a case study of reconstruction, using the digital twin framework. We propose four facets for the digital twin experiment—physical anastylosis, reverse engineering, spatio-temporal tracking of assets, and operational research—that are described in detail, while being assembled to support a hybrid reconstruction hypothesis. The digital twin can realize the parallel unfolding of physical-native and digital-native processes, while acquiring and storing heterogeneous information as semantically structured data. The results demonstrate that the proposed modeling method facilitates the formalization and validation of the reconstruction problem and increases solutions performances. As result, we present a digital twin framework application ranging from acquisition to data processing that informs a successful hybrid reconstruction hypothesis.

International audience; The historiography concerning Medieval Christian Muslim-Relations over the past sixty years has been shaped by two important books: Norman Daniel’s Islam and the West (1960) and Edward Said’s Orientalism (1978). Each of these works made significant contributions to the field, but each also had serious methodological limitations. Both works assumed and reinforced a conceptual divide between an imagined Christian West and Muslim East. Over the past several decades, some of the most interesting and important work in the field has challenged and reconceptualized this dichotomy.; La historiografía sobre las relaciones medievales entre cristianos y musulmanes durante los últimos sesenta años ha sido moldeada por dos libros importantes: Islam and the West (1960) de Norman Daniel, y Orientalism (1978) de Edward Said. Cada uno de estos trabajos hizo contribuciones significativas al campo, pero cada uno también tuvo serias limitaciones metodológicas. Ambas obras asumieron y reforzaron una división conceptual entre un Occidente cristiano imaginado y un Oriente musulmán. En las últimas décadas, algunos de los trabajos más interesantes e importantes en el campo han cuestionado y reconceptualizado esta dicotomía.

International audience; Nous présentons ici une synthèse de la littérature sur la famille au cours des dernières décennies en Afrique de l’Est. Les textes récents sur le sujet sont plutôt rares et émanent de perspectives disciplinaires différentes, avec leurs propres techniques d’enquête, donnéeset foci géographiques. Si cette diversité apparaît comme une richesse, elle complique les comparaisons interdisciplinaires et internationales, et ralentit la compréhension de tendances communes et des spécificités locales. L’Afrique de l’Est connaissant des changements sociauxrapides, une compréhension des nouvelles configurations familiales, de leurs forces et de leurs faiblesses est indispensable. Une perspective prometteuse à cet égard – « faire famille » – consiste à redéfinir la famille et la parenté dans une perspective interdisciplinaire et àdifférentes échelles.

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International audience; To contribute to the sustainable management of the coastal fishing in the future Marine Protected Area (MPA) of “Taza” (Algeria, SW Mediterranean), the aim of this study was to evaluate the Local Knowledge (LK) of fishers operating near the forthcoming MPA and to understand their conservation-oriented attitudes. Data were collected through interviews and participatory mapping. To this end, 30 face-to-face semi-structured interviews were conducted between June and September 2017 with fishers, collecting socioeconomic, biological, and ecological information in the fishing harbor of Ziama (Jijel, NE Algeria). The case study focuses on both professional and recreational coastal fisheries. This fishing harbor is located in the eastern part of the Gulf of Béjaia, a Bay located within the area of this future MPA, but outside its boundaries. Based on fishers' LK, cartography of fishing grounds within the MPA perimeter was obtained, while the perceived healthy bottom habitats and polluted areas in the Gulf were mapped by the use of a hard copy map. The results show that fishers present detailed knowledge that is consistent with literature about different target species and their breeding seasons, showing awareness about the reserve effects ‘spillover’ in enhancing local fisheries. Overall, the fishers noted that the good management of the MPA relies on limiting trawling in coastal areas and avoiding land-based pollution within the Gulf. Some of such management measures are already included in the proposed zoning plan, but lack of enforcement is a perceived constraint. Given the gap observed between the two shores of the Mediterranean Sea in terms of both financial resources and MPA coverage, the use of local knowledge system (e.g., fishers' LK and their perceptions) can enable the implementation of a cost-effective method to encourage the creation of new MPAs in the Southern shore for more ecological representativeness systems of MPAs at a Mediterranean scale. Therefore, this work offers management opportunities that may be used for addressing the lack of scientific knowledge in managing coastal fishing and valuing MPAs in Southern Mediterranean low-income countries characterized by a data-poor context.

