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Abstract Global science education reform calls for developing student knowledge-in-use that applies the integrated knowledge of core ideas and scientific practices to make sense of phenomena or solve problems. Knowledge-in-use development requires a long-term, standards-aligned, coherent learning system, including curriculum and instruction, assessment, and professional learning. This paper addresses the challenge of transforming standards into classrooms for knowledge-in-use and presents an iterative design process for developing a coherent and standards-aligned learning system. Using a project-based learning approach, we present a theory-driven, empirically validated learning system aligned with the U.S. science standards, consisting of four consecutive curriculum and instruction materials, assessments, and professional learning to support students’ knowledge-in-use in high school chemistry. We also present the iterative development and testing process with empirical evidence to support the effectiveness of our learning system in a five-year NSF-funded research project. This paper discusses the theoretical perspectives of developing an NGSS-aligned, coherent, and effective learning system and recaps the development and testing process by unpacking all essential components in our learning system. We conclude that our theory-driven and empirically validated learning system would inform high school teachers and researchers across countries in transforming their local science standards into curriculum materials to support students’ knowledge-in-use development.

BackgroundPosttraumatic disorders are among the most frequent co-occurring diagnoses in patients with substance use disorders (SUD). Individuals with this dual diagnosis often present with special treatment needs, especially after childhood traumatic experiences (CT). Along with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and dissociative symptoms, suicidal behaviors belong to the clinical challenges in this group of patients and may influence the course and outcome of SUD treatment. Therefore, a better understanding of the relationships between different forms of CT, psychopathology and suicidal behaviors seems to be important to tailor adequate concepts of care.Materials and methodsWe examined 343 female patients with SUD and Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). All patients completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), the Dissociative Experiences Scale-Taxon (DES-T) and the Structured Clinical Interview Axis I Disorders (SCID-I). To determine relationships between different symptoms with potential importance for concepts of treatment, we conducted analyses of moderated mediation for different models. We examined the direct and indirect effects of associations between the type of CT, dissociation and suicidal behavior, as well as the moderation effect of PTSD.ResultsAll participants met DSM-criteria for either full PTSD (75.2%) or subsyndromal PTSD (24.8%). Almost all (94.5%) received at least one substance dependence diagnosis and the remaining 5.5% met substance abuse criteria. Most participants (93.3%) reported at least one type of childhood trauma. In all models, dissociation was a risk factor for suicidal ideation (SI) and for suicide attempts (SA). In both, participants with subsyndromal PTSD and participants with full PTSD, dissociation mediated the relationship between childhood sexual abuse and SI as well as SA. Moreover, we report direct effects between different childhood traumas and SI and SA. Furthermore, emotional abuse was a significant predictor of dissociation.DiscussionIn our sample of female patients with SUD and co-occurring PTSD, dissociation significantly increased suicidal behavior and served as a mediator of the relationship between childhood sexual abuse and suicidal behavior. Our findings underline the need to include interventions to address dissociative symptoms and other more complex consequences of childhood trauma into concepts of care for patients with SUD.

For nearly a decade, two science interventions anchored in project-based learning (PBL) principles have been shown to increase student science learning in 3rd grade and high school physical science classes. Both interventions employed a randomized control trial of several thousand students (N = 3,271 in 3rd grade and N = 4,238 in 10th, 11th, and 12th grades). Incorporating a rich background of research studies and reports, the two interventions are based on the ideas of PBL as well as the National Academies of Science’s publications, including how children learn; how science learning and instruction can be transformed; and the performance expectations for science learning articulated in the Next Generation of Science Standards. Results show significant positive increases in student academic, social, and emotional learning in both elementary and secondary school. These findings can be traced, in part, to carefully crafted experiential participatory activities and high-quality instructional materials which act as strong facilitators for knowledge acquisition and use. Reviewing the innovations undertaken by these two interventions, this article describes the importance of studying social and emotional factors ‘in situ’, using the Experience Sampling Method (ESM), that can motivate and engage students in science learning in both elementary and secondary school. Using these ‘in situ’ data collection (N = 596 students in 3rd and N = 1412 students in 10th, 11th, and 12th grades) along with case studies and repeated measures analysis gave deep insights into emotional and social development for young children and adolescents. These methods should continue to be considered when trying to understand key factors of improving engagement in science.

