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The Red List of marine bony fishes of the Eastern Central Atlantic (ECA) is a review of the conservation status of all native marine bony fishes in ECA according to the global Categories and Criteria of the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. It identifies those species that are threatened with extinction at the global level and occur within the ECA region. This comprehensive assessment, which is the first of its kind in the ECA, aims to provide improved knowledge of species presence and extinction risk status for the purposes of guiding conservation actions and improved policies for these species both globally and regionally.

red adipose fin and the presence of dark pigment on only the lateral, unbranched ray of the pectoral fin. Other characters which, in combination, serve to distinguish C. hysginus include the presence of hooks on only the first two or three anal-fin rays, nine or 10 anal-fin rays, and a rounded or blotchlike humeral mark. Una nueva especie de Creagrutus es descrita basada en material proveniente de los rios que drenan en el Golfo de Paria, en el Noreste de Venezuela. Esta especie se distingue por caracteres derivados en la pigmentacion de las aletas, incluido una aleta adiposa rojo brilliante y la presencia de pigmentos oscuros sobre solo el radio simple y lateral de la aleta pectoral. Otros caracteres que en combinaci6n sirven para distinguir a C. hysginus, incluyen la presencia de ganchos sobre solo primeros 2 6 3 radios anales, 9 6 10 radios anales y una mancha humeral redondeada.

WILLIAMS, T. A. 1983. Structure and function of the granular skin glands of the salamanders of the family Ambystomatidae (Amphibia: Urodela). Unpubl. Ph.D. diss., Washington State Univ., Pullman. --, AND J. H. LARSEN, JR. 1986. New function for the granular skin glands of the eastern longtoed salamander, Ambystoma macrodactylum columbianum. J. Exp. Zool. 239:329-333. ZAR,J. H. 1984. Biostatistical analysis. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. (LEL) DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY, YORK UNIVERSITY, 4700 KEELE STREET, TORONTO, ONTARIO M3J 1P3 CANADA; AND (DMS) DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY, SAINT MARY'S COLLEGE, NOTRE DAME, INDIANA 46556. Submitted 19 Aug. 1991. Accepted 1 Feb. 1992. Section editor: D. G. Buth.

In the Firth of Lorne, Scotland, Echinocyamus pusillus was found most abundantly in highly variable, poorly sorted substrates at depths of 10-20 m. It was common in areas exposed to extensive wave and tidal current activity, but absent in fine sediments in sheltered areas. In size, feeding mechanism, and behavior, the species is highly adapted for nestling in the interstices between relatively large pebbles. The feeding mechanism is atypical for clypeasteroids: substrate particles with attached organisms are selected and transported by the suckered podia. At the mouth, particles are held in place and slowly rotated by the free margin of the peristomial membrane, while the teeth strip away diatoms and organic debris. The peristomial membrane and ciliation of spines and podia are shown in scanning electron micrographs of critical point dried material. The histology of these structures is described with special reference to mucus secretion. High resolution SEM micrographs show mucus secreting pores among the epithelial microvilli of suckered and buccal podia but not in the epithelium of miliary spines. The suggestion that E. pusillus might represent a sand dollar ancestor is discussed. The evidence presented supports the view that it is specialized rather than primitive.

Clypeaster rosaceusand C. subdepressus have typical clypeasteroid feeding mech anisms and collect particulate material primarily by means oforal surface accessory podia with terminal suckers. They lack the specialized food collecting podia seen in sand dollars, and the poorly differentiated food grooves carry only part of the food material. Maps of surface ciliary currents are provided and it is shown that they are not part ofthe feeding mechanism. Feeding mechanisms are discussed with reference to clypeasteroid phylogenetics. Clypeaster rosaceus occurs in association with sea grasses (Thalassia testudinum) and feeds extensively on dead leaves. Clypeaster sub depressus occurs on coarse biogenic sands and selects the upper size fractions (66% greater than 400 Mm)for ingestion. Both are essentially epibenthic in habit and lack specialized spines to keep sand and debris from the body surface. Instead, they secrete an extensive sheet ofmucus which prevents particles from falling between the spines. The suckered accessory podia of C. rosaceus have a mean tip diameter ofabout 180 Mm,those of C. subdepressusabout l3OMm.Although Encope michelini may occur in mixed flocks with C. subdepressus or Leodia sexiesperforata, they all feed on different fractions of the sediment. Probabilities of podial-particle encounters are insufficient to account for these differences and it is suggested that the basis of resource partition ing between sympatric species is due primarily to differences in size of food collec ting podia.

We report the occurrence of Bregmaceros nectabanus as the only species of this genus occurring in the Mediterranean Sea. All previously published records of B. atlanticus from the Mediterranean are based on misidentifications. Among the features that distinguish B. nectabanus are its nearly unpigmented abdomen, presence of a thin dorsolateral longitudinal stripe below the second dorsal fin, and a distally fimbriate opercular spine. Since this species is known also from the Red Sea it is evidently a Lessepsian migrant that reached the Mediterranean via the Suez Canal.

NOLF, D. 1985. Otolithi piscium, p. 1-145. In: Handbook of Paleoichthyology, Vol. 10. H.-P. Schultze (ed.). Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart, West Germany. SCHAEFFER, B. 1967. Comments on elasmobranch evolution, p. 47. In: Sharks, skates and rays. P. W. Gilbert, R. F. Mathewson, and D. P. Rall (eds.). Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland. SCHULTZE, D. M. 1988. Notes on the structure and phylogeny of vertebrate otoliths. Copeia 1988:257259. STEEL, R. 1985. Sharks of the world. Blandford Press, Poole, Dorset, England. STEWART, C. 1906. On the membraneous labyrinths of Echinorhinus, Cestracion and Rhina. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 29:439-442. STINGO, V. 1979. New developments in vertebrate cytotaxonomy II. The chromosomes of the cartilaginous fishes. Genetica 50:227-239. STOLKOWSKI, J. 1962. Essai sur le determinisme des formes mineralogiques du calcaire chez les etres vivants. Ann. Inst. Oceanogr. 26:1-113. TESTER, A. L.,J. I. KENDAL AND W. B. MILISEN. 1972. Morphology of the ear of the shark genus Carcharhinus, with particular reference to the macula neglecta. Pac. Sci. 26:3, 264-274. TSuJI, S., AND T. AOYAMA. 1982. Daily growth increments observed in otoliths of the larvae of Japanese Red Sea Bream Pagrus major (Temminck et Schlegel). Bull. Jap. Soc. Sci. Fish. 48:1559-1562. WRIGHT, C. G., P. C. ROUSE, S. D. SCHAEFER, D. G. HUBBARD AND L. A. BARNARD. 1982. A calcareous