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To meet the problem of ever-increasing wireless data congestion, the fifth-generation (5G) wireless communication system is projected to employ tiny cellphone networks for the needs of consumers heavily. One of the most significant elements of 5G networks will be sustainable interactions, as the quantity of power utilized by the information and communication technology (ICT) sector is expected to rise significantly by the end of the century. Therefore, scientists have focused much attention in recent years on developing strategies for designing small cell networks that use electricity optimistically. In addition, service providers need energy-efficient backing-up technologies to aid in using packed tiny cells. This research presents an interaction model that is well-suited to 5G HetNets and has a low power footprint. The model here accounts for an internet connection's contact and backup portions. We create and present a mathematical framework to calculate the optimum number of tiny mitochondria that need to be maintained active at numerous hours of the day to minimize power consumption while still satisfying quality of service requirements set by customers. Our investigation into the backhaul's electrical consumption led us to discover and put forward two energy-saving backing-up methods for 5G HetNets. Computer simulations show that the provided sustainable communication framework can reduce energy consumption by as much as 49% compared to the status quo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work proposes a new hybrid bidirectional standard single mode fiber (SSMF)/free space optical (FSO) dual polarization quadrature amplitude modulation (DP‐QAM) employing optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). An optical multicarrier generator (OMG) source is utilized. The suggested model is simulated using VPI photonics software. Thirty‐two optical OFDM channels are used; each carrier's 30 Gbps information data with DP‐QAM are employed to improve the performance of the fifth‐generation passive optical network (5G‐PON) for downstream and upstream transmission. In addition, 16‐QAM signals are used in DP. The impact of continuous wavelength (CW) lasers and high data rates in the proposed 5G‐PON has been investigated for DP‐QAM‐OFDM. The results reveal 0.96 Tb/s and 0.1 Tb/s for the downstream and upstream directions, respectively, under different turbulence effects. Furthermore, the simulation results show that the proposed model can achieve an SSMF length and FSO propagation ranges of 20 km and 2 km, respectively, with the symbol error rate (SER) (<10−9) and error vector magnitude (EVM) (<0.186). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new or future communication systems require much higher flexibility and scalability to support diverse scenarios. In this paper, a high-throughput low-density parity-check (LDPC) decoder on graphics processing unit is presented to meet the flexible and scalable requirements. A memory-reduced forward/backward approach for the check node update is proposed. Moreover, elaborate on-chip memory allocations are conducted to improve memory bandwidth. The proposed (26112, 8448) 5G LDPC decoder on RTX4090 achieves 27.6 Gbps decoding throughput with five layered iterations, while the latency is less than 1 ms. Compared with related works, the throughput speedups obtained by the presented LDPC decoder are from 1.18 × to 12.4 × . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A conformal reflective metasurface fed by a dual-band multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna is proposed for low-cost beam steering applications in 5G Millimeter-wave frequency bands. The beam steering is accomplished by selecting a specific port of MIMO antenna. Each MIMO port is associated with a beam that points in a different direction due to a conformal reflective metasurface. This novel conformal metasurface antenna design has the advantages of higher gain, lower cost, a simpler feeding source, and a lower profile when compared to traditional reflective metasurfaces using bulky horn antennas and phased arrays with complex feeding networks and phase shifters for beam steering. The proposed beam steering antenna consists of a compact five-element dual-band MIMO and a 32 × 32 unit-cell conformal dual-band reflective metasurface placed at the top of the MIMO antenna to obtain the beam steering capability as well as gain enhancement. The proposed reflective metasurface has a stable response under oblique incidence angles of up to 60 0 at 24 GHz and 38 GHz and its symmetric, single-layer structure, ensures polarization insensitivity and stable response under conformal conditions. The presented MIMO antenna design is not only compact but also offers a wideband response effectively covering the desired 5G mm-wave frequency bands. The overall size of the MIMO antenna alone is 70 × 12 mm 2 with a maximum gain of 5.4 and 7.2 dB. It is further improved up to 13.1 and 14.2 dB at 24 and 38 GHz respectively, with a beam steering range of ś 40 0 by using a conformal reflective metasurface. Unlike the existing beam steering strategies, the suggested method is not only cost-effective but also increases the overall directivity and gain of the source MIMO antenna. The measured results agree with the simulated results, making it a potential candidate in the 5G and beyond beam steering applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work addresses the optimized planning of survivable optical 5G Xhaul access networks employing passive Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) technologies. Specifically, it focuses on the reliability of optical transmission paths connecting remote radio sites to a central hub ensured by using a novel, cost-effective, flexible, and dedicated path protection (DPP-F) scheme, protecting against single-link failures. The proposed DPP-F network protection approach allows for switching of individual wavelengths or the complete multiplexed WDM signal, flexibly applying the best switching option according to given traffic demands. Concurrently, it enables traffic aggregation on the transmission paths from the end and intermediate nodes to minimize the overall network deployment cost. The problem of selecting primary (working) and backup (protection) paths, together with the selection of the best switching and traffic aggregation options, is modeled and solved as a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) optimization problem. To evaluate the cost savings achieved with DPP-F, we compare it with two reference DPP schemes based on switching the entire multiplexed WDM signal (DPP-M) and individual wavelengths (DPP-W). Numerical experiments conducted across a wide range of network scenarios reveal, among other things, that DPP-F's performance is at least as good as that of the reference methods, bringing significant cost savings (from several to tens of percent) in most of the analyzed network scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the extensively accessible bandwidth of many tens of GHz, millimeter-wave (mmWave) and sub-terahertz (THz) frequencies are anticipated to play a significant role in 5G and 6G wireless networks and beyond. This paper presents investigations on mmWave bands within the indoor environment based on extensive simulations; the study considers the behavior of the omnidirectional and directional propagation characteristics, including path loss exponents (PLE) delay spread (DS), the number of clusters, and the number of rays per cluster at different frequencies (28 GHz, 39 GHz, 60 GHz and 73 GHz) in both line-of-sight (LOS) and non-LOS (NLOS) propagation scenarios. This study finds that the PLE and DS show dependency on frequency; it was also found that, in NLOS scenarios, the number of clusters follows a Poisson distribution, while, in LOS, it follows a decaying exponential distribution. This study enhances understanding of the indoor channel behavior at different frequency bands within the same environment, as many research papers focus on single or two bands; this paper considers four frequency bands. The simulation is important as it provides insights into omnidirectional channel behavior at different frequencies, essential for indoor channel planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a comprehensive evaluation of the previously introduced multidisciplinary model to quantify human uncertainty (MMtQHU) within a realistic 5G-enabled cyber–physical–social systems (CPSS) environment. The MMtQHU, which integrates human, social, and environmental factors into CPSS modeling, is applied to the Ingolstadt traffic scenario (InTAS), a detailed urban simulation reflecting high-traffic conditions. By modeling unpredictable driver behaviors, such as deviations from optimal routes, the study assesses the model's effectiveness in managing human-induced uncertainties in vehicle-for-hire (VFH) applications. The evaluation shows that human uncertainty significantly impacts 5G network resource allocation and traffic dynamics. A comparative analysis of traditional resource allocation methods reveals their limitations in handling the dynamic nature of human behavior. These findings underscore the necessity for advanced, adaptive strategies, potentially leveraging artificial intelligence and machine learning to enhance the resilience and efficiency of 5G networks in CPSS environments. The study offers valuable insights for future advancements in robust and adaptive 5G infrastructure by highlighting the critical role of integrating human behavior into CPSS models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Swarm algorithms promise to solve certain problems in large multi-robot systems. The evaluation of large swarms is however challenging as simulations alone often lack some properties of real systems whereas real-world experiments are costly and complex. We present a mixed reality (MR) system that connects simulated and physical robots though a 5G network, facilitating MR experiments to evaluate communication-based swarm algorithms. The effectiveness of the system is demonstrated through extensive experiments with unmanned aerial vehicles. Measurements show that the communication requirements of swarm coordination are well met by 5G but the computing power of the simulation server can be a bottleneck. However, even when the simulation slows down, communication and coordination take place in real time. In conclusion, 5G-enabled MR experiments are a feasible tool for bridging the reality gap in the development and evaluation of robot swarms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Millimetre-waves (mmWaves), a critical part of 5G, have not been extensively studied in the sub-Saharan tropical environment. This study was conducted to model the outdoor propagation path loss of mmWaves in four Nigerian cities at 28, 38, 60, and 73 GHz for 5G mobile systems: Abuja, Lagos, Ibadan, and Port Harcourt. The study utilised simulation data from a Composite Raytracing-Image-Method propagation model in MATLAB 2023a with OpenStreetMap 3D building maps to formulate the Close-In free-space Reference Distance (CI), Floating Intercept (FI), and Alpha–Beta-Gamma (ABG) large-scale path loss models. This model considered the specific atmospheric conditions, terrain, building materials and structures, and geographical layouts of each site. The study found that the path loss exponent ranged from 2.712 to 3.819 in line-of-sight scenarios, with shadow fading standard deviation (σCI) ranging from 11.778 to 37.199. In non-line-of-sight scenarios, the path loss exponent ranged from 3.375 to 5.033, with σCI ranging from 12.441 to 44.181 across the four frequencies studied. The ABG model consistently provided the most accurate predictions compared to CI and FI, particularly the mean absolute error and root mean square error values. However, performance varied across cities, frequencies, and scenarios, with Port Harcourt exhibiting the highest path loss values across all frequencies and scenarios, followed by Lagos. Furthermore, the omnidirectional large-scale path loss increases marginally as the frequency increases, except at 60 GHz, which had a higher path loss per distance than 73 GHz. Finally, the findings showed that the propagation characteristics of mmWaves for 5G networks in sub-Saharan tropical environments, such as Nigeria, exhibit significant variability based on factors such as atmospheric conditions, terrain, building materials, and geographical layouts. The formulated path loss models can be used to predict the coverage area and signal quality of millimetre-wave communication systems at these frequencies and locations. Article Highlights: Millimetre-waves path loss in Nigerian cities varies significantly with frequency, environmental and structural factors. Path loss increases with frequency, but 60 GHz suffers more loss over distance than 73 GHz due to oxygen absorption. The ABG path loss model outperforms others, providing more accurate predictions for sub-Saharan tropical environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the synthesis, structural analysis, and microwave dielectric characteristics of ZnZrNb2O8 ceramics, prepared via solid-state reaction method and subjected to sintering at temperatures ranging from 1,000°C to 1,200°C for 4 h. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirms the successful formation of ZnZrNb2O8 phase, with a monoclinic wolframite phase. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) investigations unveil microstructural features such as grain size and porosity, reveals material's morphological details. Dielectric properties conducted in the microwave frequency regime show a correlation between dielectric constant (εr) and relative density of the ceramics. Importantly, the ceramics exhibited a suitable dielectric constant and low dielectric loss, indicative of their suitability for microwave applications. Remarkably, ZnZrNb2O8 ceramics sintered at 1,150°C for 4 h exhibit excellent microwave dielectric properties (εr = 27.2, Q × f = 54,500 GHz, and τf = -60 ppm/°C). These findings underscore the potential of ZnZrNb2O8 ceramics as advanced materials for high-frequency applications, including filters, resonators, and other microwave devices, thus contributing significantly to the advancement of next-generation telecommunications technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fifth-generation mobile networks (5G) are designed to support enhanced Mobile Broadband, Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communications, and massive Machine-Type Communications. To meet these diverse needs, 5G uses technologies like network softwarization, network slicing, and artificial intelligence. Multi-connectivity is crucial for boosting mobile device performance by using different Wireless Access Technologies (WATs) simultaneously, enhancing throughput, reducing latency, and improving reliability. This paper presents a multi-connectivity testbed from the 5G-CLARITY project for performance evaluation. MultiPath TCP (MPTCP) was employed to enable mobile devices to send data through various WATs simultaneously. A new MPTCP scheduler was developed, allowing operators to better control traffic distribution across different technologies and maximize aggregated throughput. Our proposal mitigates the impact of limitations on one path affecting others, avoiding the Head-of-Line blocking problem. Performance was tested with real equipment using 5GNR, Wi-Fi, and LiFi —complementary WATs in the 5G-CLARITY project—in both static and dynamic scenarios. The results demonstrate that the proposed scheduler can manage the traffic distribution across different WATs and achieve the combined capacities of these technologies, approximately 1.4 Gbps in our tests, outperforming the other MPTCP schedulers. Recovery times after interruptions, such as coverage loss in one technology, were also measured, with values ranging from 400 to 500 ms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents a 12-element multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) wideband antenna array for mobile smartphones. The antenna element is mainly composed of two parts, greatly improving the antenna array bandwidth: one is a meandering, looped radiating element and the other is a U-shaped slot. For the antenna element design, the meandering, looped radiating element measures 12.95 × 6 mm2, while the U-shaped slot has a size of 15 × 3 mm2. Meanwhile, the reflection coefficient indicates that the designed antenna array operates at 3.3 GHz with a bandwidth of 500 MHz; the transmission coefficient shows that the isolation between the antenna elements is better than 12 dB. In addition, more antenna array performances are presented, including nearly omnidirectional radiation characteristics, antenna efficiency ranging from approximately 17 to 60%, envelope correlation coefficients (ECCs) below 0.065, and diversity gain (DG) values of the MIMO antenna system close to 10 dB. The measurement results are highly consistent with the