Summary: Background: Predicted increases in suicide were not generally observed in the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the picture may be changing and patterns might vary across demographic groups. We aimed to provide a timely, granular picture of the pandemic's impact on suicides globally. Methods: We identified suicide data from official public-sector sources for countries/areas-within-countries, searching websites and academic literature and contacting data custodians and authors as necessary. We sent our first data request on 22nd June 2021 and stopped collecting data on 31st October 2021. We used interrupted time series (ITS) analyses to model the association between the pandemic's emergence and total suicides and suicides by sex-, age- and sex-by-age in each country/area-within-country. We compared the observed and expected numbers of suicides in the pandemic's first nine and first 10-15 months and used meta-regression to explore sources of variation. Findings: We sourced data from 33 countries (24 high-income, six upper-middle-income, three lower-middle-income; 25 with whole-country data, 12 with data for area(s)-within-the-country, four with both). There was no evidence of greater-than-expected numbers of suicides in the majority of countries/areas-within-countries in any analysis; more commonly, there was evidence of lower-than-expected numbers. Certain sex, age and sex-by-age groups stood out as potentially concerning, but these were not consistent across countries/areas-within-countries. In the meta-regression, different patterns were not explained by countries’ COVID-19 mortality rate, stringency of public health response, economic support level, or presence of a national suicide prevention strategy. Nor were they explained by countries’ income level, although the meta-regression only included data from high-income and upper-middle-income countries, and there were suggestions from the ITS analyses that lower-middle-income countries fared less well. Interpretation: Although there are some countries/areas-within-countries where overall suicide numbers and numbers for certain sex- and age-based groups are greater-than-expected, these countries/areas-within-countries are in the minority. Any upward movement in suicide numbers in any place or group is concerning, and we need to remain alert to and respond to changes as the pandemic and its mental health and economic consequences continue. Funding: None.

The Ludoialm landslide, which is located in the municipality of Münster in Tyrol, Austria, represents a large-scale translational landslide in glacial soil sediments characterised by an exceptionally low inclined basal shear zone of only 12°. Although a temporal coincidence between meteorological events and slope displacement is obvious, the hydromechanical coupled processes responsible for the initial landslide formation and the ongoing movement characteristics have not yet been identified. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the predisposition factors and the initial failure mechanism of this landslide from geological and geotechnical perspectives. We use a prefailure geometry of the cross section to simulate the initial slope failure process by a limit equilibrium analysis (LEA), a strength-reduction finite element method (SRFEM), and a finite element limit analysis (FELA). The shape and location of the computationally obtained basal sliding zone compare well with the geologically assumed one. Based on the computational study, it turns out that a high groundwater table probably caused by snow melting in combination with different permeabilities for the different layers is needed for the formation of the exceptionally low inclined basal shear zone. This paper presents the failure mechanism of the Ludoialm landslide and discusses the role of the shear band propagation in the process of slope destabilization.

Introduction: The most feared complication of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) is staple-line leakage. Staple height and fundus-wall thickness might influence such leakage, and this study examined their possible impact on leak incidence. Factors including gender, age, comorbidities, and reinforcement of the staple line were also investigated.Methods: A total of 500 patients between 17 and 71 years of age who were scheduled for LSG were selected to participate in the study. For technical reasons, 53 were excluded. The fundus-wall thickness of 447 patients after LSG was investigated. The impact of staple height, fundus-wall thickness, demographic and medical factors on leak incidence were investigated. Most of our patients (309) were female (69%), while 138 were male (31%).Results: The mean thickness of the proximal fundus wall was 2,904 μm, 3,172 μm in men and 2,784 μm in women. The leak rate was 4.9%. Age, fundus-wall thickness, and BMI showed a strong influence on leak risk, but this effect was significant only for age (p = 0.01). Patient gender and staple size showed no significant influence on the correlation between fundus-wall thickness and leak risk. Gender displayed a small effect of influence on this correlation, with η2 = 0.05.Discussion: Because older age had a significant effect on increasing the risk of staple-line leakage, there is a need for a more specific focus on these patients. Thinner fundus wall and female gender might predispose patients to staple-line leaks, but a significant value could not be reached. Therefore, staple size should remain the surgeon's choice based on clinical experience.