FNEGE 3, HCERES B, ABS 2; International audience; The advent of the COVID-19 pandemic augmented the propensity for fake news globally. Today, over 90% of the global population depends on the internet for information. However, there is an enormous difference in fake news propensity in different countries. Thus, one must understand what factors influence the propensity for fake news during the COVID-19 crisis. Leveraging prior literature on fake news, the authors theorize the relationship between human and economic development and fake news propensity within nations. They analyzed the proposed model on a dataset generated from 104 countries. The research finds that a level of human development did not affect a nation's fake news propensity, while a higher level of economic development curbed its fake news propensity. This research extends prior IS research on fake news at the macro level and aims to better inform governments and policymakers in designing future crisis-proof policies to curb fake news.

International audience; The goal of this paper is to observe revision during handwritten text production of French students with and without dyslexia. Subjects with typical language development automate spelling during childhood and adolescence, progressively with experience, this enables them – according to capacity theory applied to written text production (McCutchen, 1996) to allocate more cognitive resources to higher-level processes (Bereiter & Scardamalia, 1987). A lack of automation in spelling could result in poor compositional performance (Fayol & Miret, 2005). Moreover, Morken & Helland (2013) have shown that young children with dyslexia, engaged in a sentence dictation task, revise their text as much as control children, however their revisions are of lower quality. If students with dyslexia have not totally automated spelling (Author, 2016), what is the impact on higher-level processes, such as revision? Our goal is to examine if students with dyslexia and control students proofread their texts in the same way. Results show that they display some similarity but students with dyslexia seem to have a deficit in the error detection mechanism (Horowitz & Breznitz, 2011) and revisions are less efficient. We discuss these results by considering previous studies we conducted on spelling, speech and neuropsychological assessments of our dyslexic participants.

International audience; This research is part of the Artificial Intelligence Virtual Trainer (AI-VT) project which aims to create a system that can identify the user's skills from a text by means of machine learning. AI-VT is a case-based reasoning learning support system can generate customized exercise lists that are specially adapted to user needs. To attain this outcome, the relevance of the first proposed exercise must be optimized to assist the system in creating personalized user profiles. To solve this problem, this project was designed to include a preliminary testing phase. As a generic tool, AI-VT was designed to be adapted to any field of learning. The most recent application of AI-VT was in the field of computer science specifically in the context of the fundamentals of algorithmic learning. AI-VT can and will also be useful in other disciplines. Developed in Python with the Keras API and the Tensorflow framework, this artificial intelligence-based tool encompasses a supervised learning environment, multi-label text classification techniques and deep neural networks. This paper presents and compares the performance levels of the different models tested on two different data sets in the context of computer programming and algorithms.

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International audience; IntroductionAlcohol use disorder (AUD) is associated with a significant disease burden in France, where alcohol use is deeply rooted in culture. However, the treatment gap is large because of several barriers, including stigmatisation and drinkers' apprehension about total abstinence. However, standardised and evidence-based interventions based on controlled-drinking for people with AUD are lacking. We aimed to assess the effectiveness of a novel community-based French therapeutic patient education (TPE) program for people with AUD named Choizitaconso.MethodsA before-after non-randomised quasi-experimental study, named ETHER, was designed and implemented with people living with AUD, over a period of 6 months. The primary outcome was percentage change in the number of alcohol-related harms experienced. Secondary outcomes were percentage changes in psycho-social patient-reported and community-validated outcomes. Participants in the intervention group (n = 34) benefited from the 10-week TPE program Choizitaconso, while the comparison group (n = 58) received standard care. The Kruskall–Wallis and chi-squared or Fisher's exact tests were used to compare before-after changes in variables in both groups. Linear regression models were used to test for the effect of study group on each outcome and to test for the effect of alcohol consumption as a confounder.ResultsAt 6 months, all outcomes but one either remained stable or numerically improved in both groups. Internalised stigma significantly improved in the intervention group (p = 0.026) but not in the comparison group (p = 0.207), with a significant group effect (p = 0.014).Discussion and ConclusionsThis study demonstrates the effectiveness of the Choizitaconso TPE program on community-validated outcomes, especially internalised stigma.

International audience; La vida y la obra del celebérrimo pintor Pablo Ruiz Picasso están estrechamente vinculadas, como ha demostrado la crítica tras haber abordado su producción desde diferentes puntos de vista. El suicidio de su amigo Carles Casagemas fue el detonante del llamado “período azul”, primera gran etapa dentro del recorrido artístico del malagueño en la que se enfrenta el dibujante Tyto Alba en la novela gráfica La Vida, de 2016. En este estudio, analizaré de qué manera la novela gráfica permite arrojar luz, no solo sobre la historia de una amistad a través de una documentación nutrida acerca de Picasso y Casagemas, sino que, además, por medio de la intermedialidad, el cómic se convierte el vehículo de la pintura picassiana y testimonio gráfico de la bohemia finisecular francoespañola vivida por los dos artistas.