simulation results of the designed wideband antenna array, indicating its great potential for future practical engineering applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the expansion of wireless mobile networks into both the daily lives of individuals as well as into the widely developing market of connected devices, communication is an increasingly attractive target for attackers. As the complexity of mobile cellular systems grows and the respective countermeasures are implemented to secure data transmissions, the attacks have become increasingly sophisticated on the one hand, but at the same time the system complexity can open up expanded opportunities for security and privacy breaches. After an in-depth summary of possible entry points to attacks to mobile networks, this paper first briefly reviews the basic principles of the physical layer implementation of 4G/5G systems, then gives an overview of possible attacks from a physical layer perspective. It also provides an overview of the software frameworks and hardware tool-software defined radios currently in use for experimenting with 4G/5G mobile networks, and it discusses their basic capabilities. In the final part, the paper summarizes the currently most promising families of techniques to detect illegitimate base stations—the machine-learning-based, localization-based, and behavior-based methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advent of 5G communication technology has revolutionized wireless communication with its high bandwidth, ultra-low latency, and massive connectivity features. However, the dynamic nature of user behavior and environmental changes poses significant challenges in optimizing signal processing for context awareness. Adaptive signal processing (ASP) offers a promising solution, but traditional methods struggle to effectively handle real-time, context-sensitive demands. In this research, we propose a novel reinforcement learning (RL)-based framework for adaptive signal processing that enhances context awareness in 5G networks. The problem addressed involves the optimization of signal parameters, such as power, frequency, and modulation schemes, to meet varying user demands and environmental conditions without compromising Quality of Service (QoS). The proposed method employs RL to adaptively optimize these parameters in real time. Specifically, a Q-learning algorithm is applied to learn the optimal policies for signal adaptation based on feedback from the environment, such as user mobility, interference levels, and network traffic. Simulation results demonstrate that the RL-based approach outperforms traditional static models, achieving up to a 30% reduction in latency and a 20% improvement in overall network throughput, while maintaining a 95% success rate in meeting user QoS requirements. This demonstrates the potential of RL for enhancing ASP in 5G systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper demonstrates a five-layer InAs/InP quantum-dash semiconductor optical amplifier (QDash-SOA), which will be integrated into microwave-photonic on-chip devices for millimeter-wave (mmWave) over fibre wireless networking systems. A thorough investigation of the QDash-SOA is conducted regarding its communication performance at different temperatures, bias currents, and input powers. The investigation shows a fibre-to-fibre (FtF) small-signal gain of 18.79 dB and a noise figure of 6.3 dB. In a common application with a 300 mA bias current and 25 °C temperature, the peak FtF gain is located at 1507.8 nm, which is 17.68 dB, with 3 dB gain bandwidth of 56.6 nm. Furthermore, the QDash-SOA is verified in a mmWave radio-over-fibre link with QAM (32 Gb/s 64-QAM 4-GBaud) and OFDM (250 MHz 64-QAM) signals. The average error vector magnitude of the QAM and OFDM signals after a 2 m wireless link could be as low as 8.29% and 6.78%, respectively. These findings highlight the QDash-SOA's potential as a key amplifying component in future integrated microwave-photonic on-chip devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A choke ring horn antenna has been designed for use as an RF applicator in a compact range in vitro 28 GHz bioelectromagnetic exposure system. The 30 mm × 50 mm horn antenna was fabricated and measured to operate from 27.75 GHz to 34.5 GHz with a −20 dB measured S11 and a measured antenna gain of more than 10 dBi. A wide sectoral (flat top) and symmetric E- and H-plane pattern with a half-power beamwidth of more than 60 degrees was achieved with a cross-polarization discrimination of better than 28 dB. Electromagnetic slots were introduced in the antenna to suppress excess cavity mode radiation which inherently impacts the cross-polarization levels of choke ring antennas. The proposed antenna was successfully integrated into the compact measurement chamber in partnership with the Korea Telecommunication Research Institute (ETRI) and is currently in use for real-time 5G millimeter-wave dosimetry studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate and efficient channel estimation (CE) is critical in the context of autonomous driving. This paper addresses the issue of orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) channel estimation in 5G communication systems by proposing a channel estimation model based on the Parrot Optimizer (PO). The model optimizes for the minimum bit error rate (BER) and the minimum mean square error (MMSE) using the Parrot Optimizer to estimate the optimal channel characteristics. Simulation experiments compared the performance of PO-CE with the Least Squares (LS) method and the MMSE method under various signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) and modulation schemes. The results demonstrate that PO-CE's performance approximates that of MMSE under high SNR conditions and significantly outperforms LS in the absence of prior information. The experiments specifically included scenarios with different modulation schemes (QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM, and 256QAM) and pilot densities (1/3, 1/6, 1/9, and 1/12). The findings indicate that PO-CE has substantial potential for application in 5G channel estimation, offering an effective method for optimizing wireless communication systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fake base stations comprise a critical security issue in mobile networking. A fake base station exploits vulnerabilities in the broadcast message announcing a base station's presence, which is called SIB1 in 4G LTE and 5G NR, to get user equipment to connect to the fake base station. Once connected, the fake base station can deprive the user of connectivity and access to the Internet/cloud. We discovered that a fake base station can disable the victim user equipment's connectivity for an indefinite period of time, which we validated using our threat prototype against current 4G/5G practices. We designed and built a defense scheme which detects and blacklists a fake base station and then, informed by the detection, avoids it through link routing for connectivity availability. For detection and blacklisting, our scheme uses the real-time information of both the time duration and the number of request transmissions, the features of which are directly impacted by the fake base station's threat and which have not been studied in previous research. Upon detection, our scheme takes an active measure called link routing, which is a novel concept in mobile/4G/5G networking, where the user equipment routes the connectivity request to another base station. To defend against a Sybil-capable fake base station, we use a history–reputation-based link routing scheme for routing and base station selection. We implemented both the base station and the user on software-defined radios using open-source 5G software (srsRAN v23.10 and Open5GS v2.6.6) for validation. We varied the base station implementation to simulate legitimate vs. faulty but legitimate vs. fake and malicious base stations, where a faulty base station notifies the user of the connectivity disruption and releases the session, while a fake base station continues to hold the session. We empirically analyzed the detection and identification thresholds, which vary with the fake base station's power and the channel condition. By strategically selecting the threshold parameters, our scheme provides zero errors, including zero false positives, to avoid blacklisting a temporarily faulty base station that cannot provide connectivity at the time. Furthermore, our link routing scheme enables the base station to switch in order to restore the connectivity availability and limit the threat impact. We also discuss future directions to facilitate and encourage R&D in securing telecommunications and base station security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 5G networks and beyond, managing handovers (HOs) becomes complex because of frequent user transitions through small coverage areas. The abundance of small cells (SCs) also complicates HO decisions, potentially leading to inefficient resource utilization. To optimize this process, we propose an intelligent algorithm based on a method that utilizes a fuzzy logic controller (FLC), leveraging prior expertise to dynamically adjust the time-to-trigger (TTT), and handover margin (HOM) in a 5G ultra-dense SC heterogeneous network (HetNet). FLC refines TTT based on the user's velocity to improve the response to movement. Simultaneously, it adapts HOM by considering inputs such as the reference signal received power (RSRP), user equipment (UE) speed, and cell load. The proposed approach enhances HO decisions, thereby improving the overall system performance. Evaluation using metrics such as handover rate (HOR), handover failure (HOF), radio link failure (RLF), and handover ping-pong (HOPP) demonstrate the superiority of the proposed algorithm over existing approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research focuses on optimizing 5G base station deployment and visualization, addressing the escalating demands for high data rates and low latency. The study compares the effectiveness of Genetic Algorithm (GA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Simulated Annealing (SA), and Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO) in both Urban Macro (UMa) and Remote Macro (RMa) deployment scenarios that overcome the limitations of the current method of 5G deployment, which involves adopting Non-Standalone (NSA) architecture. Emphasizing population density, the optimization process eliminates redundant base stations for enhanced efficiency. Results indicate that PSO and GA strike the optimal balance between coverage and capacity, offering valuable insights for efficient network planning. The study includes a comparison of 28 GHz and 3.6 GHz carrier frequencies for UMa, highlighting their respective efficiencies. Additionally, the research proposes a 2.6 GHz carrier frequency for Remote Macro Antenna (RMa) deployment, enhancing 5G Multi-Tier Radio Access Network (RAN) planning and providing practical solutions for achieving infrastructure reduction and improved network performance in a specific geographical context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sensitivity and exclusivity attached to personal health records make such records a prime target for cyber intruders, as unauthorized access causes unfathomable repudiation and public defamation. In reality, most medical records are micro-managed by different healthcare providers, exposing them to various security issues, especially unauthorized third-party access. Over time, substantial progress has been made in preventing unauthorized access to this critical and highly classified information. This review investigated the mainstream security challenges associated with the transmissibility of medical records, the evolutionary security strategies for maintaining confidentiality, and the existential enablers of trustworthy and transparent authorization and authentication before data transmission can be carried out. The review adopted the PRSIMA-SPIDER methodology for a systematic review of 122 articles, comprising 9 surveys (7.37%) for qualitative analysis, 109 technical papers (89.34%), and 4 online reports (3.27%) for quantitative studies. The review outcome indicates that the sensitivity and confidentiality of a highly classified document, such as a medical record, demand unabridged authorization by the owner, unquestionable preservation by the host, untainted transparency in transmission, unbiased traceability, and ubiquitous security, which blockchain technology guarantees, although at the infancy stage. Therefore, developing blockchain-assisted frameworks for digital medical record preservation and addressing inherent technological hitches in blockchain will further accelerate transparent and trustworthy preservation, user authorization, and authentication of medical records before they are transmitted by the host for third-party access. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a new design for a multimode fusion communication system, aimed at tackling the complexities of modern aeronautical communication. The system integrates multiple communication technologies, such as ad hoc networking, 5G, BeiDou satellite, RTK positioning, and ADS-B broadcasting. This integration effectively solves the problem of increasing the size and weight of aviation communication equipment while also improving the efficiency and security of data communication. The study demonstrates that the implementation of this fusion communication system can lead to the development of more efficient and intelligent avionics equipment in the future, thereby offering robust technical support for flight safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article introduces a compact, inconspicuous antenna designed for 5G wireless communications, utilizing a broad-spectrum meta surface. The suggested antenna employs an FR4 epoxy substrate with a dielectric constant of 4.4 and a thickness of 1.6. It is engineered to resonate at a frequency of 34 GHz for the meta surface radiator. Employing HFSS, the proposed radiator is replicated to assess the antenna's functionality with appropriate operational characteristics. The meta surface antenna exhibits a bandwidth spanning 28 GHz to 41 GHz, featuring a maximum reflection coefficient of 50 dB, utilizing a low-profile antenna with dimensions of 2.27λ0 × 2.27λ0 × 0.186λ0, the final outcomes were both designed and measured. The measurements reveal that the recommended antenna achieves a 10 dB impedance bandwidth, accompanied by a gain of 9 to 10 dBi and an optimal axial ratio. The performance of this unobtrusive, highgain microstrip antenna is primarily contingent on its radiating parameters. The meta surface plays a crucial role in regulating radiating properties, creating stringent operating conditions for the proposed antenna. In line with cutting-edge technology, communication systems demand additional resources and circular polarized radiation for the comprehensive operation of 5G antennas. The meta surface can be configured to optimize gain and reshape the radiation pattern, enhancing both bandwidth and gain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Device-to-device (D2D) communication is an essential part of the 5G system used in cellular networks, which enables devices to communicate with each other without passing the base station BS. It is likely to aid in satisfying increasing capacity and effectively offloading traffic from the BS by distributing the transmission between D2D users from one side and cellular users and the BS from the other side. It results in improved throughput, energy efficiency, and other parameters. At the same time, the introduction of D2D communication in cellular networks creates new technical challenges to be addressed. One of the major issues is the mitigation of interference between device users (DUs) and primary users (PUs). This issue leads to performance degradation if it is not managed properly. In this paper, an intelligent distributed channel selection framework (IDCSF) in D2D communication for 5G networks with hybrid selection modes of D2D is proposed to help DUs select the best channel for transmission to mitigate interference. This channel selection framework classifies the available sensed channels using self-organizing map (SOM) learning technique into four classes considering channels with sensing errors false alarm (FalsA) and miss detection (MissD) to prevent using occupied channels. Furthermore, PU activity model is adjusted to aid in recovering from bad channel selection decisions. Moreover, fuzzy logic technique is utilized to determine the reliable channels which can help the DU along with channel selection algorithm to find channel’s weight values. The channel with highest weight value is selected as the best channel. Simulation results show that the proposed framework IDCSF enhances selecting the best channel, improves throughput and spectral utilization, and reduces average delay, interference and search time compared to other approaches.

