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A pesar de la proliferación de estudios sobre deportes electrónicos, existe una falta de consenso en cuanto a la definición precisa de un jugador de deportes electrónicos. Los estudios han utilizado jugadores competitivos, jugadores casuales o jugadores recreativos como muestras, y esto plantea serios problemas para la generalización de sus resultados. El objetivo principal de esta revisión es llegar a una definición de lo que constituye un jugador de esports con el fin de establecer un estándar para futuros estudios. Esto se logra mediante el análisis de los diversos criterios que los investigadores de deportes electrónicos han utilizado para seleccionar a sus participantes. Métodos: Este estudio es una revisión sistemática de artículos empíricos. Se revisaron las bases de datos internacionales Web of Science, Scopus, Medline, SciELO y SpringerLink en busca de artículos en inglés y español que incluyeran el término esport o e-sport en el título, resumen o palabras clave, con muestras reportadas como jugadores de esports. Se seleccionó un total de 48 estudios para esta revisión. Se identificaron tres tipos de criterios definitorios: ser jugador profesional, formar parte de un equipo organizado y tener experiencia en competiciones. Adicionalmente, el “engagement”, entendido como la cantidad de tiempo dedicado a capacitarse y mejorar, también se menciona como un factor diferenciador clave. Finalmente, se propone una definición de jugadores de deportes electrónicos para ayudar a estandarizar los criterios de muestreo para futuras investigaciones.

Forest Bathing (FB) is a nature-therapeutic modality that has evidenced positive effects on individuals’ mental health and it is also considered a sustainable touristic activity. However, its benefits have mainly been studied in Asian biomes and more cross-cultural research is needed to evaluate if its benefits are also generalizable to other forests and biomes of the world, such as the Mediterranean. Accordingly, 86 healthy adults of the general population were assessed before and after a FB near Barcelona (Spain) during the COVID-19 pandemic. A control hiking-group of participants was also analysed to contrast the FB effects on anxiety, affect, mood states and mindfulness. Results have shown that the guided practice of FB in Mediterranean-Catalan forests enhances significanlty mindfulness states and positive affect and reduces anxiety and negative affect, with effect sizes being large to very large. Hiking also induced significant changes in all variables tested, but FB showed higher effect sizes. An exploratory analysis also revealed a different profile of the FB participants compared to the hiking practitioners, being highly educated women living in urban areas and with lower basal levels of psychological wellbeing. Accordingly, it is concluded that both Mediterranean FB and hiking (to a lesser degree), might be cost-effective strategies to promote and restore psychological well-being after the Covid-19 pandemic and to promote sustainable tourism in Mediterranean biomes of the European forested and protected areas.

Los usuarios de Internet frecuentemente experimentan problemas relacionados con su uso de Internet y, aunque la cultura tiene una influencia importante en la forma en que las personas se comunican, en lo que valoran y, por lo tanto, en cómo utilizan Internet, las publicaciones sobre investigación intercultural del uso problemático de Internet son escasas. La herramienta más común para medir dicho uso, el Internet Addiction Test (IAT), se ha utilizado en varios países, por lo que en este estudio comparamos los resultados interculturales de las investigaciones más recientes sobre el análisis factorial del IAT. Encontramos que, en países con dos o más estudios, los resultados a menudo se replican, lo que sugiere que el contexto cultural influye en los comportamientos en Internet. Luego realizamos nuestros propios estudios de análisis factorial del IAT en tres países (España, EE. UU y Colombia) con 1,273 participantes. Al comparar nuestros resultados con los de estudios previos en esos países, encontramos que nuestros resultados también fueron similares a los de estudios anteriores. El hallazgo más notable fue que todos los análisis factoriales de IAT que realizamos y los anteriores en las mismas regiones contenían un factor relacionado con los problemas de gestión del tiempo y otro factor relacionado con problemas emocionales/psicologicos, lo que sugiere que el control de impulsos y las necesidades emocionales no satisfechas son componentes importantes en el desarrollo del uso problemático de Internet en todo el mundo. La investigación futura sobre el uso problemático de Internet debería centrarse en estos aspectos. Internet users worldwide often experience problems related to their Internet use, and although culture has an important influence over how people communicate, what they value, and therefore how they use the Internet, little cross-cultural research on the subject of problematic Internet use has been carried out. The Internet Addiction Test (IAT), the most common measurement tool for this purpose, has been used in various countries. In this study we compared and analyzed the cross-cultural results found in the most recent research on the IAT factor analysis. We found that in countries with two or more studies, results are often replicated, suggesting that cultural context influences Internet behaviors. We conducted our own IAT factor analysis studies in three countries - Spain, USA, and Colombia - with a total of 1,273 participants. We compared our results with those from previous studies in the same countries and found similar results. The most notable finding was that all the IAT factor analyses, both ours and the previous ones in the same regions, contained a factor related to loss of control/time management problems and another factor related to emotional/psychological problems, thereby suggesting that impulse control problems and unfulfilled emotional needs are the most important components in the development of problematic Internet use in various countries around the world. Future research on problematic Internet use should focus on these aspects.