Background: The coefficient of friction (CoF) serves as an indicator for the mechanical properties of natural and regenerated articular cartilage (AC). After tribological exposure, a height loss (HL) of the cartilage pair specimens can be measured. Our aim was to determine the CoF and HL of regenerated AC tissue and compare them with those of natural AC from non-operated joints and AC from joints where the regenerated tissues had been created after different treatments. Methods: In partial-thickness defects of the trochleae of the stifle joints of 60 Göttingen Minipigs, regenerated AC was created. In total, 40 animals received a Col I matrix, 20 laden with autologous chondrocytes, and 20 without. The defects of 20 animals were left empty. The healing periods were 24 and 48 weeks. A total of 10 not-operated animals, delivered the “external” control specimens. Osteochondral pins were harvested from defect and non-defect areas, the latter serving as “internal” controls. Using a pin-on-plate tribometer, we measured the CoF and the HL. Results: The CoF of the regenerated AC ranged from 0.039 to 0.069, and the HL, from 0.22 mm to 0.33 mm. The differences between the regenerated AC of the six groups and the “external” controls were significant. The comparison with the “internal” controls revealed four significant differences for the CoF and one for the HL in the operated groups. No differences were seen within the operated groups. Conclusions: The mechanical quality of the regenerated AC tissue showed inferior behavior with regard to the CoF and HL in comparison with natural AC. The comparison of regenerated AC tissue with AC from untreated joints was more promising than with AC from the treated joints.

In this work, a simple methodology for preliminarily assessing the magnitude of potential landslide-induced impulse waves’ attenuation in mountain lakes is presented. A set of metrics is used to define the geometries of theoretical mountain lakes of different sizes and shapes and to simulate impulse waves in them using the hydrodynamic software Flow-3D. The modeling results provide the ‘wave decay potential’, a ratio between the maximum wave amplitude and the flow depth at the shoreline. Wave decay potential is highly correlated with what is defined as the ‘shape product’, a metric that represents lake geometry. The relation between these two parameters can be used to evaluate wave dissipation in a natural lake given its geometric properties, and thus estimate expected flow depth at the shoreline. This novel approach is tested by applying it to a real-world event, the 2007 landslide-generated wave in Chehalis Lake (Canada), where the results match well with those obtained using the empirical equation provided by ETH Zurich (2019 Edition). This work represents the initial stage in the development of this method, and it encourages additional research and modeling in which the influence of the impacting characteristics on the resulting waves and flow depths is investigated.

On 17 October 2015, a large-scale subaerial landslide occurred in Taan Fiord, Alaska, which released about 50 Mm3 of rock. This entered the water body and triggered a tsunami with a runup of up to 193 m. This paper aims to simulate the possible formation of a weak layer in this mountainous slope until collapse, and to analyze the possible triggering factors of this landslide event from a geotechnical engineering perspective so that a deeper understanding of this large landslide event can be gained. We analyzed different remote-sensing datasets to characterize the evolution of the coastal landslide process. Based on the acquired remote-sensing data, Digital Elevation Models were derived, on which we employed a 2D limit equilibrium method in this study to calculate the safety factor and compare the location of the associated sliding surface with the most probable actual location at which this landslide occurred. The calculation results reflect the development process of this slope collapse. In this case study, past earthquakes, rainfall before this landslide event, and glacial melting at the toe may have influenced the stability of this slope. The glacial retreat is likely to be the most significant direct triggering factor for this slope failure. This research work illustrates the applicability of multi-temporal remote sensing data of slope morphology to constrain preliminary slope stability analyses, aiming to investigate large-scale landslide processes. This interdisciplinary approach confirms the effectiveness of the combination of aerial data acquisition and traditional slope stability analyses. This case study also demonstrates the significance of a climate change for landslide hazard assessment, and that the interaction of natural hazards in terms of multi-hazards cannot be ignored.