Abstract The new or future communication systems require much higher flexibility and scalability to support diverse scenarios. In this paper, a high-throughput low-density parity-check (LDPC) decoder on graphics processing unit is presented to meet the flexible and scalable requirements. A memory-reduced forward/backward approach for the check node update is proposed. Moreover, elaborate on-chip memory allocations are conducted to improve memory bandwidth. The proposed (26112, 8448) 5G LDPC decoder on RTX4090 achieves 27.6 Gbps decoding throughput with five layered iterations, while the latency is less than 1 ms. Compared with related works, the throughput speedups obtained by the presented LDPC decoder are from $$1.18\times$$ 1.18 × to $$12.4\times$$ 12.4 × .

Abstract A conformal reflective metasurface fed by a dual-band multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna is proposed for low-cost beam steering applications in 5G Millimeter-wave frequency bands. The beam steering is accomplished by selecting a specific port of MIMO antenna. Each MIMO port is associated with a beam that points in a different direction due to a conformal reflective metasurface. This novel conformal metasurface antenna design has the advantages of higher gain, lower cost, a simpler feeding source, and a lower profile when compared to traditional reflective metasurfaces using bulky horn antennas and phased arrays with complex feeding networks and phase shifters for beam steering. The proposed beam steering antenna consists of a compact five-element dual-band MIMO and a $$32 \times 32$$ 32 × 32 unit-cell conformal dual-band reflective metasurface placed at the top of the MIMO antenna to obtain the beam steering capability as well as gain enhancement. The proposed reflective metasurface has a stable response under oblique incidence angles of up to $$60^0$$ 60 0 at 24 GHz and 38 GHz and its symmetric, single-layer structure, ensures polarization insensitivity and stable response under conformal conditions. The presented MIMO antenna design is not only compact but also offers a wideband response effectively covering the desired 5G mm-wave frequency bands. The overall size of the MIMO antenna alone is 70 $$\times$$ × 12 $$\hbox {mm}^2$$ mm 2 with a maximum gain of 5.4 and 7.2 dB. It is further improved up to 13.1 and 14.2 dB at 24 and 38 GHz respectively, with a beam steering range of ś $$40^0$$ 40 0 by using a conformal reflective metasurface. Unlike the existing beam steering strategies, the suggested method is not only cost-effective but also increases the overall directivity and gain of the source MIMO antenna. The measured results agree with the simulated results, making it a potential candidate in the 5G and beyond beam steering applications.