Se observa una creciente penetración del móvil entre los menores, que indudablemente se hace de la mano de sus padres. Pese a que el móvil ofrece oportunidades de comunicación y socialización, la literatura científica y los medios de comunicación ponen énfasis en los riesgos que su uso supone para los menores y adolescentes. Por ello, la presente investigación estudia los usos, riesgos y beneficios del teléfono móvil, sobre todo en menores, y analiza las creencias de los padres acerca de esta tecnología. Adicionalmente analiza la relación entre el uso problemático del móvil de los menores y su satisfacción vital. Se realizan dos estudios, uno con 63 padres y otro con 411 estudiantes de primaria, secundaria y bachillerato. Los resultados indican que los usos principales son comunicativos, recreativos y prácticos, sugieren que en el momento actual el uso práctico y con potenciales beneficios parece destacar. También se ha encontrado que el tiempo y la frecuencia de uso por parte de los adultos y los menores parecen equipararse, lo que sugiere un incremento progresivo del uso en los adolescentes. Se observa que el uso problemático del móvil es mayor en secundaria y bachillerato que en primaria, con un 15 % de los adolescentes en situación de riesgo de uso problemático. Se concluye que los menores están evolucionando del uso principalmente lúdico al uso comunicativo, facilitado por la eclosión de las redes sociales, lo que indica que integran la tecnología en sus hábitos de vida y la utilizan de una forma positiva. Estos resultados contrastan con la percepción de los padres respecto de los usos del móvil por parte de los hijos, que se limita al uso lúdico y obvian el uso comunicativo potenciado por las redes sociales.

Casual videogames (CVGs), played on smartphones, are becoming increasingly popular, especially among females and adults. Whereas the addictive potential of online (computer) videogames is well-established, there is yet insufficient evidence for Internet gaming disorder (IGD) in mobile gamers and for the mediating role of some mechanisms involved. The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of the frustration of psychological needs on mobile videogamers&rsquo, addictive behavior as well as the role of cognitions (game-use expectancies) and behaviors (time spent playing) through a hypothesized serial mediation model, while controlling for important correlates, such as game genre, age, gender and payment during play. A total of 471 mobile game users (211 males) with an average age of 21.73 replied to an online survey containing sociodemographic and game variables, the Need Satisfaction and Frustration Scale (NSFS), the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale-Short Form (IGDS9-SF) and a slightly modified version of the Internet Use Expectancies Scale (IUES). The results corroborate the negative effects of need frustration on IGD among mobile gamers and clarify the role of time spent playing and game-use expectancies in the development of IGD, highlighting the important role of cognitions in this relationship. We conclude that both the time spent playing and game-use expectancies should be important targets for clinical interventions, even though they are not included in the diagnostic criteria.

Social Networking Sites (SNS) provide a platform for young people to present themselves as they would like to be seen by others. Several authors have argued that females and males are subjected to differing sorts of temptation to present altered images of themselves online, with added pressure placed upon girls to present themselves in a more stereotypical way, possibly undermining their psychological wellbeing. In this study, 797 adolescents (429 females) between 12 and 17 years replied to a questionnaire on their Facebook use, the Personal Well-being Index (PWI), the Big Five Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents and the Bem Sex Roles Inventory, administered twice, the first time reporting how they see themselves in terms of gender stereotypes and the second indicating how they present themselves on Facebook. Results indicate that users present themselves in a less gender stereotypical way online, and that women do so more than males; altered self-presentation on Facebook influenced personal well-being, but to a lesser degree than other factors; finally, high intensity Facebook use showed a negative effect on well-being. Several factors could account for these results: a change in gender stereotypes, the trend toward more self descriptions as androgynous, a progressive normalization of Facebook use, and educational campaigns for safer use. Adolescents present themselves on Facebook in a less gender-stereotypical way.Girls want to be less female online.Alteration of Facebook profile influences personal well-being negatively, but less than personality factors.

Adolescent girls and boys use online networking sites differently, and girls have a higher risk of being harmed by non-adaptive use. The aim of the study was to assess the extent to which adolescents portray themselves according to gender stereotypes on their Facebook profiles. Participants were 623 Facebook users of both sexes who responded to the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) and the Personal Well-being Index (PWI). In the first step, the adolescents responded to the BSRI with respect to how they view a typical adult in terms of gender stereotypes. In the second step, half of them responded to the BSRI with respect to how they view themselves and the other half responded with respect to their self-presentation on Facebook. The results show that adolescents consider themselves to be less sexually differentiated than a typical adult of their own sex, both in their self-perception and their self-portrayal on Facebook. The study confirms that the psychological well-being of girls decreases considerably with age and that it is associated with a greater degree of masculinity. We conclude that adolescents produce accurate self-representations on their Facebook profiles, and both boys and girls tend to offer a less sexually differentiated self-concept and self-portrayal than that of the typical adult, with a slight preference for masculine traits; moreover, masculinity is associated with a greaterdegree of psychological well-being.Chicas y chicos adolescentes hacen un uso diferente de las redes sociales online, y las chicas presentan un mayor riesgo de verse perjudicadas por un uso no adaptativo. El objetivo de este estudio era investigar en qué medida los adolescentes se presentan en términos de estereotipos de género en sus perfiles de Facebook. Los participantes, 623 usuarios de Facebook de ambos sexos, contestaron el Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) y el Personal Well-being Index (PWI). En la primera fase, respondieron sobre cómo ven a un adulto típico en términos de estereotipos de género. En la segunda fase, la mitad de ellos contestó el BSRI en relación a cómo se ven a sí mismos, y la otra mitad cómo se presentan en Facebook. Los resultados muestran que los adolescentes se consideran más sexualmente indiferenciados que un adulto típico de su mismo sexo, tanto en su auto-percepción como en su presentación en Facebook. Se confirma que el bienestar psicológico de las chicas baja considerablemente con la edad, y que está asociado a un mayor grado de masculinidad. Se concluye que los adolescentes producen representaciones verdaderas en sus perfiles de Facebook, y que existe una tendencia hacia una auto-concepción y auto-presentación más sexualmente indiferenciada con una leve preferencia por rasgos masculinos, tanto en chicos como en chicas; además, la masculinidad está asociada a un mayor grado de bienestar psicológico.