INTRODUCTION:Articular cartilage (AC) is a viscoelastic tissue with a limited regenerative capability because of the lack of vasculature. Mechanical stimulation contributes to the homeostasis of functional AC since it promotes the delivery of nutrients, cytokines and growth factors between the distant chondrocytes. We hypothesized that biomechanical stimulation might enhance mobilization of endogenous mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) from neighboring niches as the bone marrow. AIM:This study aimed to introduce a bioreactor for inducing mobilization of MSCs from one compartment to another above by mechanical stimulation in vitro. METHODS:A novel mechanical system for evaluating mobilization of cells in a 3D context in vitro is presented. The system consists of a compression bioreactor able to induce loading on hydrogel-based scaffolds, custom-made software for settings management and data recording, and image based biological evaluation. Intermittent load was applied under a periodic regime with frequency of 0.3 Hz and unload phases of 10 seconds each 180 cycles over 24 hours. The mechanical stimulation acted on an alginate scaffold and a cell reservoir containing MSCs below it. The dynamic compression exerted amplitude of 200 μm as 10% strain regarding the original height of the scaffold. RESULTS:The bioreactor was able to stimulate the scaffolds and the cells for 24.4 (±1.7) hours, exerting compression with vertical displacements of 185.8 (±17.8) μm and a force-amplitude of 1.87 (±1.37; min 0.31, max 4.42) N. Our results suggest that continuous mechanical stimulation hampered the viability of the cells located at the cell reservoir when comparing to intermittent mechanical stimulation (34.4 ± 2.0% vs. 66.8 ± 5.9%, respectively). Functionalizing alginate scaffolds with laminin-521 (LN521) seemed to enhance the mobilization of cells from 48 (±21) to 194 (±39) cells/mm3 after applying intermittent mechanical loading. CONCLUSION:The bioreactor presented here was able to provide mechanical stimulation that seemed to induce the mobilization of MSCs into LN521-alginate scaffolds under an intermittent loading regime.

Background: Co-occurring posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance use disorders (SUD) are associated with a more severe course and worse outcome than either disorder alone. In Europe, few treatments have been evaluated for PTSD and SUD. Seeking Safety, a manualized, integrated, cognitive-behavioural treatment, has been shown to be effective in studies in the USA. Objective: To test the efficacy of Seeking Safety plus treatment as usual (TAU) in female outpatients with PTSD and SUD compared to Relapse Prevention Training (RPT) plus TAU and TAU alone. Method: In five German study centres a total of N = 343 women were randomized into one of the three study conditions. PTSD severity (primary outcome), substance use, depression and emotion dysregulation (secondary outcomes) were assessed at baseline, post-treatment, as well as at three months and six months post-treatment. Results: Treatment participants attended M = 6.6 sessions (Seeking Safety) and M = 6.1 sessions (RPT). In an intent-to-treat analysis, Seeking Safety plus TAU, RPT plus TAU and TAU alone showed comparable decreases in PTSD severity over the course of the study. Seeking Safety plus TAU showed superior efficacy to TAU alone on depression and emotion regulation and RPT plus TAU was more effective than TAU alone on number of substance-free days and alcohol severity. Minimum-dose analyses suggest additional effects of both programmes among participants who attended at least eight group sessions. Conclusions: With respect to PTSD symptoms, a brief dose of Seeking Safety and RPT in addition to TAU was not superior to TAU alone in women with PTSD and SUD. However, Seeking Safety and RPT showed greater reductions than TAU alone in other domains of psychopathology and substance use outcomes respectively. Future studies should investigate further variables, such as what aspects of each treatment appeal to particular patients and how best to disseminate them.

