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The primary objective of this research article is to examine technological advancements and legal challenges to combat crime of money laundering in context of Pakistan. The risk of money laundering, as well as the considerable threat posed by terrorist funding, poses a serious danger to the socioeconomic equilibrium of Pakistan. In today's world, money laundering is a huge financial problem as well as a crime. Billions of dollars are smuggled illegally across international boundaries each year. Laundering ill-gotten gains has developed into a significant issue in the world's financial system, and the authorities are working hard to eliminate it. Technology doesn't always advance positive outcomes. With the advancement of technology, financial crime tactics are becoming more sophisticated. The most common method of money laundering is through financial systems. Therefore, banks are obligated to make use of technology to combat the practise of money laundering. However, technology can help financial institutions such as banks to fight against financial crimes. Any institution that chooses to ignore AML guidelines runs the risk of incurring punishment, such as monetary penalties. Therefore, this paper fills this gap by critically examining the legal challenges faced by financial institutions in Pakistan in their use of technology to combat money laundering. For this research, the qualitative doctrinal research methodology is used that is based on documentary analysis. This research critically analyses the legal challenges faced by financial institutions such as banks in their compliance with anti-money laundering regulations. This paper critically examines the parliamentary statutes, regulations, policies in various domestic jurisdictions and international statutes, treaties, conventions and other existing data relating to technological advancements to combat money laundering.

Purpose: The main objective of this research paper is to look at Pakistan's legal, administrative, and judicial framework in terms of countering money laundering and tax evasion. Money laundering and tax evasion are two financial crimes that have been linked, either directly or indirectly, to one other. Money laundering was formerly solely associated with the crimes of narcotics trafficking and terrorism financing. At present, it has been also associated with tax evasion. Methodology: The framework regarding tax evasion and money laundering is varied. In Pakistan, two different mechanisms exist to combat both crimes. This article analytically studies the parliamentary statutes and ordinance, the working of investigating and prosecuting agencies and judicature structure concerning tax evasion and money laundering in Pakistan. Findings: This article concludes that the problem of tax evasion and money launder are causing financial instability in Pakistan. There is an urgent need of revamping the current tax administration to detect tax evasion and frauds. Implication: this article recommends potential reforms in the existing legal, administrative and judicial framework to control and curb both crimes more effectively.

Purpose: To improve the standard of legal education, legal clinic is one of the modern techniques. Legal profession is a noble profession as it is considered to uphold the justice in a society. A law student may be taught in a such manner that he must be well equipped with professional skills. Methodology: Previous studies have been discussed with the help of current data for thorough review of challenges in Pakistan.  Findings: In Pakistan, legal education system needs many reforms in order to produce good lawyers. Without professional skills and practical knowledge; a law graduate is unable to utilize his degree in a proper manner. To attain such professional skills; legal clinics are good approach. Where students may be able to seek practical knowledge and also helping the deserving people. LL. B degree awarding institutions shall make it possible to provide clinical legal education. Law clinics must be installed in law faculties where the experts may be available to educate students. Implications: In this paper, the importance of law clinic is discussed and certain issues are highlighted which are prevailing in current legal education system of Pakistan. Study can help out policy makers to identify challenges and to overcome these issues they can formulate different strategies.    &nbsp

Purpose: This paper develops a framework for analyzing the practical implementation of Juvenile Justice System Act 2018, and bottlenecks which are being faced by the juvenile during the process of trial before the court of law. Few areas need to be examined while determining the practical implementation of this act, as its procedural requirements have not been yet followed in the field. This paper aims to identify those obstructions which are necessary to be dealt with iron hand in order to ensure the full implementation of the act. Design: Qualitative content analysis method has been used to analyze the various factors, which are responsible for the failure to implement the said act. Findings:  Findings on the topic suggest that even at the stage of registration of first information report , the age of juvenile is neglected and loopholes continues till the conclusion of trial. The crux is that in order to avoid the exploitation of juvenile offender during trial, the Provincial and Federal Governments should play their role to ensure that procedural requirements are met as envisaged by the said act. Implications: The practical and firm implementation of Juvenile Justice System Act 2018, competent authorities and requisite institutions should realize their role.