It has been more than a decade since a concern about the addictive use of the Internet and mobile phones was first expressed, and its possible inclusion into the lists of mental disorders has recently become a popular topic of scientific discussion. Thus, it seems to be a fitting moment to investigate the prevalence of this issue over time. The aim of the present study was to analyze the prevalence of the perception of problematic Internet and smartphone use in young people over the period 2006–2017. To this end, a questionnaire on Internet use habits and two questionnaires on the negative consequences of Internet and smartphone use were administered to a sample of 792 university students. The scores were then compared with the results of former studies that had used these questionnaires. The perception of problematic Internet and mobile phone use has increased over the last decade, social networks are considered responsible for this increase, and females are perceived to be more affected than males. The current study shows how strong smartphone and Internet addiction and social media overlap. Participants from 2017 report higher negative consequences of both Internet and mobile phone use than those from 2006, but long-term observations show a decrease in problematic use after a sharp increase in 2013. We conclude that the diagnosis of technological addictions is influenced by both time and social and culture changes.

It has been more than a decade since a concern about the addictive use of the Internet and mobile phones was first expressed, and its possible inclusion into the lists of mental disorders has recently become a popular topic of scientific discussion. Thus, it seems to be a fitting moment to investigate the prevalence of this issue over time. The aim of the present study was to analyze the prevalence of the perception of problematic Internet and smartphone use in young people over the period 2006–2017. To this end, a questionnaire on Internet use habits and two questionnaires on the negative consequences of Internet and smartphone use were administered to a sample of 792 university students. The scores were then compared with the results of former studies that had used these questionnaires. The perception of problematic Internet and mobile phone use has increased over the last decade, social networks are considered responsible for this increase, and females are perceived to be more affected than males. The current study shows how strong smartphone and Internet addiction and social media overlap. Participants from 2017 report higher negative consequences of both Internet and mobile phone use than those from 2006, but long-term observations show a decrease in problematic use after a sharp increase in 2013. We conclude that the diagnosis of technological addictions is influenced by both time and social and culture changes.

Electronic sports (eSports) are a category of video games that are played competitively following rules, either in teams or individually. Currently, the top videogame is League of Legends (LoL), a game in the genre known as Multiplayer Online Battle Arena (MOBA) with more than 100 million monthly active players worldwide. Re­search has shown that video games can satisfy basic psychological needs and be experienced as a passion, and that passion is a useful construct to help understand the different motivational patterns of video game use. In addition, no relevant studies have been found with professional players. There­fore, the objective of this study is to explore whether knowledge of the degree of frustration of gamers’ basic psy­chological needs in everyday life, users’ passion and their motives to play makes it possible to distinguish between types of players (amateurs or semi-professionals). The participants were 195 Spanish-speaking LoL players (156 amateurs and 39 semi-profes­sionals) who were passionate about LoL. The results indicate that the game is most often played for competitive, social and exploration reasons. As for passion, players play more out of harmonious passion than out of obsessive passion, the latter being associated with the frustration of basic psychological needs. As a whole, being younger, less motivated by the plot of the game, having greater motivation to improve mental abilities, and spending more hours playing are predictors of the type of player (semi-professional). It is concluded that eSports players are not characterized as obsessed or frustrated people, and that the use of videogames is not necessarily harmful.Los deportes electrónicos (eSports) son un conjunto de videojuegos que se juegan de manera competitiva siguiendo unas reglas, ya sea por equipos o en solitario. Actualmente, el videojuego por excelencia es el League of Legends (LoL), del género Mul­tiplayer Online Battle Arena (MOBA), con más de 100 millones de jugadores mensuales activos a nivel mundial. La investigación ha demostrado que los videojuegos pueden satisfacer necesidades psicológicas básicas y ser vividos como una pasión, y que la pasión es un constructo útil para ayudar a comprender los diferentes patrones motivacionales del uso del videojuego. Además, no se han encontrado estudios relevantes con jugadores profesionales. Así pues, el objetivo de este estudio es explorar si la frustración de las necesidades psicológicas básicas en la vida cotidiana, la pasión y los motivos de juego permiten diferenciar el tipo de jugador (amateur y semi-profesional). Los participantes fueron 195 jugadores de LoL (156 amateurs y 39 semi-profesionales) castellano-hablantes y apasionados al LoL. Los resultados indican que el uso predominante del juego son los motivos competitivos, sociales y de exploración. En cuanto a la pasión, los jugadores juegan más por pasión armoniosa que por pasión obsesiva, siendo esta última junto con la frustración de las necesidades psicológicas básicas las más bajas. En conjunto, tener menor edad, una menor motivación por la historia del juego, una mayor motivación por mejorar las capacidades mentales, y dedicar más horas de juego por semana son predictores del tipo de jugador (semi-profesional). Se concluye que los jugadores de eSports no se caracterizan por ser personas obsesivas o frustradas, y que el uso del videojuego no es necesariamente perjudicial.