One major finding of the Equality of Educational Opportunity (EEO) report was that a smaller proportion of African Americans than whites reported “wanting to go no further than high school in each region of the country.” Blacks in the 1960s had high college aspirations, and those aspirations have continued, but today, as then, fewer blacks than whites attend four-year colleges. Since the EEO report, the U.S. population has become increasingly diverse, and postsecondary aspirations and enrollment now vary considerably among racial and ethnic groups. Whereas the EEO report focused on the significant role of students’ concrete knowledge about college in postsecondary attendance, it paid limited attention to variation in postsecondary preparation activities. This study contrasts earlier indicators of student college knowledge with college preparation activities to understand variations in college enrollment among different racial and ethnic groups. Results indicate that concrete knowledge has less impact on minority postsecondary enrollment than taking more-advanced academic courses.

Recruiting high-quality physics teachers for low-socioeconomic status (SES) schools is essential for ensuring equity but is challenging globally. China launched a four-year program to meet the challenge by providing free education and stipends and promising a career position to attract high-performance secondary graduates, while using a contract to constrain participants to serve 10 years as K-12 science, technology, engineering, and mathematics teachers, with the first two years in low-SES rural schools. This program had recruited more than 101 000 preservice teachers in all academic areas, and more than 90% went to teach in low-SES rural schools. In this paper, we clustered participant physics teachers according to their motivation to serve low-SES schools and commented that the use of the “carrot and stick” policy has both positive and negative effects. On one side, the preservice teachers who had higher motivation for serving low-SES communities increased their motivation significantly during the four-year professional learning; on the other side, a portion of teachers who had lower initial motivation failed to develop adequate motivation. Even though the carrot and stick model seems to achieve its established goal, we argue that the “carrot-stick” policy may need adjustment and that the implications from this preservice teacher policy are useful for developing policies in other countries.

The characterization of regenerated articular cartilage (AC) can be based on various methods, as there is an unambiguous accepted criterion neither for the natural cartilage tissue nor for regenerates. Biomechanical aspects should be considered as well, leading to the need for more equivalent samples. The aim of the study was to describe a large animal model where 8 specimens of regenerated AC can be created in one animal plus the impact of two surgeries on the welfare of the animals. The usefulness of the inclusion of a group of untreated animals (NAT) was to analyzed. Based on the histological results the conditions of the regenerates were to be described and the impact on knee joints were to be explored in terms of degenerative changes of the cartilage. The usefulness of the statistical term "effect size" (ES) will be explained with histological results. We analyzed an animal model where 8 AC regenerates were obtained from one Göttingen Minipig, on both sides of the trochleae. 60 animals were divided into 6 groups of 10 each, where the partial thickness defects in the trochlea were filled with matrices made of Collagen I with or without autologous chondrocytes or left empty over the healing periods of 24 and 48 weeks. One additional control group consisting of 10 untreated animals was used to provide untouched "external" cartilage. We harvested 560 samples of regenerated tissue and "external" controls, besides that, twice the number of further samples from other parts of the joints referred to as "internal" controls were also harvested. The animals recovered faster after the 1st operation when the defects were set compared to the 2nd operation when the defects were treated. 9% of all animals were lost. Other complications were for example superficial infections, seroma, diarrhea, febrile state and an injury of a claw. The histological results of the treatments proved the robustness of the study design where we included an "external" control group (NAT) in which the animals were not operated. Comparable significant differences between treated groups and the NAT group were detected both after ½ year and after 1 year. Spontaneous regenerated AC as control revealed differences after an observation time of nearly 1 year. The impact of the treatment on cartilage adjacent to the defect as well as the remaining knee joint was low. The ES was helpful for planning the study as it is shown that the power of a statistical comparison seems to be more influenced by the ES than by the sample size. The ranking of the ES was done exemplarily, listing the results according to their magnitude, thus making the results comparable. We were able to follow the 3 R requirements also in terms of a numerical reduction of animals due to the introduction of a group of untreated animals. This makes the model cost effective. The presented study may contribute as an improvement of the standardization of large animal models for research and regulatory requirements for regenerative therapies of AC.