This article is a continuation of a review whose first part analysed the works on the effect of radio frequency electromagnetic fields (RF EMF) on the central nervous system (CNS) in vitro (changes in the action potential, cell and myelin sheath morphology, as well as in the permeability of the blood–brain barrier (using cultures of nerve cells only); in addition, it presented various approaches to studying the effects of RF EMF and pointed out difficulties of systematizing the experimental data. The present article dwells on the morpho-histological changes in CNS structures under RF EMF exposure in young animals, since it allows us to give an indirect assessment of possible negative consequences of RF EMF exposure for children and adolescents as the cohort most vulnerable to any environmental factors. Morphological and histological changes in CNS structures (cerebral cortex, brainstem, cerebellum, auditory system, etc.) as well as changing electroencephalographic parameters were analysed. A bulk of data on the morphological and histological changes in the hippocampus was considered separately. In addition, the paper presents an analysis of changes in the biometric parameters of experimental animals under chronic exposure to RF EMF and its effect on cell viability (including nerve cell apoptosis and autophagy). Thus, having a reliable corpus of modern experimental studies proving the seriousness of the problem of the effects of electromagnetic fields on the nervous system in children and adolescents is important in the context of ever-increasing electromagnetic pollution, primarily from electromagnetic fields produced by cellular networks.

