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Memory CD4 T cells in tissues fulfill numerous functions that are critical for local immune homeostasis and protection against pathogens. Previous studies have highlighted the phenotypic and functional heterogeneity of circulating and tissue-resident memory CD4 T cells across different human tissues such as skin, lung, liver and colon. Comparatively little is known in regard to memory CD4 T cells across tissues of the female reproductive tract (FRT). We examined CD4 T cells in donor-matched vaginal, ecto- and endo-cervical tissues, which differ in mucosal structure and exposure to external environmental stimuli. We hypothesized that this could be reflected by tissue-specific differences in the memory CD4 T cell compartment. We found differences in CD4 subset distribution across these tissues. Specifically, CD69+CD103+ CD4 T cells were significantly more abundant in vaginal than cervical tissues. In contrast, the transcriptional profiles of CD4 subsets were fairly conserved across FRT tissues. CD69+CD103+ CD4 T cells showed a TH17 bias independent of tissue niche. Our data suggest that FRT tissues affect T cell subset distribution but have limited effects on the transcriptome of each subset. We discuss the implications for barrier immunity in the FRT.

The immune system of the cervicovaginal tract (CVT) must balance immunosurveillance and active immunity against pathogens with maintenance of tolerance to resident microbiota and to fetal and partner antigens for reproductive purposes. Thus, we predicted that CVT immunity is characterized by distinctive features compared to blood and other tissue compartments. Indeed, we found that CVT CD8+ T-cells had unique transcriptional profiles, particularly in their cytokine signature, compared to that reported for CD8+ T-cells in other tissue sites. Among these CVT CD8+ T-cells, we identified a CD69- CD103- subset that was characterized by reduced migration in response to tissue-exit signals and higher pro-inflammatory potential as compared to their blood counterpart. These inflammatory mucosal CD8+ T-cells (Tim) were increased in frequency in the CVT of individuals with chronic infection, pointing to a potential role in perpetuating inflammation. Our findings highlight the specialized nature of immunity within the CVT and identify Tim cells as potential therapeutic targets to tame tissue inflammation upon chronic infection.

CCR5 is thought to play a central role in orchestrating migration of cells in response to inflammation. CCR5 antagonists can reduce inflammatory disease processes, which has led to an increased interest in using CCR5 antagonists in a wide range of inflammation-driven diseases. Paradoxically, these antagonists appear to function without negatively affecting host immunity at barrier sites. We reasoned that the resolution to this paradox may lie in the CCR5+ T cell populations that permanently reside in tissues. We used a single-cell analysis approach to examine the human CCR5+ T cell compartment in the blood, healthy, and inflamed mucosal tissues to resolve these seemingly contradictory observations. We found that 65% of the CD4 tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cell compartment expressed CCR5. These CCR5+ TRM cells were enriched in and near the epithelial layer and not only limited to TH1-type cells but also contained a large TH17-producing and a stable regulatory T cell population. The CCR5+ TRM compartment was stably maintained even in inflamed tissues including the preservation of TH17 and regulatory T cell populations. Further, using tissues from the CHARM-03 clinical trial, we found that CCR5+ TRM are preserved in human mucosal tissue during treatment with the CCR5 antagonist Maraviroc. Our data suggest that the human CCR5+ TRM compartment is functionally and spatially equipped to maintain barrier immunity even in the absence of CCR5-mediated, de novo T cell recruitment from the periphery.

C - C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) is thought to play a central role in orchestrating migration of cells in response to inflammation. CCR5 antagonists can reduce inflammatory disease processes which has led to an increased interest in using CCR5 antagonists in a wide range of inflammation-driven diseases. Paradoxically, these antagonists appear to function without negatively affecting host immunity at barrier sites. We reasoned that the resolution to this paradox may lie in the CCR5(+) T cell populations that permanently reside in tissues. We used a single-cell analysis approach to examine the human CCR5(+) T cell compartment in blood, healthy, and inflamed mucosal tissues to resolve these seemingly contradictory observations. We found that 65% of the tissue-resident (T(RM)) CD4 T cell compartment expressed CCR5. These CCR5(+) T(RM) cells were enriched in and near the epithelial layer and not limited to T(H)1 type cells but also contained a large T(H)17-producing and a stable regulatory T (Treg) cell population. Importantly, the CCR5(+) T(RM) compartment was stably maintained even in inflamed tissues including the preservation of T(H)17 and regulatory T cell populations. Further, using tissues from the CHARM-03 clinical trial we found that CCR5(+) T(RM) are preserved in human mucosal tissue during treatment with the CCR5 antagonist Maraviroc. Our data suggest that the human CCR5(+) T(RM) compartment is functionally and spatially equipped to maintain barrier immunity even in the absence of CCR5-mediated, de novo T cell recruitment from the periphery.

The study of T cell immunity at barrier surfaces has largely focused on T cells bearing the αβ TCR. However, T cells that express the γδ TCR are disproportionately represented in peripheral tissues of mice and humans, suggesting they too may play an important role responding to external stimuli. In this article, we report that, in a murine model of cutaneous infection with vaccinia virus, dermal γδ T cell numbers increased 10-fold in the infected ear and resulted in a novel γδ T cell population not found in naive skin. Circulating γδ T cells were specifically recruited to the site of inflammation and differentially contributed to dermal populations based on their CD27 expression. Recruited γδ T cells, the majority of which were CD27+, were granzyme B+ and made up about half of the dermal population at the peak of the response. In contrast, recruited and resident γδ T cell populations that made IL-17 were CD27−. Using a double-chimera model that can discriminate between the resident dermal and recruited γδ T cell populations, we demonstrated their divergent functions and contributions to early stages of tissue inflammation. Specifically, the loss of the perinatal thymus-derived resident dermal population resulted in decreased cellularity and collateral damage in the tissue during viral infection. These findings have important implications for our understanding of immune coordination at barrier surfaces and the contribution of innate-like lymphocytes on the front lines of immune defense.