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V letu 2020 obeležujemo mednarodno leto zdravja rastlin. V kmetijstvu in vrtnarstvu je pojem zdravja rastlin dobro znan, medtem ko se za naravno okolje vse premalokrat omenja. Gozdove ogrožajo številni domači in tujerodni organizmi, ki jim naša dejavnost v okolju omogoča vse lažje in hitrejše širjenje v prostoru. Za preprečitev oz. omejevanje širjenja je ključno delovanje fitosanitarnih inšpekcij in nadzora na mejah ob vstopu tujega blaga, na lokalnem nivoju pa ozaveščenost strokovnih služb, lastnikov zemljišč ter vseh obiskovalcev narave, da upoštevajo osnovne ti. biovarnostne ukrepe. Biovarnost je skupek ukrepov, ki zmanjšajo ali v celoti preprečijo vnos in prenos škodljivih organizmov z ene lokacije na drugo. Po navadi ukrepi zajemajo čiščenje oblačil, obutve, vozil in opreme vseh organskih ostankov rastlin in zemlje ter pregled notranjosti vozila glede prisotnosti žuželk. V prispevku predstavljamo kot primer dobre prakse ozaveščanja o pomenu biovarnosti v gozdovih obširno akcijo Združenega kraljestva Keep it clean ter iščemo ovire in priložnosti za rabo pri nas. V Sloveniji je pojem biovarnosti uveljavljen v kmetijstvu (npr. v prašičjereji in hmeljarstvu), v gozdarstvu pa je dokaj neznan. Z zakonsko dovoljenim prostim dostopom v gozd, gosto mrežo gozdnih cest in v zadnjem času povečanim obiskom gozdov je ob morebitni prisotnosti škodljivih organizmov potencial za njihovo hitro razširjenje izjemno velik. Vendar pa je tudi prostora za izboljšanje sedanje situacije še veliko. Med priložnostmi lahko izpostavimo ozaveščanje v smeri higiene in ukrepov, ki so potrebni za preprečitev vnosa in prenosa škodljivih organizmov, posodobitev veljavne zakonodaje na področju zdravja rastlin in gozdarstva, njuno uskladitev z veljavno evropsko zakonodajo ter nadzor nad njihovim izvajanjem. Nikakor pa ne smemo pozabiti na največjo priložnost vsakega izmed nas, da se vede odgovorno do okolja, v katerem živimo. In the year 2020, we commemorate the international year of plant health. In agriculture and gardening, the idea of plant health is well known, however, it is seldom mentioned for the natural environment. The forests are endangered by numerous native and non-native organisms, to whom our activities enable more and more fast and easy spread. For prevention or limitation of their spread, the activities of phytosanitary inspections and border controls at entering foreign goods are crucial on the local level, this role is played by awareness of professional services, landowners, and all visitors of the nature to comply with the basic, i.e. biosecurity measures. Biosecurity is a complex of measures which reduce or totally prevent intake and transfer of harmful organisms from one location to another. The measures usually comprise cleaning all organic waste of plants and soil from the clothing, footwear, vehicles, and equipment and checking the interior of the vehicles regarding the presence of insects. In this article, we present Keep it clean, the extensive action by the United Kingdom, as an example of good practice and look for impediments and opportunities for applying it here. In Slovenia, the idea of biosecurity is established in the agriculture (e.g. in pig farming and hop production), however, it is rather unknown in forestry. Through the legally allowed free access to the forests, a dense network of forest roads, and, lately, increased forest visits, the potential for fast-spreading of harmful organisms is extremely large in the case of their presence. However, there is also much room for the improvement of the present situation. Among the opportunities, we can highlight making people aware of the hygiene and measures, needed for preventing the intake and transport of harmful organisms, updating the valid legislation in the field of plant health and forestry, necessary harmonization with the European legislation, and control over their implementation. However, we should by no means forget the greatest opportunity for every one of us to act responsibly toward the environment we live in.