Meeting the differentiated deterministic service quality experience of customers in different industries in an economically effective manner is conducive to promoting the construction of a vertical industry deterministic private network. In the face of various segmented industries and different dimensions of deterministic service quality requirements, the classification and grading of SLA(service level agreement) indicators are very important. Firstly, various types of application scenarios of deterministic service in vertical industries were summarized, and indicator requirements analysis was conducted for each type of business. Then, a deterministic SLA indicator system was proposed and a hierarchical design scheme for each indicator was summarized to solve the problem of insufficient reflection of deterministic attributes in current network SLA indicators, and help reducing the difficulty of understanding and aligning indicators between industry customers and service providers, and enable the network to meet the deterministic service needs of different industries. Finally, prospects for future work were presented.

The purpose of the study is to identify the impact of information and communication technologies and measures taken by telecommunications companies in China, Japan and South Korea on the environment of these countries.Materials and methods. Indexes of the ecological footprint (based on the Global Footprint Network data) and greenhouse gas emissions (based on the International Energy Agency data) for these countries are used as a measure of environmental assessment. Based on the Sustainability Reports of telecommunication companies in these countries (China Mobile, SK Telekom, KDDI and others), their strategies for environmental protection and achieving a zero carbon footprint are examined. The impact of information and communication technologies is assessed using indexes of the number of Internet users, fixed Internet access, mobile communications users per 100 people of the country’s population, the share of ICT goods and services in the total exports and imports of countries, as well as the growth index of IT investments in the private sector for Japan. For each country, a correlation matrix was constructed depending on the level of the logarithm of the ecological footprint (Y) on the logarithms of the listed indexes; the factors that most influence Y and are not multicollinear were selected. Based on the selected indexes, multiple regression models were developed for each country and their parameters were assessed.Results. For China and South Korea, a positive elasticity of the ecological footprint was obtained for the number of mobile phone users (for China) and fixed broadband Internet access (for South Korea). In addition, the import of ICT goods into a country reduces its environmental footprint, and the export of ICT services from the country leads to an increase in the index. For Japan, negative elasticities of the ICT sector indexes for the country’s ecological footprint were obtained, which is associated with measures taken by telecommunication companies to reduce their own consumption of electricity and other resources, as well as the widespread use of digital technologies for energy saving in other sectors of the Japanese economy.Conclusion. For China and South Korea, significant dependences of the country’s ecological footprint on the spread of digital technologies were obtained, and their diffusion entails an increase in the index. While this impact is not very large, the widespread adoption of 5G mobile communications in these countries should be taken into account, which could significantly increase the share of the ICT sector in the countries’ environmental footprint. At the same time, Japanese telecommunication companies are promoting environmental protection

以经济有效的方式满足不同行业客户差异化的确定性服务质量体验，有利于推进垂直行业确定性专网建设。面对多种细分行业不同维度的确定性服务质量需求，服务等级协议（service level agreement, SLA）指标的分类分级十分重要。首先总结了垂直行业中多种类型确定性服务的应用场景，并对各类型业务进行了指标需求分析。然后，提出了确定性SLA指标体系并总结了各指标的分级设计方案，解决当前网络SLA指标对于确定性属性体现不足的问题，帮助降低行业客户和服务提供商之间的指标理解对齐难度，使得网络能契合不同行业的确定性服务需求。最后，对未来的工作进行了展望。