Passion represents one of the factors involved in online video gaming. However, it remains unclear how passion affects the way gamers are involved in massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs). The objective of the present study was to analyze the relationships between passions and motivations for online game playing. A total of 410 MMORPG players completed an online questionnaire including motives for gaming and the Passion Scale. Results indicated that passionate gamers were interested in relating with others through the game and exhibited a high degree of interest in discovery of the game, gaining leadership and prestige but little interest in escape from reality. However, some differences were observed with respect to the role of the two types of passion in the different types of motivation. Specifically, harmonious passion (HP) predicted higher levels of exploration, socialization, and achievement, in that order, while obsessive passion (OP) predicted higher levels of dissociation, achievement, and socialization. The present findings suggest that HP and OP predict different ways of engaging in MMORPGs and confirm that passion is a useful construct to help understand different motivational patterns demonstrated by MMORPG players.

Cross-sectional validation study.To adapt the Spinal Cord Lesion-related Coping Strategies Questionnaire into the Spanish language (SCL CSQ-S) and to examine the relationship between coping strategies, global quality of life and psychological adaptation.Data were collected through individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) now living in the community who completed their routine follow-up assessment at the Institute Guttmann in Barcelona, Spain.Forward and backward translation into Spanish of the English version of the questionnaire. Questionnaires of global Quality of Life, Community Integration, Coping, Depression, Anxiety and Functional Independence were administered to 349 adults with paraplegia and 162 adults with tetraplegia. Statistical analysis included confirmatory factor analysis and regression analysis.The factorial structure of the questionnaire was partly verified. The original correlated, three-factor model sufficiently fit the data obtained in this study: χ(2)(48)=109.46; P0.001; Comparative Fit Index=0.96; Tucker-Lewis Index=0.96; Root Mean Square Error of Approximation=0.050 (0.038-0.062); Akaike information criterion=13.46. Items were found to be good indicators of their respective latent factors, showing adequate factorial charge ranges (between 0.41 and 0.75). The reliability coefficient (Cronbach's α) for the Acceptance subscale was 0.74, for Social reliance 0.76 and for Fighting spirit 0.69. Coping strategies as measured by SCL-CSQ-S contributed to the prediction of outcomes related to adaptation to disability.The results of the study show some evidence for the robustness of the structure of SCL CSQ-S and show that the Spanish version of the questionnaire largely replicate previous results. Coping strategies, especially Acceptance, are related to adaptation to injury.

The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a 12-week multimodal exercise rehabilitation program on walking speed, walking ability and activities of daily living (ADLs) among people who had suffered a stroke. Thirty-one stroke survivors who had completed a conventional rehabilitation program voluntarily participated in the study. Twenty-six participants completed the multimodal exercise rehabilitation program (2 days/wk, 1 hr/session). Physical outcome measures were: walking speed (10-m walking test), walking ability (6-min walking test and functional ambulation classification) and ADLs (Barthel Index). The program consisted on: aerobic exercise; task oriented exercises; balance and postural tonic activities; and stretching. Participants also followed a program of progressive ambulation at home. They were evaluated at baseline, postintervention and at the end of a 6-month follow-up period. After the intervention there were significant improvements in all outcomes measures that were maintained 6 months later. Comfortable and fast walking speed increased an average of 0.16 and 0.40 m/sec, respectively. The walking distance in the 6-min walking test increased an average of 59.8 m. At the end of the intervention, participants had achieved independent ambulation both indoors and outdoors. In ADLs, 40% were independent at baseline vs. 64% at the end of the intervention. Our study demonstrates that a multimodal exercise rehabilitation program adapted to stroke survivors has benefits on walking speed, walking ability and independence in ADLs.