International audience; BackgroundPolarized debates about Covid-19 vaccination and vaccine mandates for healthcare workers (HCWs) challenge Belgian HCWs ability to discuss Covid-19 vaccine sentiments with peers and patients. Although studies have identified drivers of HCWs vaccine hesitancy, they do not include effects of workplace interactions and have not addressed consequences beyond vaccine coverage.MethodsInterviews and focus group discussions with 74 HCWs practicing in Belgium addressed Covid-19 vaccine sentiments and experiences of discussing vaccination with peers and patients.ResultsMost participating HCWs reported difficulties discussing Covid-19 vaccination with peers and patients. Unvaccinated HCWs often feared that expressing their vaccine sentiments might upset patients or peers and that they would be suspended. Consequently, they used social cues to evaluate others’ openness to vaccine-skeptical discourses and avoided discussing vaccines. Surprisingly, some vaccine-confident HCWs hid their vaccine sentiments to avoid peer and patient conflicts. Both vaccinated and unvaccinated HCWs observed that unvaccinated patients occasionally received suboptimal care. Suboptimal care was central in unvaccinated HCW unwillingness to express their vaccine sentiments to peers. Both vaccinated and unvaccinated HCWs described loss of trust and ruptured social relations with peers and patients holding divergent vaccine sentiments.DiscussionBelgian HCW perceived Covid-19 vaccines as a risky discussion topic and engaged in “strategic silences” around vaccination to maintain functional work relationships and employment in health institutions. Loss of trust between HCW and peers or patients, along with suboptimal patient care based on vaccination status, threaten to weaken Belgium’s, and by implication, other health systems, and to catalyze preventable disease outbreaks.

Globally, robots can be described as some sets of moving parts that are dedicated to a task while using their own energy. Yet, humans commonly qualify those machines as being intelligent, autonomous or being able to learn, know, feel, make decisions, etc. Is it merely a way of talking or does it mean that robots could eventually be more than a complex set of moving parts? On the one hand, the language of robotics allows multiple interpretations (leading sometimes to misreading or confusion in various contexts). On the other hand, the status of robots is challenged more and more by technical achievements and humans’ own empirical beliefs. In this paper, we follow a linguistic approach in order to explore the relevance of these words when talking about robots. Since we note that the words impose themselves (even if opposed), we discuss the efficiency of a rhetorical strategy in order to work with such a lexicon in robotics. More precisely, we explore the argumentative technique of the dissociation of notions through the study of a practical case: the case of robot lawn mowers versus hedgehogs.

Based on an ethnosemiotic study of two concerts broadcast in livestream in 2019 and 2020 by the Indochine music band, we observe how fans express themselves about live performances and how they document them on Twitter and Instagram. Through the analysis of their publications and comments, we study which images of these concerts are published, “redocumentarized”, and what meaning and emotions are carried in these publications. The two platforms are places for sharing opinions and emotions. They show that the live experience is lived by anticipation and by extension, and that logics of collection coexist with self-visibility and promotion of the beloved artists.; À partir d’une étude ethnosémiotique de deux concerts diffusés en livestream en 2019 et 2020 par le groupe Indochine, nous observons sur Twitter et Instagram comment les fans s’expriment à propos des live et de quelle manière ils les documentent. À travers l’analyse de leurs publications et commentaires, il s’agit d’étudier quelles images de ces concerts sont publiées, « redocumentarisées », et de quels sens et émotions les fans investissent ces publications. Les deux plateformes sont des lieux de partage d’opinions et d’émotions, mais permettent également à l’expérience live de se vivre par anticipation et par extension, et donnent à voir la coexistence de logiques de collection et de mise en visibilité de soi et des artistes.

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International audience; Pour ma recherche doctorale, j’ai exploré le rapport de certains coordonnateurs d’ULIS collège (unité localisée pour l’inclusion scolaire) à leurs propres pratiques professionnelles en France. Dans le cadre du projet nationale pour une école inclusive, les coordonnateurs d’ULIS sont des enseignants spécialisés qui proposent un enseignement adapté auprès des élèves reconnus en situation de handicap et mettent en œuvre le PPS (projet personnalisé de scolarisation), conçu pour chacun d’entre eux, en collaboration étroite avec les autres enseignants et acteurs du médico-social. À partir d’une approche clinique d'orientation psychanalytique en sciences de l’éducation et de la formation, j’ai souhaité explorer comment les enseignants spécialisés occupant cette fonction complexe vivaient leur métier sur le plan psychique. Dans cette perspective, j’ai mené des entretiens cliniques de recherche avec quatre professionnels. Ici, j’expose le dispositif d’analyse des entretiens mis en place dans l’après-coup et la place particulière de l’écriture comme une modalité d’élaboration psychique. Inspiré des travaux de T. Ogden (1994, 2005), le terme « écrire-rêver » désigne la rêverie sous-tendant le processus d’écriture dans ce dispositif, qui permet la représentabilité du lien interviewer-interviewé en rapport avec la pratique professionnelle. Pour illustrer ce propos, je présente l’analyse d’un seul entretien avec un coordonnateur, en restituant le chemin qui m’a amené à l'hypothèse de l’actualisation d’une réalité « inrêvée » (Ogden, 2005) dans l’entretien en rapport avec son lien aux autres enseignants du collège.