Abstract Millimeter wave (mmWave) technologies at 60 GHz and 100 GHz bands are currently gaining significant attention for its potential to meet the demanding needs of next-generation networks. These include ultra-high data rate, ultra-low latency, high spectral efficiency, and high end-to-end reliability. However, mmWave signals’ blockage remains a critical issue that affects the reliability of mmWave at 60 GHz and at 100 GHz bands due to the significant attenuations induced by the blockers (BLs). Not only blockers that have the size of a human body or even larger can affect the signal, but also smaller objects with much narrower dimensions, as narrow as 4 cm, can severely affect the signal strength and introduce an attenuation that reaches up to 12 dB at 100 GHz. In this paper we have conducted new measurements and presented results for three small copper sheets at each frequency band, aiming to investigate the blockage effect of small-sized metal objects on signal strength at these two frequency bands. Also, we have examined the performance of the knife-edge diffraction (KED) blockage model of the third-generation partnership project (3GPP) standards body and its evolved version named the mmMAGIC blockage model in such scenarios. Furthermore, we investigated the applicability of the two blockage models in capturing the attenuation characteristics of other materials-such as wood and glass. Experimental results supported by numerical models have shown that the induced peak attenuations are 5(12) dB, 10(23) dB, 23(23) dB for 4 $$\times $$ × 4 cm, 8 $$\times $$ × 8 cm, 16 $$\times $$ × 16 cm copper blockers, respectively, at 60(100) GHz mmWave bands. Also, we have shown that both the 3GPP and mmMAGIC simulation models fail to accurately capture the attenuation characteristics of materials other than copper. The findings of this work highlight the importance of considering the dimensions and types of blockages when deploying reliable mmWave and sub-THz communications.

This paper presents field experiment results that illustrate the impact of cross-link interference on the cell search procedure in a 5G time division duplex system. We initially show how cross-link interference affects to the cell search procedure from an analytic aspect. An example of an experimental result provided in this paper shows how the user equipment wrongly estimates the symbol timing offset due to cross-link interference. Furthermore, we propose a modified cell search algorithm which is robust against the strong influence of cross-link interference. The proposed modification efficiently suppresses the effects of cross-link interference by applying selective energy normalization to the correlation process. The experimental results show that the modified algorithm can accurately estimate the symbol timing offset with a negligible increment in computation time.

The present research focuses on optimizing 5G base station deployment and visualization, addressing the escalating demands for high data rates and low latency. The study compares the effectiveness of Genetic Algorithm (GA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Simulated Annealing (SA), and Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO) in both Urban Macro (UMa) and Remote Macro (RMa) deployment scenarios that overcome the limitations of the current method of 5G deployment, which involves adopting Non-Standalone (NSA) architecture. Emphasizing population density, the optimization process eliminates redundant base stations for enhanced efficiency. Results indicate that PSO and GA strike the optimal balance between coverage and capacity, offering valuable insights for efficient network planning. The study includes a comparison of 28 GHz and 3.6 GHz carrier frequencies for UMa, highlighting their respective efficiencies. Additionally, the research proposes a 2.6 GHz carrier frequency for Remote Macro Antenna (RMa) deployment, enhancing 5G Multi-Tier Radio Access Network (RAN) planning and providing practical solutions for achieving infrastructure reduction and improved network performance in a specific geographical context.

In this paper, a hybrid integrated broadband Doherty power amplifier (DPA) based on a multi-chip module (MCM), whose active devices are fabricated using the gallium nitride (GaN) process and whose passive circuits are fabricated using the gallium arsenide (GaAs) integrated passive device (IPD) process, is proposed for 5G massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) application. An inverted DPA structure with a low-Q output network is proposed to achieve better bandwidth performance, and a single-driver architecture is adopted for a chip with high gain and small area. The proposed DPA has a bandwidth of 4.4–5.0 GHz that can achieve a saturation of more than 45.0 dBm. The gain compression from 37 dBm to saturation power is less than 4 dB, and the average power-added efficiency (PAE) is 36.3% with an 8.5 dB peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) in 4.5–5.0 GHz. The measured adjacent channel power ratio (ACPR) is better than −50 dBc after digital predistortion (DPD), exhibiting satisfactory linearity.

[Introduction] In response to the inability of existing communication conditions to meet the intelligent O&M and ecological monitoring needs of offshore wind farm, this article explores and proposes a 5G customized network scheme to solve the problems of poor signal accessibility, incomplete network coverage, and low smoothness in offshore wind farms. [Methods] In this paper, a comprehensive O&M and monitoring scheme was proposed by using 5G customized network technology, which was as follows: through the deployment of 5G macro base stations outdoors, 5G indoor distribution in towers, and underwater laying of optical networks, the 3D coverage of wind farm communication networks was realized; Based on 5G slicing technology, one network could be used for multiple purposes to meet the needs of offshore wind farms for network differentiation; computing nodes were deployed in the centralized control center computer room, and private network data was forwarded through the edge UPF (user plane function) to achieve computing-network integration. [Result] The intelligent management and ecological environment monitoring scheme for offshore wind farms based on 5G technology proposed in this article has been piloted and tested based on the project. The test results show that the maximum effective coverage radius of 5G base stations reaches 11.3 km, and the stable transmission uplink rate reaches 5 Mbps, meeting the needs of observation data return and unmanned ship video return in the sea area. By deploying two 2.1G 8TR enhanced base stations on the booster station and wind turbine to enhance sea area coverage, the pull-net test around the wind farm verified that the 5G private network can effectively cover wind farms, with a coverage rate of 98.4%, which can basically meet the coverage needs of the entire wind farm. [Conclusion] This scheme utilizes a 5G private network to cover the sea area of the wind farm and achieves underwater communication through STN (Smart Transport Network) and underwater optical networks. Consequently, it innovatively constructs a 3D ocean monitoring and communication network, laying the communication foundation for the intelligent management and ecological environment monitoring of offshore wind farms.

Abstract Internet of Things (IoT) and 5G communication technologies in smart cities deliver promising services for heterogeneous applications. The application reliability banks on uninterrupted and seamless services experienced by the users. However, the increasing smart city application demands influence the experience reliability through augmented wait times. This article therefore introduces a Coherent Reliability Service Broadcasting Technique (CRSBT) for sustaining constructive application services. This technique incorporates linear regressive and digressive learning for application service improvements and restrictions. Based on the demand, the regressive process verifies the wait time and with the reducing demands, the service broadcast ratio is verified. These two factors are verified post the demand and response through 5G resource allocations and IoT computations. Both the service-oriented features are validated for regressive service broadcast and either of the one is used for digressive response. The coherence between the computations (IoT) and resources (5G) is verified on-demand and linearly. Therefore, the proposed technique is reliable in sustaining service broadcast, less wait time, and maximum flexibility.