Fear of missing out (FoMO) is described as a pervasive, unpleasant sensation that others might be having rewarding experiences of which one is not part, as well as the desire to stay continually connected with what others are doing. It has been shown to play an important mediating role in predicting negative outcomes of heavy use of social networks. The aim of the present study was to analyze the different profiles found among users. 5,280 Spanish speaking social media users from Latin America replied via an online survey to the Spanish version of the FoMO scale, as well as to a short set of questionnaires on online social network use (frequency, intensity and type of access) and indicators of mobile phone addiction. FoMO correlated with the number of different networks used and with all indicators of social network use and mobile phone addiction. Using a Latent Profile Analysis, four classes of users were identified: low-engagement light users, high-engagement heavy users, high-engagement low-risk users, and high-engagement high-risk users; individuals from the fourth class (7.6 % of the sample) can be considered at risk of developing addiction to online social networks. Accessing social networks via the mobile phone and presenting addictive behavior seem to be important correlates of FoMO. La por de perdre’s alguna cosa (fear of missing out, FoMO) es descriu com una sensació aguda i desagradable que altres podrien estar tenint experiències gratificants dels quals un no és part, així com el desig de mantenir- se en contacte contínuament amb el que altres estan fent. S’ha demostrat que té un paper mediador important en la predicció dels resultats negatius de l’ús intensiu de les xarxes socials. L’objectiu del present estudi va ser analitzar els diferents perfils que es troben entre els usuaris. 5.280 usuaris de xarxes socials online d’Amèrica Llatina castellanoparlants van respondre a través d’una enquesta en línia a la versió espanyola de l’escala FoMO, així com a una sèrie de qüestionaris curts sobre l’ús en línia de xarxes socials (freqüència, intensitat i tipus d’accés) i a indicadors d’addicció al telèfon mòbil. Es va trobar que FoMO correlaciona amb el nombre de diferents xarxes socials que s’utilitzen, amb tots els indicadors d’ús de xarxes socials, i amb l’addicció al telèfon mòbil. Mitjançant una Anàlisi de Perfils Latents es van identificar quatre classes d’usuaris: usuaris amb us moderat i compromís baix, usuaris amb ús fort i compromís fort, usuaris amb ús fort i baix risc, i usuaris amb ús fort i alt risc; els individus de la quarta classe (7,6% de la mostra) poden ser considerats en risc de desenvolupar addicció a les xarxes socials en línia. L’accés a les xarxes socials a través del telèfon mòbil i l’existència d’una conducta addictiva sembla ser correlats importants de FoMO.

Son poco frecuentes los estudios sobre evaluación del bienestar y de la salud de los docentes y esta evaluación requiere incluir las principales afectaciones derivadas de los riesgos específicos de la profesión docente así como los principales indicadores de bienestar en la docencia. Por ello, el objetivo del presente estudio es analizar el estado de salud de los docentes de centros concertados. Una muestra de 6208 docentes en activo de centros concertados de Cataluña contestaron el Cuestionario de Salud Docente, cuestionario específico que incluye seis factores: Agotamiento, Afectaciones de la Voz, Afectaciones Músculo-esqueléticas, Afectaciones Cognitivas, Satisfacción y Autoeficacia. Los resultados indican que un 20% de los docentes tienen una salud baja, siendo las Afectaciones Músculo-esqueléticas y las Afectaciones Cognitivas las que presentan mayor prevalencia, seguidas de Afectaciones de la Voz y Agotamiento. Un 80% de los docentes manifiestan sentirse satisfechos y competentes en su actividad docente. Se observan diferencias en función del género, nivel educativo, edad y años de docencia, siendo los docentes femeninos, de la ESO y con edades comprendidas entre 45 y 55 los que tienen un nivel de salud más bajo. De estos resultados se desprende la necesidad de mejorar las medidas preventivas organizacionales, profesionales y personales. There are not many studies on the assessment of teachers’ wellbeing and work health and this assessment needs to include the main conditions derived from the specific risks of the teaching profession, as well as the key indicators of wellbeing in the profession. Therefore, the objective of this study is to analyze the state of health of teachers of state subsidized schools in Catalonia. A sample of 6208 active teachers replied the Teaching Health Questionnaire, a specific questionnaire that includes six factors: Exhaustion, Voice Complaints, Muscle-skeleton Complaints, Cognitive Complaints, Satisfaction and Self-efficacy. The results indicate that 20% of the teachers have a low state of health, being the Muscleskeleton and Cognitive Complaints those with the highest prevalence, followed by Voice Complaints and Exhaustion. 80% of the teachers report feeling satisfied and competent in their teaching. There are differences in gender, educational level, age and years of teaching, being female teachers, teachers working in Secondary Education and aged between 45 and 55 the groups who have a lower level of health. These results show the need to improve organizational, professional and personal preventive measures.

Este estudio analiza el estilo de privacidad en Facebook. Participaron 373 alumnos de entre 13 y 17 años que respondieron a un cuestionario sobre la privacidad en Facebook. Emergieron tres patrones de privacidad, correspondientes con un estilo protector, en el que los usuarios solo reciben mensajes de amigos y de amigos de amigos; restringido, en el que los adolescentes están abiertos a conocer nuevos amigos; y expuesto, en el que destaca la exposición de la información y contenidos abiertos a todo el público. A medida que los adolescentes dominan el uso de Facebook, también adquieren mayor consciencia de privacidad. This study analyzes privacy styles on Facebook. They involved 373 students ages 13 to 17 who answered a questionnaire about privacy in Facebook. The emerged three patterns of privacy corresponding with a protective style, in which users receive messages from friends, and friends of friends; restrictive style, in which teenagers are open to meet new friends; and exposed style, in which users had personal information and content with access for everyone. As teenagers become the dominant use of Facebook, also acquire greater conscience of privacy.