This study examines the association between high school teachers’ collegial networks and their own familiarity with, and practices related to, supporting students’ admission to college. Using survey data collected at two time points from 163 teachers in four mid-Michigan high schools in 2011-2012, this study (a) employs cluster analysis to map collegial networks by school, and (b) uses social network influence modeling to examine how teachers may be influenced by their closest colleagues. Results of the cluster analysis find that all four high schools surveyed show evidence of distinct clustering by subgroups. Results from influence modeling show that while positive in almost all cases, the impact of teachers’ exposure to colleagues is not significantly associated with a change in familiarity or practices related to college-going. However, interaction with program staff from a college-advising program is found to be related to a small positive change in some teacher practices.

While the underrepresentation of women in the fast-growing STEM field of computer science (CS) has been much studied, no consensus exists on the key factors influencing this widening gender gap. Possible suspects include gender differences in aptitude, interest, and academic environment. Our study contributes to this literature by applying student engagement research to study the experiences of college students studying CS, to assess the degree to which differences in men and women's engagement may help account for gender inequity in the field. Specifically, we use the Experience Sampling Method (ESM) to evaluate in real-time the engagement of college students during varied activities and environments. Over the course of a full week in fall semester and a full week in spring semester, 165 students majoring in CS at two Research I universities were “beeped” several times a day via a smartphone app prompting them to fill out a short questionnaire including open-ended and scaled items. These responses were paired with administrative and over 2 years of transcript data provided by their institutions. We used mean comparisons and logistic regression analysis to compare enrollment and persistence patterns among CS men and women. Results suggest that despite the obstacles associated with women's underrepresentation in computer science, women are more likely to continue taking computer science courses when they felt challenged and skilled in their initial computer science classes. We discuss implications for further research.

Die Öffentlichkeitsarbeit der Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin zielt auf eine wirksame Darstellung ihrer bibliothekarischen Weltschätze und ihrer Serviceangebote für die Wissenschaft ab. Sie ruht auf drei Säulen: kulturelle Breitenbildung für wenig bibliotheksaffine Kreise, allgemeine und breit gefächerte Öffentlichkeitsarbeit sowie Aktionen, die sich an spezielle communities in der Wissenschaft richten. Der Beitrag informiert auch über die erfolgreiche Umsetzung dieser Strategie anhand zahlreicher Beispiele. Er zeigt, wie es der Staatsbibliothek in der Hauptstadt Berlin, in der viele Gedächtnisinstitutionen tätig sind, gelingt, öffentlich präsent zu bleiben und ihr Profil zu vermitteln. The public relations work of the Berlin State Library – Prussian Cultural Heritage aims at effectively presenting its globally significant treasures as well as its services for the scientific world. It is based on three pillars: cultural education for the general public, especially for people who are not naturally close to libraries; a general and wide variety of public relations work; and events which target special communities in science. The paper also presents many examples for the effectual implementation of this strategy. It shows how the State Library, in the capital city of Berlin with its many memory institutions, succeeds in keeping a strong presence and communicating its profile to the public.

Background: Substance use disorders (SUD) belong to the most frequent behavioural consequences of childhood abuse and neglect (CAN). If parents are concerned, SUD are also an important risk factor for CAN. The relationship between CAN and SUD remains poorly understood. There is a need of adequate treatments for SUD patients suffering from the consequences of CAN, as well as for approaches to prevent CAN by parents with SUD. Objective: To describe the aims and the structure of a German research network on relationships between CAN and SUD (CANSAS network). Method: Descriptive overview of the aims, and the different project clusters of the network. Results: The aims of the CANSAS network are: (1) to examine relationships between SUD and CAN; (2) to examine the effects of an evidence-based treatment for SUD patients with posttraumatic disorders; and (3) to provide SUD services with tools to diagnose CAN, and to assess the risk of maltreatment among parents with SUD. The aims of the network are addressed by six projects in three different project clusters (mediators and risk factors, evidence-based treatment, and improvement of services). Conclusions: It is expected that the CANSAS network will advance the understanding of relationships between early adversity and substance use disorders. It will bring forward the discussion about promising treatments for SUD patients with experiences of CAN. Finally it will provide services with measures to identify patients with CAN, and with tools to break the trans-generational cycle of adversity.