Revolutionary changes in how people interact while travelling at a distance have given rise to several mobile communication tactics. Numerous generations of Mobile telecommunications/telephony have progressed as 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G, and 6G (now under research). However, in the context of India, mobile telephony can be realized from 2G. The sector has directly or indirectly been impacted by political, social, economic, technological, legal, and environmental (PESTLE) aspects. Therefore, the study objectives are first to discuss the (mobile) telecom sector evolution outline and, second, the factors that contributed to sectoral development by the PESTLE framework. The conceptual foundation of the work is secondary sources.

Abstract A compact low-profile multi-band millimeter-wave (mm-wave) reflectarray metasurface design is presented for coverage enhancement in 5G and beyond cellular communication. The proposed single-layer metasurface exhibits a stable reflection response under oblique incidence angles of up to 60 $$^\circ$$ ∘ at 24 and 38 GHz, and transmission response at 30 GHz, effectively covering the desired 5G mm-wave frequency bands. The proposed reflectarray metasurface is polarization insensitive and performs equally well under TE and TM polarized incident waves due to the symmetric pattern. In addition, the low profile of the proposed metasurface makes it appropriate for conformal applications. In comparison to the state-of-the-art, the proposed reflectarray metasurface unit cell design is not only compact (3.3 $$\times$$ × 3.3 mm $$^2$$ 2 ) but also offers two reflections and one transmission band based on a single-layer structure. It is easy to reconfigure the proposed metasurface unit cell for any other frequency band by adjusting a few design parameters. To validate the concept of coverage enhancement, a 32 $$\times$$ × x32 unit-cell prototype of the proposed reflectarray metasurface is fabricated and measured under different scenarios. The experimental results demonstrate that a promising signal enhancement of 20–25 dB is obtained over the entire 5G mm-wave n258, n259, and n260 frequency bands. The proposed reflectarray metasurface has a high potential for application in mm-wave 5G networks to improve coverage in dead zones or to overcome obstacles that prevent direct communication linkages.

In recent years, China's modern coal industry governance system cannot satisfy the high-quality development requirements of coal industry. To improve the capacity of government regulation, a complete set of coal industry governance platforms should be set up by the new generation of information technologies. The governance platform can help to overcome the bottlenecks in market cooperation, set up international channels of dialogue, and eventually support the practical reform of China's coal industry mechanism and implementation of relevant policies. This paper analyzes the technical characteristics, the current development, and trends of the new generation information technologies, including 5G, artificial intelligence, big data, and block chain. The topological structure of the coal industry governance platform is also proposed. The topological structure contains the integrated public and private 5G coal industry network, coal big data and intelligent information processing platform, and blockchain coal industry cooperation supervision platform. Furthermore, the key technologies that can be applied in the coal industry governance platform are also analyzed in depth, providing practical and feasible solutions for the construction of the modern coal mining governance platform.

The blockage of the propagation path is one of the major challenges preventing the deployment of fifth-generation New Radio systems in the millimeter-wave band. To address this issue, the Integrated Access and Backhaul technology has been proposed as a cost-effective solution for increasing the density of access networks. These systems are designed with the goal of avoiding blockages, leaving the question of providing quality-of-service guarantees aside. However, the use of multi-hop transmission negatively impacts the end-to-end packet latency. In this work, motivated by the need for latency reduction, we design a new link activation policy for self-backhauled Integrated Access and Backhaul systems operating in half-duplex mode. The proposed approach utilizes dynamic queue prioritization based on the number of packets that can be transmitted within a single time slot, enabling more efficient use of resources. Our numerical results show that the proposed priority-based algorithm performs better than existing link scheduling methods for typical system parameter values.

The article explores a recursive algorithm for determining Bhattacharyya parameters, which is a measure of the degree of channel polarization for telecommunications with polar coding. A method is given for determining the positions of information and fixed bits in a polar code. The principles of constructing a polar encoder and a polar decoder successive cancellation are considered. The Field-Programmable Gate Array implementation of the successive cancellation list decoder is considered. Experimental studies of the construction of a polar code using Gaussian approximation have been carried out. The influence of the design signal-to-noise ratio on the bit error rate of telecommunications with polar codes has been studied. The use of multi-position modulation in telecommunications with polar codes has been studied. It is expected that the results obtained will be useful in hardware and software implementation of 5G telecommunications with polar coding.

The demand for scalable, open and granular networks has enabled mobile networks such as 5G to adopt new concepts including NFV (Network Function Virtualization). NFV separates the dependency of network functions from the hardware component, allowing them to be deployed flexibly and dynamically across network slices. In this way, operators can deliver personalized services and optimize the use of network resources, contributing to greater operational efficiency and an enhanced end-user experience. However, there are several issues to be addressed, such as the security of VNFs and the way in which service provider customers instantiate NSSIs (Network Slice Subnet Instance). In this article, we present a new approach based on blockchain 2.0, which guarantees the immutability of VNFs and templates, as well as highly secure instantiation with access management and support for replay attacks.

This paper investigates the performance of deep neural network (DNN)-based signal detection in multiple input, multiple output (MIMO), communication systems. MIMO technology plays a critical role in achieving high data rates and improved capacity in modern wireless communication standards like 5G. However, signal detection in MIMO systems presents significant challenges due to channel complexities. This study conducts a comparative analysis of signal detection techniques within both the single input, single output (SISO), and MIMO frameworks. The analysis focuses on the entire transmission chain, encompassing transmitters, channels, and receivers. The effectiveness of three traditional methods—maximum likelihood detection (MLD), minimum mean square error (MMSE), and zero-forcing (ZF)—is meticulously evaluated alongside a novel DNN-based approach. The proposed study presents a novel DNN-based signal detection model. While this model demonstrates superior computational efficiency and symbol error rate (SER) performance compared to more conventional techniques like MLD, MMSE, and ZF in the context of a SISO system, MIMO systems face some challenges in outperforming the conventional techniques specifically in terms of computation times. This complexity of MIMO systems presents challenges that the current DNN design has yet to fully address, indicating the need for further developments in wireless communication technology. The observed performance difference between SISO and MIMO systems underscores the need for further research on the adaptability and limitations of DNN architectures in MIMO contexts. These findings pave the way for future explorations of advanced neural network architectures and algorithms specifically designed for MIMO signal-processing tasks. By overcoming the performance gap observed in this work, such advancements hold significant promise for enhancing the effectiveness of DNN-based signal detection in MIMO communication systems.