Background: The emerging field of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) has brought about new interaction styles. Its excessive use may lead to addictive behaviours. The objective is to determine the prevalence of the problematic use of ICT such as Internet, mobile phones and video games, among adolescents enrolled in mandatory Secondary Education (ESO in Spanish) and to examine associated factors. Methods: Cross sectional, multi-centric descriptive study. Population: 5538 students enrolled in years one to four of ESO at 28 schools in the Vallès Occidental region (Barcelona, Spain). Data collection: self-administered socio-demographic and ICT access questionnaire, and validated questionnaires on experiences related to the use of the Internet, mobile phones and video games (CERI, CERM, CERV). Results: Questionnaires were collected from 5,538 adolescents between the ages of 12 and 20 (77.3 % of the total response), 48.6 % were females. Problematic use of the Internet was observed in 13.6 % of the surveyed individuals; problematic use of mobile phones in 2.4 % and problematic use in video games in 6.2 %. Problematic Internet use was associated with female students, tobacco consumption, a background of binge drinking, the use of cannabis or other drugs, poor academic performance, poor family relationships and an intensive use of the computer. Factors associated with the problematic use of mobile phones were the consumption of other drugs and an intensive use of these devices. Frequent problems with video game use have been associated with male students, the consumption of other drugs, poor academic performance, poor family relationships and an intensive use of these games. Conclusions: This study offers information on the prevalence of addictive behaviours of the Internet, mobile phones and video game use. The problematic use of these ICT devices has been related to the consumption of drugs, poor academic performance and poor family relationships. This intensive use may constitute a risk marker for ICT addiction

Passion has been shown to be involved in psychological processes that emerge in diverse human activities like physical activity and sports, work, leisure, videogaming, pathological gambling, and interpersonal relationships. We aimed to present evidence of validity and internal consistency of the Passion Scale in Spanish based on the Dualistic Model of Passion, comprising harmonious and obsessive dimensions.The sample comprised 1,007 participants (350 females and 657 males), aged 16-65 (Md= 30.0 years). Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling (ESEM), measurement invariance and Multiple-Cause-Multiple-Indicator models (MIMIC) were used.Fit for the ESEM 2-factor solution was acceptable. Near full or partial measurement invariance across sex, type of activity, and age was supported. Relationships between both harmonious and obsessive dimensions and the external variables considered (age, sex, and criterion items) reasonably replicated those found in previous studies. Both scale scores showed adequate internal consistency (alpha; = .81).Empirical evidence for the validity and internal consistency of the Spanish version of the Passion Scale is satisfactory and reveals that the scale is comparable to the English and French versions. Therefore, the Passion Scale can be used in research conducted in Spanish.

En el contexto de las investigaciones sobre el uso intensivo y/o maladaptativo del teléfono móvil y de las redes sociales en línea se han ido describiendo nuevos fenómenos que pueden ser asociados a un malestar psicológico importante. El fear of missing out o FoMO (miedo a perderse algo) es un nuevo constructo psicológico que se ha descrito como la sensación de malestar al saber que otras personas están realizando actividades agradables y que uno no es parte de ello. El presente estudio investiga la relación entre el grado de FoMO experimentado, los indicadores de uso problemático del teléfono móvil y los indicadores de malestar psicológico. Mediante un análisis de regresión lineal jerárquico se encontró que tanto la conducta adictiva en torno al teléfono móvil como el FoMO son importantes predictores de síntomas psicopatológicos, especialmente, de ansiedad. El fear of missing out se perfila como un correlato importante del uso desadaptativo del smartphone y de las redes sociales en línea.

El objetivo del presente estudio es validar el Cuestionario de Experiencias Relacionadas con los Videojuegos (CERV). El cuestionario consta de 17 ítems, desarrollados a partir del CERI de Beranuy y cols., y valora el uso problemático de los videojuegos no masivos. Se ha validado para adolescentes que cursan estudios de secundaria obligatoria. Para la validación se ha realizado un análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC) y un análisis de consistencia interna. La estructura factorial muestra dos factores a) Dependencia psicológica y uso para la evasión, y b) Consecuencias negativas del uso de videojuegos. Se ofrecen puntos de corte de la escala para sujetos sin problemas en el uso de videojuegos (SP), problemas potenciales en el uso de videojuegos (PP) y problemas severos en el uso de videojuegos (PS). Los resultados indican que se da una mayor prevalencia entre varones y que el uso problemático disminuye con la edad. El CERV parece ser un buen instrumento para el cribado de adolescentes con dificultades derivadas del uso de videojuegos. Estudios futuros deberían relacionar el uso problemático de videojuegos con dificultades en otros ámbitos de la vida, como el académico. The aim of this study is to validate the Video Game-Related Experiences Questionnaire (CERV in Spanish). The questionnaire consists of 17 items, developed from the CERI (Internet-Related Experiences Questionnaire - Beranuy and cols.), and assesses the problematic use of non-massive video games. It was validated for adolescents in Compulsory Secondary Education. To validate the questionnaire, a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and an internal consistency analysis were carried out. The factor structure shows two factors: (a) Psychological dependence and use for evasion; and (b) Negative consequences of using video games. Two cut-off points were established for people with no problems in their use of video games (NP), with potential problems in their use of video games (PP), and with serious problems in their use of video games (SP). Results show that there is higher prevalence among males and that problematic use decreases with age. The CERV seems to be a good instrument for the screening of adolescents with difficulties deriving from video game use. Further research should relate problematic video game use with difficulties in other life domains, such as the academic field.