International audience; In anthropology, a rite of passage is a process voluntarily initiated to allow an individual or a group move through a difficult stage of transformation. The liminal period is the intermediate stage of this process (Van Gennep, 1909). The idea of liminality has been widely used in the social sciences and in management. However, although it initially had a strong operational dimension for carrying out a transformation, it has become a simple concept describing the situation of individuals who are disoriented and sidelined. Nonetheless, organizational management needs operational tools to facilitate the integration of individuals during transition phases. This article seeks to understand how rituals can facilitate the integration process of liminal individuals. We study a case of ritual of passage within a highly ritualized non-religious organization: a Masonic lodge. We identify several mechanisms, activated through the ritual, that help to integrate liminal individuals. We analyze them through the ventriloquial perspective of communication, borrowed from the theory called Communicative Constitution of Organization (CCO). The results show that the ritual favors (1) the integration of individuals by reducing the ambiguity of the liminal situation, (2) the affirmation of a temporality, (3) the alignment of individual and collective objectives, (4) the recognition of otherness, (5) the lesser hierarchization of individuals, (6) the reduction of hyper-subjectivity, (7) the use of declarative statements, and (8) the rise in authority. We discuss the discrepancies between these results and works on liminality in management and the possible transposition of these mechanisms to various organizations.; En anthropologie, un rituel de passage est un processus enclenché volontairement pour permettre à un individu ou un groupe de franchir une étape de transformation difficile. La période liminaire est l’étape intermédiaire de ce processus (Van Gennep, 1909). L’idée de liminalité a été largement mobilisée en sciences sociales et en management. Mais, alors qu’initialement elle présentait une dimension opérationnelle forte pour mener à bien une transformation, elle est devenue un simple concept décrivant la situation d’individus désorientés et mis à l’écart. Le management des organisations a pourtant besoin d’outils opérationnels pour faciliter l’intégration d’individus lors de phases de transition. Cet article cherche à comprendre comment les rituels peuvent favoriser le processus d’intégration des individus liminaires. Pour ce faire, nous avons réalisé l’étude d’un cas de rituel de passage, au sein d’une organisation non religieuse très ritualisée : une loge maçonnique. Nous avons identifié plusieurs mécanismes, actionnés au travers du rituel, et agissant sur l’intégration des individus liminaires. Nous les avons analysés grâce à la mobilisation d’une perspective ventriloque de la communication, empruntée à la théorie dite Communicative Constitution of Organization (CCO). Les résultats montrent que le rituel favorise l’intégration des individus par la réduction de l’ambiguïté de la situation liminaire, l’affirmation d’une temporalité, l’alignement des objectifs individuels et collectifs, la reconnaissance de l’altérité, la moindre hiérarchisation des individus, la réduction de l’hypersubjectivité, le recours à des déclaratifs et des montées en autorité. Nous discutons les écarts entre ces résultats et certains travaux sur la liminalité en management ainsi que la possible transposition de ces mécanismes à des organisations diverses.