Digital twin (DT) technologies have been increasingly important and useful for wireless communications. In particular, to support soaring wireless traffic with limited frequency spectrum assigned to legacy cellular systems, efficient operation and management of wireless resources as well as preemptively prediction of future spectrum usage are crucially important. For such purpose, DT networks for current fourth-generation (4G) and fifth-generation (5G) networks are constructed in this paper, by simultaneously utilizing measurement data from user equipments (UEs) and geographical information and characteristics of 4G and 5G base stations (BSs) within a specific observation area. Representative case studies are provided to demonstrate the usefulness of DT enabled cellular network management and prediction. As a real or near real time DT application, the impact and benefit of dual connectivity and dynamic spectrum sharing between 4G and 5G networks are analyzed. As a non-real time DT application, long-term improvement of 5G networks such as densification of BSs, implementation of advanced multiple input and multiple output technologies, and assignment of additional spectrum are analyzed and compared.

Background: With the tremendous increase in the usage of smart meters for industrial/ household purposes, their implementation is considered a crucial challenge in the Internet of Things (IoT) world, leading to a demand for emerging 5G technology. In addition, a large amount of data has to be communicated by smart meters efficiently, which needs a significant enhancement in bandwidth. The power amplifier (PA) plays a major role in deciding the efficiency and bandwidth of the entire communication system. Among the various modes of PAs, a newly developed Class-J mode PA has been proven to achieve high efficiency over a wide bandwidth by maintaining linearity. Methods: This paper proposes a Class-J mode PA design methodology using a CGH40010F-GaN device that operates at a 3.5 GHz frequency to meet the requirements of 5G wireless communication technology for the replacement of existing 4G/LTE technology used for advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) in smart grids. This research's main objective is to design the proper matching networks (M.Ns) to achieve Class-J mode operation that satisfies the bandwidth requirements of 5G smart grid applications. With the target impedances obtained using the load-pull simulation, lumped element matching networks are analyzed and designed in 3 ways using the ADS EDA tool. Results: The simulation results reveal that the proposed Class-J PA provides a maximum drain efficiency (D.E) of 82%, power added efficiency (PAE) of 67% with 13 dB small-signal gain at 3.5 GHz, and output power of 40 dBm (41.4 dBm peak) with a power gain of approximately 7 dB over a bandwidth of approximately 400 MHz with a 28 V power supply into a 50 Ω load. Conclusion: The efficiency and bandwidth of the proposed Class-J PA can be enhanced further by fine-tuning the matching network design to make it more suitable for 5G smart meter/grid applications.

In this article, we propose a distributed synchronization solution to achieve decentralized coordination in a system of collaborative robots. This is done by leveraging cloud-based computing and 5G technology to exchange causal ordering messages between the robots, eliminating the need for centralized control entities or programmable logic controllers in the system. The proposed solution is described, mathematically formulated, implemented in software, and validated over realistic network conditions. Further, the performance of the decentralized solution via 5G technology is compared to that achieved with traditional coordinated/uncoordinated cabled control systems. The results indicate that the proposed decentralized solution leveraging cloud-based 5G wireless is scalable to systems of up to 10 collaborative robots with comparable efficiency to that from standard cabled systems. The proposed solution has direct application in the control of producer–consumer and automated assembly line robotic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Streaming data are present all around us. From traditional radio systems streaming audio to today's connected end-user devices constantly sending information or accessing services, data are flowing constantly between nodes across various networks. The demand for appropriate outlier detection (OD) methods in the fields of fault detection, special events detection, and malicious activities detection and prevention is not only persistent over time but increasing, especially with the recent developments in Telecommunication systems such as Fifth Generation (5G) networks facilitating the expansion of the Internet of Things (IoT). The process of selecting a computationally efficient OD method, adapted for a specific field and accounting for the existence of empirical data, or lack thereof, is non-trivial. This paper presents a thorough survey of OD methods, categorized by the applications they are implemented in, the basic assumptions that they use according to the characteristics of the streaming data, and a summary of the emerging challenges, such as the evolving structure and nature of the data and their dimensionality and temporality. A categorization of commonly used datasets in the context of streaming data is produced to aid data source identification for researchers in this field. Based on this, guidelines for OD method selection are defined, which consider flexibility and sample size requirements and facilitate the design of such algorithms in Telecommunications and other industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a wideband low-profile dual-polarized patch antenna with helical-shaped L-probe feeding (HLF) for mmWave 5G mobile device applications. Parametric studies on the HLF structure are performed to identify the optimal specifications. As a result, the optimized antenna achieves a wide bandwidth of 5.4 GHz (24.2–29.6 GHz), good isolation > 18 dB between ports, and 5.1 dBi of good peak realized gain, which is experimentally verified with a 10× upscaled antenna. In addition, various one × four phased arrays with different port configurations and beamform capabilities are designed and simulated for the peak realized gain. The designed antenna array shows a high peak realized gain of 10 dBi, high isolation of 15 dB between the ports, and a small substrate thickness of 0.048λ0 (λ0 is the wavelength of 24.25 GHz). Compared to the state-of-the-art antennas, the designed dual-polarized antenna can operate in the frequency ranges of 24.25–29.6 GHz, including n257, n258, and n261 of the 5G new radio frequency range 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The digitalization of agriculture is rapidly changing the way farmers do business. With the integration of advanced technology, farmers are now able to increase efficiency, productivity, and precision in their operations. Digitalization allows for real-time monitoring and management of crops, leading to improved yields and reduced waste. This paper presents a review of some of the use cases that digitalization has made an impact in the automation of open-field and closedfield cultivations by means of collecting data about soils, crop growth, and microclimate, or by contributing to more accurate decisions about water usage and fertilizer application. The objective was to address some of the most recent technological advances that are leading to increased efficiency and sustainability of crop production, reduction in the use of inputs and environmental impacts, and releasing manual workforces from repetitive field tasks. The short discussions included at the end of each case study attempt to highlight the limitations and technological challenges toward successful implementations, as well as to introduce alternative solutions and methods that are rapidly evolving to offer a vast array of benefits for farmers by influencing cost-saving measures. This review concludes that despite the many benefits of digitalization, there are still a number of challenges that need to be overcome, including high costs, reliability, and scalability. Most of the available setups that are currently used for this purpose have been custom designed for specific tasks and are still too expensive to be implemented on commercial scales, while others are still in their early stages of development, making them not reliable or scalable for widespread acceptance and adoption by farmers. By providing a comprehensive understanding of the current state of digitalization in agriculture and its impact on sustainable crop production and food security, this review provides insights for policy-makers, industry stakeholders, and researchers working in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]