Recent experimental studies showed that shear band development starts at the beginning of triaxial tests. In experimental testing, it is impossible to obtain a soil sample with a homogeneous void ratio. Therefore, a homogeneous deformation, i.e., an element test, is questionable well before the peak. In this article we carry out finite element simulations of fine-meshed biaxial tests with the constitutive model barodesy, where the stress rate is formulated as a function of stress, stretching and void ratio. The initial void ratio in the simulations is normally distributed over all elements in a narrow range. In this article, we evaluate the pre-peak shear band development. We further compare stress paths and stress-strain curves of the biaxial test of relevant elements (e.g., in- and outside the shear band) with the results of the average response of all elements. We show how the response in an element test differs from the average response of the fine-meshed test. We present the resulting potential for understanding (early) shear band development and stress-strain behaviour in a biaxial test: The inhomogeneous void ratio distribution in a sample favours early shear band development. This effect is modelled with barodesy. The obtained stress paths and stress-strain curves show that the maximum deviatoric stress is higher in the element test than it is in the average response of the fine-meshed test.

Forty years ago, the National Center for Education Statistics initiated the national longitudinal studies program in response to congressional concern for policy-relevant information on school-to-work transitions. This program has grown substantially, and not unexpectedly, questions have arisen about its usefulness and present operation. This essay briefly describes the scope of the program and its benefits for informing knowledge and policy, including (a) racial and socioeconomic inequalities and their influence on the academic and social development of student subgroups, (b) differential schooling experiences and their impact on children’s later educational and occupational outcomes, and (c) new methods for estimating statistical inferences. Despite these benefits, the program needs serious modification especially with respect to its organization and design features. Several substantive and methodological recommendations are made for improving the program’s effectiveness, including widening technical expertise; reframing sample populations; adjusting intervals for data collections; embedding experiments and conducting field studies; linking longitudinal panels with other federal, state, and local collections; and developing new measures and forms of delivery.

The Göttingen Minipig (GM) is used as large animal model in articular cartilage research. The aim of the study was to introduce osteoarthritis (OA) in the GM by resecting the anterior cruciate ligament (ACLR) according to Pond and Nuki, verified by histological and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scoring as well as analysis of gene and protein expression.The eight included skeletally mature female GM were assessed after ACLR in the left and a sham operation in the right knee, which served as control. 26 weeks after surgery the knee joints were scanned using a 3-Tesla high-field MR tomography unit with a 3 T CP Large Flex Coil. Standard proton-density weighted fat saturated sequences in coronal and sagittal direction with a slice thickness of 3 mm were used. The MRI scans were assessed by two radiologists according to a modified WORMS-score, the X-rays of the knee joints by two evaluators. Osteochondral plugs with a diameter of 4mm were taken for histological examination from either the main loading zone or the macroscopic most degenerated parts of the tibia plateau or condyle respectively. The histological sections were blinded and scored by three experts according to Little et al. Gene expression analysis was performed from surrounding cartilage. Expression of adamts4, adamts5, acan, col1A1, col2, il-1ß, mmp1, mmp3, mmp13, vegf was determined by qRT-PCR. Immunohistochemical staining (IH) of Col I and II was performed. IH was scored using a 4 point grading (0-no staining; 3-intense staining).Similar signs of OA were evident both in ACLR and sham operated knee joints with the histological scoring result of the ACLR joints with 6.48 ± 5.67 points and the sham joints with 6.86 ± 5.84 points (p = 0.7953) The MRI scoring yielded 0.34 ± 0.89 points for the ACLR and 0.03 ± 0.17 for the sham knee joints. There was no correlation between the histological and MRI scores (r = 0.10021). The gene expression profiles as well as the immunohistochemical findings showed no significant differences between ACLR and sham knee joints. In conclusion, both knee joints showed histological signs of OA after 26 weeks irrespective of whether the ACL was resected or not. As MRI results did not match the histological findings, MRI was obviously unsuitable to diagnose the OA in GM. The analysis of the expression patterns of the 10 genes could not shed light on the question, whether sham operation also induced cartilage erosion or if the degeneration was spontaneous. The modified Pond-Nuki model may be used with reservation in the adult minipig to induce an isolated osteoarthritis.