In a world faced with growing instability and inequality, food supply is a constant challenge for governments and societies. Beyond concrete organizational aspects, two fundamental issues are at stake: the strategic control of flows and the geographical and social relations operating within supply systems. This article focuses on the complementary approaches commonly adopted to address this question, rarely studied in recent years. By closely associating the field of resources and power, it shows that food supply is not simply a technical question of price, volumes and flows, but depends ultimately on the relations between different types of actors – governments, businesses, communities, trade networks, etc. – thus becoming a truly political issue. We observe that under certain authoritarian regimes (Gulf States, Latin America), the organizing state remains ever-present, while outside times of crisis (sub-Saharan Africa), there is greater scope for developing more informal dynamics. Dans un monde d’instabilités et d’inégalités croissantes, l’approvisionnement alimentaire apparaît comme un défi permanent pour les gouvernants et pour les sociétés. Au-delà de ses modalités pratiques d’organisation, il renvoie à deux enjeux fondamentaux : celui de la maîtrise stratégique des flux et celui des liens géographiques et sociaux au sein des systèmes d’approvisionnement. Cet article introductif insiste sur les complémentarités des approches couramment mobilisées pour aborder cette question, récemment peu étudiée. En associant, de manière étroite, le champ des ressources et des pouvoirs, il rappelle combien la fourniture de denrées n’est pas seulement une question technique de prix, de volumes et de flux, mais dépend in fine des relations établies entre différents types d’acteurs : États, entreprises, collectivités, réseaux marchands… On constate que, dans certains contextes autoritaires (pays du Golfe, Amérique latine), la présence de l’État-organisateur reste incontournable, tandis que, hors crise (Afrique subsaharienne), une plus large place est laissée à des dynamiques plus informelles. En un mundo de inestabilidades y desigualdades crecientes, el aprovisionamiento alimentario aparece como un desafío permanente para los gobernantes y las sociedades. Más allá de sus modalidades prácticas de organización, remite a dos desafíos fundamentales: el control estratégico de los flujos y de los vínculos geográficos y sociales en el seno de los sistemas de aprovisionamiento. Este artículo introductorio insiste en las complementariedades de los enfoques empleados habitualmente para abordar esta cuestión, poco estudiada en tiempos recientes. Asociando estrechamente el ámbito de los recursos y el de los poderes, recuerda en qué medida el suministro de bienes no es únicamente una cuestión técnica de precios, volúmenes y flujos sino que depende, en última instancia, de las relaciones establecidas entre diferentes tipos de actores: Estados, empresas, colectividades, redes de mercados, etc. Se constata que, en ciertos contextos autoritarios (países del golfo Pérsico, América Latina…), la presencia del Estado-organizador resulta ineludible mientras que, fuera de los contextos de crisis (África subsahariana), se deja más espacio a dinámicas más informales.

RésuméL'on considère, selon une interprétation largement soutenue, que nous assistons dans la Méditation première à une montée en puissance du doute reposant sur une efficacité croissante des raisons de douter. Nous suggérons ici que nous pouvons défendre une lecture déflationniste du doute des Méditations en ce que la succession des arguments sceptiques utilisés par Descartes accuse une courbe d'efficacité décroissante. Cette lecture n'est bien évidemment pas sans conséquences, évoquées en conclusion, sur l'interprétation de l'exercice même du doute et, plus fondamentalement, de la doctrine cartésienne de la connaissance.

Ecological farming, such as organic and low-input farming, is gaining popularity in the public discourse. One question is how this type of farming may impact farm labour from a socio- economic point of view. The article first discusses how low-input farming practices (i.e. with lower reliance on inputs derived from fossil fuels) may affect the economic returns to labour, measured as the farm’s revenue per hour of labour input, on data from the Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) in 2004-2015 for four European countries. Returns to labour appear to be highest at the two extremes – very low-input farms and highly intensive farms. Farms in the low-input end of the spectrum are in the minority, while the overwhelming majority of farms are intensive and have internal economic incentives to intensify further. The article also analyses how working conditions differ between organic and conventional dairy farms in two European countries based on interviews with farmers in 2019. Results show that all dimensions of working conditions are affected by being an organic farm or not, but this is not the only factor. There are many influences on working conditions, such as the production context and workforce composition.

International audience

International audience; Study objective: Assess the changes in anxiety, depression, and stress levels over time and identify risk factors among healthcare workers in French emergency departments (EDs) during the first COVID-19 outbreak.Method: A prospective, multicenter study was conducted in 4 EDs and an emergency medical service (SAMU). During 3 months, participants completed fortnightly questionnaires to assess anxiety, depression, and stress using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression and the Chamoux-Simard scale. The changes in anxiety, depression, and stress levels over time were modelled by a linear mixed model including a period effect and a continuous time effect within periods.Results: A total of 211 respondents (43.5 %) completed the survey at inclusion. There was a decrease in mean anxiety (from 7.33 to 5.05, p < 0.001), mean depression (from 4.16 to 3.05, p = 0.009), mean stress at work (from 41.2 to 30.2, p = 0.008), and mean stress at home (from 33.0 to 26.0, p = 0.031) at the beginning of each period. The mean anxiety level was higher for administrative staff (+0.53) and lower for paramedics (-0.61, p = 0.047) compared to physicians. The anxiety level increased with the number of day and night shifts (0.13/day, p < 0.001, 0.12/night, p = 0.025) as did stress at work (1.6/day, p < 0.001, 1.1/night, p = 0.007). Reassigned healthcare workers were at higher risk of stress particularly compared to SAMU workers (stress at work: p = 0.015, at home: p = 0.021, in life in general: p = 0.018).Conclusion: Although anxiety, depression, and stress decreased over time, anxiety was higher among physicians and administrative staff. Reassignment and working hours were identified as potential risk factors for mental health distress in EDs.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04383886.

