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One of the least understood aspects in atmospheric chemistry is how urban emissions influence the formation of natural organic aerosols, which affect Earth's energy budget. The Amazon rainforest, during its wet season, is one of the few remaining places on Earth where atmospheric chemistry transitions between preindustrial and urban-influenced conditions. Here, we integrate insights from several laboratory measurements and simulate the formation of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) in the Amazon using a high-resolution chemical transport model. Simulations show that emissions of nitrogen-oxides from Manaus, a city of ~2 million people, greatly enhance production of biogenic SOA by 60-200% on average with peak enhancements of 400%, through the increased oxidation of gas-phase organic carbon emitted by the forests. Simulated enhancements agree with aircraft measurements, and are much larger than those reported over other locations. The implication is that increasing anthropogenic emissions in the future might substantially enhance biogenic SOA in pristine locations like the Amazon.

The Amazon rainforest is a vital component of the global climate system, influencing the hydrological cycle and tropical circulation. However, understanding and modeling the evolution of convection in this region remain a scientific challenge. Here, we assess the environmental conditions associated with shallow, congestus, and isolated deep convection days during the wet season (December to April), employing measurements from the Green Ocean Amazon 2014–2015 (GoAmazon2014/5) experiment and large-scale wind fields from the constrained variational analysis. Composites of deep days show moister than average conditions below 3 km early in the morning. Analyzing the water budget at the surface through observations only, we estimated the water vapor convergence term as a residual of the water balance closure. Convergence remains nearly zero during the deep days until early afternoon (13:00 LST), when it becomes a dominant factor in the water budget. At 14:00 LST, the deep days experience a robust upward large-scale vertical velocity, especially above 4 km, which supports the shallow-to-deep convective transition occurring around 16:00–17:00 LST. In contrast, shallow and congestus days exhibit drier pre-convective conditions, along with diurnal water vapor divergence and large-scale subsidence that extend from the surface to the lower free troposphere. Moreover, afternoon precipitation exhibits the strongest linear correlation (0.6) with large-scale vertical velocity, nearly double the magnitude observed for other environmental factors, even moisture, at different levels and periods of the day. Precipitation also exhibits a moderate increase with low-level wind shear, while upper-level shear has a relatively minor negative impact on convection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Amazon Dense Global Navigational Satellite System (GNSS) Meteorological Network ((ADGMN) provides high spatiotemporal resolution, all-weather precipitable water vapor for studying the evolution of continental tropical and sea-breeze convective regimes of Amazonia. The ADGMN campaign consisted of two experiments: a 6-week campaign in and around Belem, which coincided with the Cloud Processes of the Main Precipitation Systems in Brazil: A Contribution to Cloud-Resolving Modeling and to the Global Precipitation Measurement (CHUVA) and a 1-yr campaign in and around Manaus. The Belem network was composed of 15 GNSS/meteorological stations that provided high-frequency (5 min) PWV data as well as surface meteorological variables For the 6-week duration of the Belem experiment, days were categorized as convective (22 days) or nonconvective (19 days) based solely on a minimum cloud-top temperature of 240 K or below over the central portion of the network and a report of precipitation at at least one site during the afternoon or evening. The Manaus network commenced in April 2011 with 12 GNSS meteorological stations. Local circulations in Manaus driven by anthropogenic deforestation have, in particular, received attention.