Koreninski eksudaciji rastline namenjajo dobršen del svojih asimilatov. Njihovo pomembnost za rastline še vedno odkrivamo, kažejo pa se učinki eksudatov na rizosferne organizme (tudi parazitske), na sosednje rastline (alelopatija), na boljši privzem hranil in drugo. Koreninski eksudati se lahko tako delijo v grobem na snovi z majhno in snovi z veliko molekulsko maso, vsaka pa ima različne načine delovanja. Diploma se osredotoči na možnosti uporabe koreninskih eksudatov za omilitev škod na kmetijskih rastlinah, ki jih povzročajo talni škodljivci in bolezni. Poiskati je treba nove, okoljsko sprejemljivejše možnosti zatiranja zaradi naraščanja pridelave ekološke hrane in omejitve uporabe fitofarmacevtskih sredstev, kar je posledica strožje zakonodaje. Potencialnih rastlin za pridobivanje koreninskih eksudatov je precej, podrobneje sem opisal grah, križnice in koruzo. Pridobivanje samih koreninskih eksudatov pa je še v povojih, večina načinov pridobivanja je zaenkrat primerna le za laboratorijske poskuse. Največji potencial za pridobivanje eksudatov v pridelavi ima tehnika z kontinuiranim spiranjem. Sama aplikacija koreninskih eksudatov lahko poteka s kolobarjenjem, medsetvijo, biofumigacijo, škropljenjem ekstraktov in drugače. Potencial uporabe koreninskih eksudatov kot preventivnega sredstva v ekološki pridelavi je na podlagi pregledanih člankov znaten. Plants spend a good portion of their assimilates for root exudation. The importance of this process for plants is still being discovered. The effects on rhizospheric organisms (also parasitic), on adjacent plants (allelopathy), on larger nutrient uptake and more are rather well kown. Root exudates can be roughly divided into low molecular weight and high molecular weight substances, each having different modes of action. The diploma thesis focuses on possibilities of using root exudates against soil pests. New, environmentally friendly control options against pests are being investigated in order to increase the production of organic food and restrict the use of synthetic pesticides as a result of stricter legislation. There are many potential plants for root exudate production here I put the emphasis on pea, Cruciferae and corn. However, the larger-scale extraction of root exudates is still in its infancy, and most of the extraction methods are only suitable for laboratory experiments. The greatest potential for producing exudates in cultivation is the technique of continuous rinsing. The application of root exudates, however, can be executed through crop rotation, interplanting, biofumigation, extract spraying, and more. The potential of using root exudates as a preventive agent in organic production is very promising based on the articles reviewed here.

V obsežni raziskavi izvedeni v letu 2012 o značilnostih varstva vinske trte pred škodljivimi organizmi je bilo ugotovljeno, da se pri dejavnikih odločanja za zatiranje škodljivih organizmov v 66 % pridelovalci odločijo za dejavnik pregleda nasada in v 42,70 % upoštevajo navodila strokovnih služb in napovedovalne službe. Pri nekemičnih ukrepih 100 % pridelovalcev uporablja mehansko zaščito pred glodalci in divjimi živalmi in plevel uničuje mehansko. Pred boleznimi in škodljivci se poslužujejo odstranjevanja zelenih delov (96,70 % in 100%), izbora sorte (87 % in 53,30 %) in načina pridelave (90 %). Glavni dejavnik pri nakupu fitofarmacevtskih sredstev so lastne izkušnje (67 %) in priporočila strokovnih služb (13 %). Škodljivi organizmi se v 32 % pojavljajo vsako leto, občasno se jih pojavlja v 25 % in v 43 % se pojavijo redko ali nikoli. Pridelovalci v 45 % škodljive organizme zadovoljivo obvladujejo in v 50 % delno. Ukrepi za zmanjšano porabo fitofarmacevtskih sredstev so izboljšana tehnika nanosa (100 %), način pridelave (100 %), mehansko zatiranje plevelov (100 %), izbor sorte (70 - 76,7 %), odstranjevanje obolelih delov(73,30 – 100 %), biotično varstvo in metode zbeganja (93,39 %). Z dostopnostjo in učinkovitostjo fitofarmacevtskih sredstev na našem trgu so pridelovalci zadovoljni. Stroški varstva vinske trte pred škodljivimi organizmi vinske trte na ha površine se gibljejo v razponu od 395,84 €/ha do 976,14 €/ha. Delež stroškov varstva vinske trte pred škodljivimi organizmi v lastni ceni pridelave grozdja predstavlja od 9 - 15,05 % v odvisnosti od velikosti nasada. In a comprehensive survey conducted in 2012 on the characteristics of protection against grapevine pests were found to be factors in the decision-making for pest control in 66 % of the producers decide to review the crop factor and 42.70 % Follow the professional services and forecasting service . For non-chemical measures 100 % of growers use mechanical protection against rodents and wild animals and destroying weeds mechanically. Against diseases and pests utilizing the disposal of green parts (96.70 % and 100 %), selection of varieties (87 % and 53.30 %) and the method of production (90 %). The main consideration when buying a PPP are our own experience (67 %) and recommendations from professional services (13 %). Harmful organisms in 32 % occur each year, occasionally they are found in 25 % and 43 % occur rarely or never. Producers in 45 % of harmful organisms controlled and satisfactory in 50% partially. Measures for reducing the consumption of plant protection products as improved coating technique (100 %), crops (100 %), mechanical weed control (100 %), selection of varieties (70 - 76.7 %), removal of diseased parts (73.30 to 100 %), biological control and mating disruption method (93.39 %). With the availability and efficiency of plant protection products on the market today, growers happy. Cost of protection against grapevine pests of vines per hectare of surface area are in the range of € 395.84 / € 976.14 to ha / ha. Share of the costs of protection against grapevine pests in grape production cost price represents from 9 - 15.05 %, depending on the size of the plantation.