Emergency Departments (ED) have seen an increasing number of older patients who are mostly referred following a call to the Emergency Medical Services (EMS). Long waiting times in settings, which are not designed to meet older patients' needs, may increase the risk of hospital-acquired complications. Unnecessary visits should therefore be avoided as much as possible. The objective of the study was to evaluate whether a program to provide geriatric knowledge and tools to the dispatching physicians of the EMS could decrease ED referrals of older patients.Design: Before-and-after study with two 6-month periods before and after intervention.All calls received by a dispatching physician of the Rhône EMS from 8 am to 6 pm concerning patients aged 75 years or above during the study period.A program consisting of training dispatching physicians in the specific care of older patients and the developing, with a multidisciplinary team, of specific tools for dispatching physicians.Proportion of ED referrals of patients aged 75 years or above after a call to the EMS.A total of 2671 calls to the Rhône EMS were included corresponding to 1307 and 1364 patients in the pre-and post-intervention phases, respectively. There was no significant difference in the proportion of referrals to the ED between the pre-intervention (61.7%) and the post-intervention (62.8%) phases (p = 0.57). Contact of the patients with their General Practitioner (GP) in the month preceding the call was associated with a 22% reduced probability of being referred to an ED.No beneficial effect of the intervention was demonstrated. This strategy of intervention is probably not effective enough in such time-constraint environment. Other strategies with a specific parallel dispatching of geriatric calls by geriatricians should be tested to avoid these unnecessary ED referrals.ClinicalTrials NCT02712450.

Textil als interkulturelles Objekt ? Prozesse der Verwertung und Aneignung ausländischer Modelle von bemalten Geweben (18.-19. Jahrhundert) — Das Textil veranschaulicht insofern die Fähigkeit der Industrieunternehmer, sich verschiedener Quellen zu bedienen, als sie aus dieser Materie ein interkulturelles Objekt gemacht haben, das aus den Handelsbeziehungen und dem kulturellen Austausch entstanden ist. Die Untersuchung der französischen Produktionen in der zweiten Hälfte des 18. und am Anfang des 19. Jahrhunderts lässt eine ambivalente Haltung der Hersteller gegenüber den ausländischen Modellen erkennen, welche mal gefordert, mal ignoriert wurden, während die Berufung auf ihre Herkunft sich in einen Innovationsdiskurs einfügte. Die Druckindustrie hat sich in Frankreich mit Hilfe von Verfahrenstechniken und Dekor aus dem Ausland entwickelt. Unser Beitrag vergleicht die Beziehungen Frankreichs mit Indien einerseits und mit Englands andererseits und analysiert die Aneignungs- und Hybridisierungsprozesse, die im Vergleich zu den sie begleitenden Diskursen stets eine komplexere Realität spiegeln. Aziza Gril-Mariotte ist Dozentin für Kunstgeschichte an der Universität Straßburg, Mitglied der Forschungsgruppe CRESAT EA 3436 und assoziiertes Mitglied der Forschungsgruppe ARCHE EA 3400.; Textiles as intercultural objects. the uses of foreign models in 18th and 19th century painted fabrics — Textiles exemplify the ways in which manufacturers can reuse various sources, thus becoming intercultural objects, created as a result of trade and cultural exchange. The study of the fabrics produced in France in the second half of the 18th century and the early 19th century reveals manufacturers’ ambivalence towards foreign models, which were sometimes foregrounded and sometimes dismissed. Mention of their origin served as an argument in manufacturers’ claims to innovation. The printing industry developed in France thanks to the appropriation of foreign technological devices and patterns. Through comparison with the relationships between the Indies and England, this paper analyses the processes of adaptation and hybridization, and examines them against the discourses which were held at the same time. Reality proves to have been in all cases much more complex. Aziza Gril-Mariotte is associate professor in art history at the University of Haute-Alsace, belongs to the research team CRESAT EA 3436 and is an associate member of the research team ARCHE EA 3400.; Le textile, un objet interculturel ? Processus de valorisation et d’appropriation des modèles étrangers dans les toiles peintes (XVIIIe-XIXe siècle) — Le textile illustre la capacité des industriels à s’approprier des sources variées, faisant de ce support un objet interculturel qui résulte des relations commerciales et des échanges culturels. L’étude des productions françaises, durant la seconde moitié du xviiie et le début du XIXe siècle, révèle une attitude ambivalente des manufacturiers vis-à-vis des modèles étrangers, tantôt revendiqués, tantôt ignorés, l’invocation de leur origine relevant d’un discours de l’innovation. L’industrie de l’impression s’est développée en France grâce à l’appropriation de procédés techniques et de décors étrangers. En comparant les relations entre les Indes et l’Angleterre, nous analysons les procédés d’adaptation et d’hybridation en les confrontant aux discours qui les accompagnent, montrant ainsi que la réalité est toujours plus complexe.