The decreasing number of students who are engaged in science learning has been recognised as a problem. The pre-conditions of engagement and actual engagement were examined using a novel research method to obtain detailed information on Finnish students’ engagement in different situations and to gain a better understanding of this phenomenon. The study’s participants consisted of 68 students (31 girls, 37 boys) from 9th grade and 67 students (46 girls, 21 boys) from 1st grade in upper secondary school. The research aimed to answer the following question: How does Finnish students’ engagement occur in exact and life science lessons? Participants received smartphones equipped with a smartphone application that included an experience sampling method questionnaire. The smartphones were programmed to emit a signal during every science lesson and otherwise randomly during the day (from 8 am to 8 pm). The results reveal that situation and grade had significant effects on students’ pre-conditions of engagement and actual engagement. Our results also show that girls had the highest interest in life science lessons and boys in exact science lessons.

This article reports on a study of the transition from university to workplace writing as experienced by students in a co-operative education work place-ment programme. Informed by the concept that writing is social in nature, this study supports a genre based analysis of the writing and the transitions made by the students in the programme. Issues of writerly identity are ad-dressed. As well, this article engages in the ongoing debate about the value of explicit genre instruction, concluding that such instruction is important, es-pecially given the implications and costs of errors in using workplace genres.

In this article I discuss participatory action research as a framework for enabling people diagnosed with mental health problems to carry out research and in doing so to promote health equity, citizenship, and social justice for people with a mental health diagnosis. The participatory approach to research aims to involve ordinary community members in generating practical knowledge about issues and problems of concern to them and through this promoting personal and social change. The article traces the development of participatory action research and describes its application in the mental health service user research movement. The Hearing (our) Voices projects, participatory research projects carried out in Calgary, Alberta by a group of people diagnosed with schizophrenia, are described to illustrate this approach to mental health research. Participation in research to promote health equity is about inclusion and about how marginalized people can claim full and equal citizenship as participants in and contributors to society.

OBJECTIVE: Reciprocal interaction between bone and glucose metabolism might play a pivotal role in the development of type 2 diabetes. We recently demonstrated that osteocalcin is increased in women with gestational diabetes (GDM) compared to healthy pregnant women and related to enhanced insulin secretion. Here, we aimed to investigate the role of the bone resorption marker CTX and osteopontin (OPN), a key molecule in subclinical inflammation underlying insulin resistance, in gestational diabetes. METHODS: Insulin sensitivity and secretion (derived from OGTT) as well as CTX and osteopontin were investigated in 26 GDM and 52 women with normal glucose tolerance during pregnancy [CON] between 24th and 28th gestational weeks; 24 women also underwent postpartum examination. RESULTS: CTX was significantly higher in GDM compared to CON (0.44±0.20 vs.0.28±0.12 ng/ml, p

Objetivo: Evaluar los efectos sistémicos y terapéuticos del tratamiento con testosterona tópica del liquen escleroso vulvar. Métodos: Este estudio clínico prospectivo incluyó 10 mujeres post-menopáusicas con liquen escleroso vulvar. Se administró propionato de testosterona (0.04 g al día) en forma tópica por 4 semanas. Se determinaron las concentraciones séricas de andrógenos (testosterona, androstendiona y dehidroepiandrosterona) antes y después de 4 semanas de tratamiento, y la vulvodinia se evaluó por una escala visual análoga horizontal. Resultados: Las concentraciones séricas de testosterona total aumentaron en todas las pacientes (p