Addiction to the Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) has become an important research topic. The aims of the present study were to determine the problematic uses of Internet and cell phones in Spanish teenagers and young students and analyze the predictive capacity of these problematic uses to explain scores on the CERI (Cuestionario de Experiencias Relacionadas con Internet) and CERM (Cuestionario de Ex- periencias Relacionadas con el Movil). Three questionnaires were applied to 1,879 students: a general questionnaire for Internet and cell phone use, one scale for problematic use of Internet (CERI) and one for cell phone (CERM). Cluster analysis yielded a solution involving three groups for both CERI and for CERM: no problems, occasional problems and frequent problems. There were no differences between males and females in Inter- net but there were more females showing frequent problematic use of cell phone. A comparison with nine previous Spanish studies suggests that: a) the amount of time spent connected is not a good indicator of problems deriving from its use; b) the factor that could explain problematic use is al- tered identity communication (AIC), which occurs when users hide or alter their true identity; and c) population survey data alone do not allow to con- firm the existence of a persistent addictive disorder related to ICT.

En el Centro Penitenciario de Hombres de Barcelona ha habido un aumento creciente de ingresos por delitos contra la seguridad vial. El objetivo de esta investigación es obtener un perfil psicológico en una muestra de 115 internos, analizar cuáles son los predictores en la conducción agresiva, y finalmente contrastar la posible existencia de diferentes tipologías, en función de la ausencia o presencia de otros delitos, con o sin componentes agresivos. Los resultados muestran que las causas o estados que causan irritación, los antecedentes familiares de conducción agresiva y la presencia de trastornos psiquiátricos son predictores de la conducta agresiva en la conducción, así como la agresividad física es también un predictor de los accidentes. No hay diferencias en internos que también presentan otras tipologías delictivas.

This study describes the construction and validation process of two questionnaires designed to assess the addictive use of Internet and mobile phones. The scales were applied to a sample of 1,879 students. Results support a two-factor model, presenting an acceptable internal consistency and indices of convergent and discriminant validity. The Questionnaire of Experiences Related to Internet was found to assess intra- and interpersonal conflicts related to Internet use. The Questionnaire of Experiences Related to the Mobile Phone was found to assess conflicts related to mobile phone abuse and to maladaptive emotional and communicational patterns. Our results indicate that the mobile phone does not produce the same degree of addictive behavior as Internet; it could rather be interpreted as problematic use. Men displayed more addictive use of Internet, whilst women seemed to use the mobile phone as a means for emotional communication. It seems that the use of both technologies is more problematic during adolescence and normalizes with age toward a more professional and less playful use, and with fewer negative consequences.

There is growing concern about the addictive potential of Massively Multiplayer Online Role Playing Games (MMORPG). The Multiplayer Online Battle Arena (MOBA) is a new genre, poorly studied but very popular, in which performance holds priority over immersion. The aim of the current study was to explore the influence of passion both on abuse and performance, using the dualistic model of passion. A total of 369 participants completed an online questionnaire that included problematic use and the Passion Scale. From players' nicknames, performance statistics were obtained. The results show that harmonious passion is a protector from negative consequences. On the other hand, obsessive passion predicts negative consequences and use of videogames for evasion. Obsessive passion also predicts better performance. These results suggest that distinguishing the two kinds of passion is important because they influence vulnerability to developing maladaptive behaviors and also players' performance.Los juegos Massively Multiplayer Online Role Playing Games (MMORPG) han suscitado preocupación por su potencial adictivo. Los Multiplayer Online Battle Arena (MOBA) son un nuevo género poco estudiado, pero que goza de gran popularidad, en el que prima el rendimiento por encima de la inmersión. El objetivo del presente estudio era explorar qué influencia tenía la pasión tanto en el rendimiento como en el uso abusivo a partir del Modelo Dual de la Pasión. Un total de 369 participantes completaron un cuestionario en línea que incluía usos abusivos y la Escala de la Pasión. A partir del alías del jugador se obtuvieron estadísticas de rendimiento. Los resultados muestran que la pasión armónica es un protector de sufrir consecuencias negativas de jugar. Por otro lado, la pasión obsesiva predice consecuencias negativas y el uso para la evasión. La pasión obsesiva también predice mejores resultados de rendimiento. Estos resultados sugieren que el tipo de pasión de los videojugadores es importante, ya que influye en la vulnerabilidad de sufrir conductas desadaptativas y en el rendimiento del jugador.