Since the 1990s, Indonesia has been confronted with the growing influence of a radical Islamist movement that challenges the state doctrine (Pancasila), which was adopted in 1945, and demands a greater place for Islam, which is the religion of nearly 90 per cent of the population. The hardline groups wish to call into question the Indonesian state’s pluralistic and inclusive religious identity, which they see as a conspiracy hatched by the Christian minority to deprive the Muslim majority of its ostensible rights. The Society of Jesus, which has been present in Java since the nineteenth century, is considered by Islamist critics as the main architect of this alleged plot. Furthermore, one of its members, Father Josephus Beek, is presented by Islamist radicals as one of the founders of the New Order (1966–1998), the regime led by General Suharto which was very hostile to political Islam in its early days. This article analyses how the Society of Jesus was able to integrate Catholicism into the Javanese spiritual landscape and explores the subsequent roles played by Jesuit leaders in the genesis and defence of Pancasila. It also sheds light on how Josephus Beek’s very real manoeuvres have provided fodder for militant Islamist circles seeking to delegitimate Indonesia’s secular status quo.

International audience

International audience; La cuestión de la búsqueda de la verdad sobre los crímenes de la Guerra civil (1936–1939), del franquismo (hasta 1975) y de su transición hacia un Estado democrático es una realidad muy contemporánea en el Estado español. Esta problemática se plantea de manera más específica en el País Vasco. Desde la transición española (1975–1982) hasta 2014, la violencia ha seguido siendo importante en este territorio. El carácter violento de la transición en el País Vasco y la ausencia de verdad sobre los crímenes pasados han creado un terreno propicio a la continuación de la práctica de la tortura. Las iniciativas por parte del Gobierno vasco en relación con el “derecho a la verdad” parecen modelos innovadores y perfectibles en el caso del País Vasco y de la tortura.

Objectif : Dresser un bilan des outils quantitatifs disponibles pour mesurer les représentations de la maladie et analyser leur utilisation empirique auprès de patients atteints de cancer. Matériel et méthodes : Revue de la littérature. Résultats : Sept outils de mesure des représentations de la maladie existent dont un spécifique au cancer. L’Illness Perception Questionnaire est utilisé dans 29 des 33 études retenues. Conclusion : Associer ces échelles avec des méthodes reposant sur des approches davantage centrées sur le contexte socioculturel semble à privilégier.

International audience; In a world more and more affected by natural and/or industrial disasters, it is essential to understand, analyze and control human behavior during such events. The work presented in this article is one of the results of a transdisciplinary collaboration between geographers, psychologists, mathematicians, computer scientists, operational staff and stakeholders in risk management. This collaboration made it possible to identify the diverse behavioral reactions that can occur during a disaster and to propose a categorization of these behavioral states and their transitions. These behavioral dynamics are described by the APC (Alert-Panic-Control) mathematical model, which integrates two key elements (among others) during disasters: cognition and social contagion. Several scenarios are developed, and a qualitative analysis of the model is conducted to better understand the role of crowd density and risk culture on behavioral dynamics.; Dans un monde de plus en plus touché par les catastrophes naturelles et/ou industrielles, il est essentiel de comprendre, d'analyser et de maîtriser les comportements humains lors de tels événements. Le travail présenté dans cet article est l'un des résultats d'une collaboration transdisciplinaire entre géographes, psychologues, mathématiciens, informaticiens, opérationnels et acteurs de la gestion des risques. Cette collaboration a permis d'identifier les diverses réactions comportementales pouvant survenir lors d'une catastrophe et de proposer une catégorisation de ces états comportementaux et de leurs transitions. Ces dynamiques comportementales sont décrites par le modèle mathématique APC (Alerte-Panique-Contrôle), qui intègre deux éléments clés (parmi d'autres) lors de catastrophes : la cognition et la contagion sociale. Plusieurs scénarios sont développés et une analyse qualitative du modèle est menée pour mieux comprendre le rôle de la densité de la foule et de la culture du risque sur la dynamique comportementale.

