Search

This volume of International Development Policy brings together post-extractivist imaginaries, diverse and ever-evolving forms of resistance and contestation, and a growing recognition of the paradox of ‘green’ extractivism. Despite the pervasive narrative that more rather than less mining is necessary to achieve decarbonisation, there is now growing recognition that the current model of economic development based on fossil fuels and resource extraction is not sustainable in the long term. The introduction to this volume acknowledges the complex and ongoing legacies of extraction and the urgent need to move beyond extractive models of development and towards alternative pathways that prioritise social justice, environmental sustainability, democratic governance, and the well-being of both human and non-human beings. Ce volume rassemble des imaginaires post-extractivistes, des formes de résistance et de contestation diverses et en constante évolution, ainsi qu'une reconnaissance croissante du paradoxe de l'extractivisme ‘vert’. Malgré le discours omniprésent selon lequel il faut plus et non moins d'exploitation minière pour parvenir à la décarbonisation, il est de plus en plus admis que le modèle actuel de développement économique basé sur les combustibles fossiles et l'extraction des ressources n'est pas viable à long terme. L'introduction de ce volume reconnaît les héritages complexes et continus de l'extraction et le besoin urgent de dépasser les modèles extractifs de développement et d'emprunter des voies alternatives qui donnent la priorité à la justice sociale, à la durabilité environnementale, à la gouvernance démocratique et au bien-être des êtres humains et non-humains. Este volumen reúne imaginarios postextractivistas, formas de resistencia y contestación diversas y en constante evolución, y un creciente reconocimiento de la paradoja del extractivismo "verde". A pesar de la omnipresente narrativa de que para lograr la descarbonización se necesita más y no menos minería, cada vez se reconoce más que el actual modelo de desarrollo económico basado en los combustibles fósiles y la extracción de recursos no es sostenible a largo plazo. En la introducción de este volumen se reconocen los complejos legados de la extracción y la urgente necesidad de ir más allá de los modelos extractivos de desarrollo y avanzar hacia vías alternativas que den prioridad a la justicia social, la sostenibilidad medioambiental, la gobernanza democrática y el bienestar de los seres humanos y no humanos.

Extractive frontiers are expanding rapidly as demand for minerals and metals continues to increase, often driven by—and despite—concerns about sustainability. This introduction brings theories of the resource curse and extractivism into conversation with materiality and social reproduction to account for the multiple scales and dimensions in which extractive industries operate, taking heed of the gendered and lived experience of communities, indigenous peoples and workers. We highlight the global resonance of these diverse experiences to illuminate the making of frontiers, forms of belonging, and accumulation logics that produce, enable, and potentially undermine the expansion of extractive industries. Les frontières de l'extraction s'étendent rapidement à mesure que la demande de minéraux et de métaux continue d'augmenter, souvent motivée par – et malgré – les préoccupations relatives à la durabilité. Cette introduction met en relation les théories de la malédiction des ressources et de l'extractivisme avec la matérialité et la reproduction sociale afin de rendre compte des multiples échelles et dimensions dans lesquelles les industries extractives opèrent, en tenant compte de l'expérience sexuée et vécue des communautés, des peuples indigènes et des travailleurs. Nous soulignons la résonance mondiale de ces diverses expériences pour éclairer la création de frontières, les formes d'appartenance et les logiques d'accumulation qui produisent, permettent et sapent potentiellement l'expansion des industries extractives. Las fronteras de la extracción se están expandiendo rápidamente a medida que aumenta la demanda de minerales y metales, a menudo impulsada por –y a pesar de– la preocupación por la sostenibilidad. Esta introducción pone en relación las teorías de la maldición de los recursos y el extractivismo con la materialidad y la reproducción social para dar cuenta de las múltiples escalas y dimensiones en las que operan las industrias extractivas, teniendo en cuenta la experiencia de género y vivida de las comunidades, los pueblos indígenas y los trabajadores. Destacamos la resonancia global de estas diversas experiencias para iluminar la creación de fronteras, las formas de pertenencia y las lógicas de acumulación que producen, permiten y potencialmente socavan la expansión de las industrias extractivas.

Adult-onset cerebellar ataxias are a group of neurodegenerative conditions that challenge both genetic discovery and molecular diagnosis. In this study, we identified an intronic (GAA) repeat expansion in fibroblast growth factor 14 (FGF14). Genetic analysis of 95 Australian individuals with adult-onset ataxia identified four (4.2%) with (GAA)(>300) and a further nine individuals with (GAA)(>250). PCR and long-read sequence analysis revealed these were pure (GAA) repeats. In comparison, no control subjects had (GAA)(>300) and only 2/311 control individuals (0.6%) had a pure (GAA)(>250). In a German validation cohort, 9/104 (8.7%) of affected individuals had (GAA)(>335) and a further six had (GAA)(>250), whereas 10/190 (5.3%) control subjects had (GAA)(>250) but none were (GAA)(>335). The combined data suggest (GAA)(>335) are disease causing and fully penetrant (p = 6.0 × 10(−8), OR = 72 [95% CI = 4.3–1,227]), while (GAA)(>250) is likely pathogenic with reduced penetrance. Affected individuals had an adult-onset, slowly progressive cerebellar ataxia with variable features including vestibular impairment, hyper-reflexia, and autonomic dysfunction. A negative correlation between age at onset and repeat length was observed (R(2) = 0.44, p = 0.00045, slope = −0.12) and identification of a shared haplotype in a minority of individuals suggests that the expansion can be inherited or generated de novo during meiotic division. This study demonstrates the power of genome sequencing and advanced bioinformatic tools to identify novel repeat expansions via model-free, genome-wide analysis and identifies SCA50/ATX-FGF14 as a frequent cause of adult-onset ataxia.

Traceability is an increasingly prominent research topic in decentralised technosocial systems in fields as diverse as health, sustainability, finance, and supply chain management. At the same time, traceability connotes different meanings and potentialities within each of these fields. This Glossary article homes in on “traceability” as a concept that is deceptively simple but fundamentally crucial in blockchain technologies. First, the entry provides an overview of the historical background of traceability within digital technologies. The entry then outlines the most critical dimensions of the concept by relating the term to questions about accountability, explainability, and speculation. Finally, emergent methodological and theoretical insights concerning traceability as a paradoxical concept in distributed technologies are highlighted.