Purpose: This research paper aims to study the standing of learning of Islamic Law in contemporary universities. The present study highlights the significance of Islamic Law learning to the legal practitioners (Bar) and legal academicians in general and to the judges (Bench) in particular. This paper endeavors to conduct a case study of learning of Islamic law in contemporary universities in Muslim and Non-Muslim jurisdictions. Methodology: For the purpose of this research paper, two universities have been selected where departments of Islamic law learning are established, i.e., Faculty of Sharīʻah & Law of International Islamic University, Islamabad and Harvard Islamic Legal Studies Program of Harvard law School. This study explores that how far the above-mentioned institutions in various jurisdictions have been successful in imparting Islamic Law education among their law students. It follows discussion on the relevancy of Islamic law learning and its understanding in the solution of contemporary issues of the modern world. Findings: This paper finds that Islamic law, being based on divine guidance, is the complete code of conduct and therefore, provides guidelines to discover and find out the solutions of all issues of modern world to Bar, academicians and Bench.                                                          &nbsp

Purpose: The primary objective of this article is to conduct an in-depth analysis of the informal economy in Pakistan enabling money laundering and tax evasion in Pakistan. Furthermore, it also looks into the informal economy’s implications for the economic growth of Pakistan. Finally, this article recommends potential reforms for formalization of economy of Pakistan for prevention of such crimes. Methodology: A review regarding informal economy in Pakistan enabling money laundering and tax evasion with the help of prior studies has been conducted. Findings: The formalization of the informal sector, according to this article, is important not only for raising tax revenues, but also for digital, skilled-based improvement of business activities, ramping up the operations and maintenance size of small businesses, increasing and diversifying production, and enhancing the lot of low-wage earners. Implications: Lawmakers should focus on the implications of informal financial channels like hawala and hundi, which continue to operate beneath the radar of the informal sector. In order to identify money laundering, the Pakistani government must focus on strengthening and encouraging the digitization of the economy. The digitization of the economy is critical to the formalization of Pakistan's economy.

Organic-inorganic hybrid materials have shown a remarkable and rapid development during the past decade because they can be tailored to obtain new device concepts with controlled physical properties. Here, we report on the electronic and magnetic properties of multilayer organic-inorganic hybrid films. Electrical transport properties arising from the pi electrons in the organic layer are characteristic of a metallic state at high temperature and evolve into a state described by two-dimensional variable range hopping when temperature decreases below 150 K. The intrinsic electronic behavior of the hybrid films was further studied via the optical properties in the IR range. The optical response confirms the metallic character of the hybrid films. In the second part, the magnetic properties are discussed. A long-range ferromagnetic order with an ordering temperature of similar to 1 K is revealed in the Gd-based hybrid film. The Cu-based hybrid film, however, shows more extended ferromagnetic exchange interactions than the Gd-based hybrid LB film.

This article is focused on conducting the Sharīʻah evaluation of mortgage backed sukuk by financial institutions in Pakistan under Naya Pakistan Housing Program for house financing. The financial product should strictly comply with the directives of Sharīʻah. This research work explores the structure of mortgage backed sukuk to spotlight the efficacy of mortgage backed Sukuk in house financing projects. Furthermore, this study discusses the Sharīʻah rulings with respect to the contract of Rahn. This endeavor is made to indicate Sharīʻah requirements pertaining to the validity of financial product of mortgage backed sukuk for house financing.  This research article finds that the present government should adopt the financial product of mortgage backed sukuk for house financing under Naya Pakistan Housing Program because structure of mortgage backed sukuk is Sharīʻah compliant and Sharīʻah based. Pakistan is a candidate of Sharīʻah compliant housing finance because of constitutional responsibility of state of Pakistan under article 2-A and 227 of Constitution of Pakistan, 1973. Finally, suggestions have been put forward to issue mortgage backed securities for house financing project to the government of Pakistan.

Multifunctionele materialen maken door dunne lagen nauwkeurig te stapelen In haar proefschrift presenteert Naureen Akhtar onderzoek naar de productie van multifunctionele, organisch-anorganische hybride materialen op een wijze die een nauwkeurige controle over grootte en groeirichting mogelijk maakt. Akthar verrichtte experimenteel onderzoek naar het vervaardigen van moleculaire geleiders, geleidende magneten en ijzerachtige organisch-anorganische hybride materialen in dunne lagen. Ze gebruikte daarbij de Langmuir Blodgett-methode. Die maakt het mogelijk om op een zeer gecontroleerde manier verschillende individuele lagen te stapelen. Zo kunnen goedgeordende heterogene structuren op bijna elk willekeurig substraat worden gemaakt. Door de gestapelde structuur kan men in de organisch-anorganische hybride materialen unieke eigenschappen combineren. De gebruikte methode kan dan ook van groot belang worden voor de elektronische industrie. De vervaardigde lagen zijn tijdens het onderzoek gekarakteriseerd met betrekking tot de samenstelling, structuur, elektrische en magnetische eigenschappen.