L’attention portée à la relation formation-emploi depuis les années 1960 a conduit à une abondante littérature sur l’analyse de la correspondance des deux termes de cette relation. Tout un pan de cette littérature investigue cette relation sous l’angle du déclassement professionnel, à savoir le fait pour un individu d’avoir un niveau de formation initiale supérieur au niveau normalement requis pour le poste (Fondeur et Minni, 1999). Le déclassement y apparait comme un phénomène majeur des déb...

Twenty years ago, the Journal du CNRS published a short note entitled “La perle de la pluridisciplinarité” (“The pearl of multidisciplinarity”), a Word Game about an experiment carried out with carnelian bead craftsmen working in the town of Khambhat (India, Gujarat state) by a small group of five researchers from different institutions and various scientific fields: archaeology, psychology, biomechanics and neuroscience. This article examines various facets of this interdisciplinary experience, analyzing the way questions were posed, collaborations formed, relationships between researchers. Other issues such as funding and publications are also considered as well as institutional difficulties and scientific misunderstandings of such approaches, knowing that disciplinary boundaries often remain the standard., Il y a vingt ans paraissait dans le journal du CNRS une page intitulée « La perle de la pluridisciplinarité », jeu de mots sur l’expérimentation menée avec des artisans tailleurs de perles de cornaline dans un atelier de la ville de Cambay, en Inde (état du Gujarat), réalisée par un petit groupe de cinq chercheurs venant d’institutions différentes et représentant plusieurs disciplines : archéologie, psychologie, biomécanique et neurosciences. Cet article retrace les différentes facettes de cette expérience interdisciplinaire analysant la manière dont se construisent les questionnements, les collaborations, les rapports entre chercheurs, les questions de financement et de publications, ainsi que les difficultés ou incompréhensions que suscitent de telles approches alors que le découpage disciplinaire reste souvent la norme.

This article analyses worker cooperatives by questioning their capacity to produce a relatively autonomous and protective social relationship of activities for their members as compared to the dominant wage labor nexus. Drawing on regulationist works on the wage labor nexus and the social relationship of activities, we propose a reading based on the conceptualization of a specific “cooperative social relation of activities”, based on the principle of double quality. This principle is characterized by four main components : (1) futurity ; (2) governance ; (3) work organization ; (4) income and mutualization. Through a historical reinterpretation and the highlighting of stylized facts, we consider the historical evolution of the “cooperative social relationship of activities” in worker cooperatives in France, in relation to the evolution of the wage labor nexus. Three main periods are identified : 1815–1910 with a “cooperative social relationship of activities” as an alternative to the emergence of the wage labor nexus ; 1910–1980 with its assimilation into the wage society ; and from the 1980s onwards with the return of an ideal bypassing wage subordination. From the perspective of this theoretical and historical approach to the “cooperative social relationship of activities”, we discuss its capacity to produce forms of social protection and wage security within the enterprise in the face of an increasingly precarious wage labor nexus. Finally, we discuss the fact that democratic governance is supposedly not only a key element of differentiation of the “cooperative social relationship of activities”, but also a condition for producing wage protection in the enterprise.; Cet article analyse les coopératives de production en questionnant leur capacité à produire un rapport social d’activités relativement autonome et protecteur vis-à-vis du rapport salarial dominant. En prenant appui sur les travaux régulationnistes consacrés au rapport salarial et au rapport social d’activité, nous proposons une lecture basée sur la conceptualisation d’un « rapport social d’activités coopératif » spécifique, fondé sur le principe de double qualité. Il se caractérise par quatre composantes principales : 1) la futurité ; 2) la gouvernance ; 3) l’organisation du travail ; 4) les revenus et mutualisations. À travers une relecture historique et la mise en lumière de faits stylisés, nous considérons l’évolution historique du « rapport social d’activités coopératif » dans les coopératives de production en France, au regard de l’évolution du rapport salarial. Trois principales périodes sont dégagées : 1815-1910 avec un « rapport social d’activités coopératif » alternatif à l’émergence du salariat ; 1910-1980 avec son assimilation dans la société salariale ; enfin à partir des années 1980 avec le retour d’un idéal contournant la subordination salariale. Au regard de cette lecture théorique et historique du « rapport social d’activités coopératif », nous questionnons sa capacité à produire des formes de protection et de sécurisation salariale au sein de l’entreprise face à un rapport salarial de plus en plus précaire. Nous mettons finalement en discussion le fait que la gouvernance démocratique serait non seulement un élément clé de différenciation du « rapport social d’activités coopératif », mais aussi une condition pour produire une protection salariale dans l’entreprise.