Objetivos. Determinar la prevalencia del dolor neuropático (DN) en una muestra de pacientes con lesión medular (LM), examinar la relación entre las características clínicas, demográficas y psicológicas con la prevalencia del DN después de una LM y a su vez con los diferentes tipos de DN, y estudiar el valor predictivo de los factores más significativos. Pacientes y métodos. Estudio transversal observacional de un total de 260 pacientes que acudieron a una revisión anual. Las principales medidas de resultados incluyeron presencia/ausencia de DN, índice de bienestar psicológico, historia detallada del dolor y escala de puntuación numérica de 0-10 para la media de intensidad del dolor. Resultados. 93 pacientes (36%) con LM tenían DN. De los pacientes que presentaron DN, un 35% mostró dolor a nivel de la lesión, mientras que un 65% presentó DN por debajo. La única variable con capacidad predictiva sobre la prevalencia del DN fue la edad en el momento de la LM. Se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre la prevalencia del DN y la percepción de bienestar psicológico; el grupo de pacientes con DN fue el que tuvo proporcionalmente un malestar psicológico mayor. En cuanto a los diferentes tipos de DN, las variables con capacidad predictiva sobre la clasificación del DN eran el inicio temprano del dolor en el DN a nivel y el hecho de que la lesión sea incompleta en el DN por debajo. Conclusión. El DN aparece con frecuencia después de la LM y se da de forma más común en aquellos pacientes que han sufrido la lesión a edades más avanzadas. El DN tiene un impacto negativo en la percepción de bienestar psicológico AIMS. To determine the prevalence of neuropathic pain (NP) in a sample of patients with spinal cord injury (SCI), to examine the relation between clinical, demographic and psychological characteristics with the prevalence of NP after SCI and the different types of NP, and to study predictive factors. PATIENTS AND METHODS. Transversal observational study of 260 patients who attended their annual revision. Main outcome measures included presence/absence of NP, psychological well-being index, detailed pain history and 0-10 numerical rating scale of average pain intensity. RESULTS. 93 patients (36%) with SCI had NP. Of the patients with NP, 35% showed pain at level, while 65% showed NP below the level of injury. The only variable with a predictive value on the prevalence of NP was older age at the time of SCI. Statistically significant differences were observed between the prevalence of NP and the perception of psychological well-being; patients with NP were the ones with more psychological distress. As for the different types of NP, the variables with predictive value on the classification of NP were early onset of pain at level, and incompleteness of the lesion in the below level NP. CONCLUSION. The results of this study show that NP appears frequently after SCI being more prevalent in patients who suffered the injury at more advanced ages. NP has a negative impact on the perception of psychological well-being

El objetivo del presente estudio es investigar si existe relación entre el clima familiar, los estilos educativos y la adherencia al tratamiento en pacientes con Fibrosis Quística (FQ). Además, investigar si los diferentes grados de afectación de la FQ influyen en el clima familiar y en los estilos educativos adoptados por los padres. Participantes: 76 pacientes con FQ y sus padres. Las variables evaluadas fueron: el grado de afectación de la FQ, los estilos educativos, el clima familiar y la adherencia al tratamiento. La adherencia al tratamiento fue evaluada a partir de la percepción subjetiva de los pacientes y sus padres y calculada a través de un indicador único construido para el presente estudio. Los resultados indican que no existe relación entre el clima familiar y la adherencia al tratamiento. Sin embargo, la adopción por parte de los padres de estilos educativos más de sobreprotección está relacionada con menores niveles de adherencia. Además, los resultados apuntan que no hay relación entre las variables familiares (clima familiar y estilos educativos) y el grado de afectación de la FQ.

Social networking sites (SNS) are especially attractive for adolescents, but it has also been shown that these users can suffer from negative psychological consequences when using these sites excessively. We analyze the role of fear of missing out (FOMO) and intensity of SNS use for explaining the link between psychopathological symptoms and negative consequences of SNS use via mobile devices. In an online survey, 1468 Spanish-speaking Latin-American social media users between 16 and 18 years old completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), the Social Networking Intensity scale (SNI), the FOMO scale (FOMOs), and a questionnaire on negative consequences of using SNS via mobile device (CERM). Using structural equation modeling, it was found that both FOMO and SNI mediate the link between psychopathology and CERM, but by different mechanisms. Additionally, for girls, feeling depressed seems to trigger higher SNS involvement. For boys, anxiety triggers higher SNS involvement.

Videogames have received much attention in addiction research due to their popularity and frequent use. However, few studies have addressed the effect of passion and impulsivity in gamers. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to examine the influence of passion and impulsivity on the intensity of play, playing time, and choice of Massive Multiplayer Online Role Play Game (MMORPG) vs. non-MMORPG. A sample of 630 university students (40.7% Colombian, 59.3% Spanish) responded to a questionnaire on gaming habits, the Passion scale and the Inventory of Impulsivity. Results showed that men preferred sports and MMORPG games and women played more simulation and strategy games and mini-games. The predictor variables for Intensity of Play were: playing MMORPG games, harmonious and obsessive passion and dysfunctional impulsivity. The predictor variables for Hours of Play were: age, harmonious passion and dysfunctional impulsivity. Age, both passions, and functional impulsivity predicted preference for MMORPGs. Impulsivity and passion help explain how players engage with videogames. Dysfunctional impulsivity is related to higher hours and intensity of play and functional impulsivity is a defining feature of MMORPG players. The presence of both passions was related to a higher intensity of play, however only harmonious passion was positively associated with playing for a longer time. These results suggest that the different types of passion and impulsivity have distinct influences on the manner of game play and the experience of that play.