O Cryptococcus spp é responsável por doença fúngica invasiva, com distribuição mundial e elevada morbimortalidade. A variedade neoformans é a mais comum e associada a imunossupressão. O agente é adquirido no ambiente pelo contato com solo contaminado com fezes de aves, ou por determinados tipos de Eucalyptus. O diagnóstico pode ser feito pela microscopia direta, cultura ou testes sorológicos. Na microscopia direta, a Tinta da China permite o diagnóstico em vários materiais. O teste de aglutinação pelo látex identifica antígenos presentes na cápsula de polissacarídeos do Cryptococcus spp. Outro diagnóstico importante é a Tuberculose (TB). O acometimento anorretal é raro e geralmente é secundário ou associado a forma pulmonar, sendo incomum em pacientes imunocompetentes. A histologia típica mostra granuloma rodeado área de necrose caseosa. A bacterioscopia com a coloração de Ziehl-Nielsen (ZN), a cultura e a detecção do DNA bacteriano também fazem o diagnóstico. Homem, 43 anos, natural de Colatina (Espírito Santo), procurou o Centro de Referência em HIV/Aids de São Paulo com história de febre e edema doloroso nos membros inferiores após alta hospitalar. Seu diagnóstico de HIV era recente e feito em associação com Neurocriptococose. Seu líquor apresentava 210 leveduras por/mm3 e cultura positiva para Cryptococcus neoformans. No outro serviço, prescrito Anfotericina e Fluconazol, recebendo alta com Fluconazol na dose de manutenção. Durante o período admissão em nosso serviço, queixava de dor nos pés e dificuldade para caminhar. Tinha lesão vinhosa e descamativa nos pés, sugestiva Sarcoma de Kaposi (SK). Solicitada biópsia e exames para estadiamento: Broncoscopia, Colonoscopia e Endoscopia Digestiva Alta (EDA). Sua EDA era normal, já sua Colonoscopia apresentou úlcera em cólon ascendente e na região retal tinha lesões sugestivas de SK. Realizadas biópsias em ambos sítios. Fez RNM de crânio com pseudocistos em hemisfério direito. O resultado biópsia de intestino compatível com Criptococose Intestinal (Grocott positivo) e Tuberculose anal (BAAR positiva). Optado por reiniciar anfotericina B. e prescrito Rifampicina + Isoniazida + Pirazinamida + Etambutol. Recebeu alta com seguimento ambulatorial e realização de quimioterapia. A importância deste relato está no fato que durante a condução de um estadiamento para SK foram encontradas oportunistas raras. Fato que reforça o quanto o médico assistente deverá atentar-se e está aberto para novas evidências.

A síndrome de Lepine-Froin (SLF) é a combinação de liquido cefalorraquidiano (LCR) xantocrômico e hiperproteico. O fenômeno foi descrito pela primeira vez em 1910 após uma punção lombar em um paciente com um tumor da medula espinhal. Acredita-se que a fisiopatologia seja devido a processos que afetam o fluxo normal do LCR que resulta em hiperproteinose e hipercoagulação. A prevalência da SLF ainda não foi relatada. Mulher, 43 anos, natural de Flores (Pernambuco), procurou serviço de referência em HIV-Aids de São Paulo por apresentar febre há 02 meses, disfagia, perda ponderal e confusão mental. Evoluiu com perda de força e vomito. Seu diagnóstico de HIV era conhecido há 11 anos, e abandou tratamento há 6 anos. No mês anterior tratou pneumocistose empiricamente devido quadro de dispneia (usou medicação 10 dias). Na admissão: paciente confusa, desorientada no tempo e espaço, com rigidez de nuca, tremores de extremidades, eupneica em ar ambiente. Seu LCR fortemente xantocrômico, com viscosidade aumentada, cujo resultado foi 126 leucócitos (86% linfocitos, 12% neutrofilos e 2% monócitos), proteínas 2.7 g e cultura para complexo M.tuberculosis positiva. Iniciado tratamento para Neurotuberculose com Rifampicina, Isoniazida, Pirazinamida e Etambutol e corticoide. Realizou Tomografia Computadorizada (TC) de Tórax com imagens de micronódulos difusos em parênquima pulmonar e vidro fosco periférico, predominante em bases, com algumas consolidações. Solicitada pesquisa para SARS-CoV-2, e transferência hospital de referência. No outro serviço, solicitados exames de imagem que mostraram abaulamento discais simétricos com compressão do saco dural, sem repercussão radicular. No crânio: imagem sugestiva de infarto lacunar associada a discreta dilatação do sistema ventricular, sem sinais de hipertensão. Avaliada pela Neurologia, descrito que o quadro típico de neurotuberculose, porém não afastaram Neurotoxoplasmose. Iniciado tratamento com Sulfametoxazol-Trimetropim. Retornou nosso serviço, sendo reavaliada pela Neurologia, agora de nosso serviço. Ao exame apresentou Kernig e Brudzinsky presentes, associado a paraparesia crural com força muscular grau III e redução de reflexos e da sensibilidade membros inferiores, Suspeitou-se de SLF, a qual foi posteriormente confirmada por Ressonância Coluna. Recebeu alta para acompanhamento no SAE próximo de sua residência.

Liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry data-independent acquisition (LC-HRMS/DIA), including MSE, enable comprehensive metabolomics analyses though they pose challenges for data processing with automatic annotation and molecular networking (MN) implementation. This motivated the present proposal, in which we introduce DIA-IntOpenStream, a new integrated workflow combining open-source software to streamline MSE data handling. It provides 'in-house' custom database construction, allows the conversion of raw MSE data to a universal format (.mzML) and leverages open software (MZmine 3 and MS-DIAL) all advantages for confident annotation and effective MN data interpretation. This pipeline significantly enhances the accessibility, reliability and reproducibility of complex MSE/DIA studies, overcoming previous limitations of proprietary software and non-universal MS data formats that restricted integrative analysis. We demonstrate the utility of DIA-IntOpenStream with two independent datasets: dataset 1 consists of new data from 60 plant extracts from the Ocotea genus; dataset 2 is a publicly available actinobacterial extract spiked with authentic standard for detailed comparative analysis with existing methods. This user-friendly pipeline enables broader adoption of cutting-edge MS tools and provides value to the scientific community. Overall, it holds promise for speeding up metabolite discoveries toward a more collaborative and open environment for research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Among the types of cancer, cervical cancer is one of the highest potential for prevention and cure. Methods: The study is a community test that involves the intervention at the level of communities, instead of isolated individuals, being used to evaluate the efficacy and effectiveness of interventions. Objective: The objective of this study is to relate the reasons for non-loyalty to preventive exam for cancer of the cervix and check the level of prior knowledge and later the lectures. Results: Among the main reasons why women involved in this study reported not to perform the preventive exam regularly are the fear of examination, the shame of performing the examination and the lack of information. Conclusion: Although there is some resistance in the carrying out of examinations for the prevention of cervical-uterine cancer, this being a great challenge for the teams of the Family Health Strategies.

The Amazon rainforest is a vital component of the global climate system, influencing the hydrological cycle and tropical circulation. However, understanding and modeling the evolution of convection in this region remains a scientific challenge. Here, we assess the environmental conditions associated with shallow, congestus, and isolated deep convection days during the wet season (December to April) employing measurements from the GoAmazon (2014-2015) experiment and large-scale wind field from the constrained variational analysis. Composites of deep days show moister than average conditions below 3 km early in the morning. Analyzing the water budget at the surface through only observations, we estimated the water vapor convergence term as a residual of the water balance closure. Convergence remains nearly zero during the deep days until early afternoon (13 LST), when it becomes a dominant factor in their water budget. At 14 LST, the deep days experience a robust upward large-scale vertical velocity, especially above 4 km, which supports the shallow-to-deep convective transition occurring around 16-17 LST. In contrast, shallow and congestus days exhibit preconvective drier conditions, along with diurnal water vapor divergence and large-scale subsidence that extend from the surface to the lower free troposphere. Moreover, afternoon precipitation exhibits the strongest linear correlation (0.6) with large-scale vertical velocity, nearly double the magnitude observed for other environmental factors, even moisture at different levels and periods of the day. Precipitation also exhibits a moderate increase with low-level wind shear, while upper-level shear has a relatively minor negative impact on convection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustained and coordinated efforts of lidar teams in Latin America at the beginning of the twenty-first century have built the Latin American Lidar Network (LALINET), the only observational network in [...]

LALINET (Latin American Lidar Network) follows its goal to consolidation as a federative lidar network to provide regional coverage over Latin America in providing aerosol and greenhouse gas profiles following QA/QC protocols and promoting the development of researchers and students in atmopheric science field. We show recent results on different approaches for studying the optical properties of the atmosphere regarding aerosols at tropospheric and stratospheric level and greenhouse gas mixing ratio profiles followed by our recent support and validation efforts towards present and future satellite missions.

Co-inoculation between bacteria of the genera Bradyrhizobium and Azospirillum can enhance the nodulation and promote the development of the soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] root system, contributing to the increase in grain yield, in addition to the reduction in production costs and contamination of natural resources. Cobalt (Co) and molybdenum (Mo) use can also favor biological nitrogen fixation. The research evaluated the co-inoculation effect of bacteria associated with the Co and Mo application in soybean crop. The randomized blocks design was employed, in a 2 x 6 factorial scheme, presence and absence of Co and Mo and five ways of using the products Bradyrhizobium and Azospirillum, plus control, with four replications. The treatments were formed by the control (not inoculated + 20 kg N ha-1); seed inoculation with Bradyrhizobium (100 mL ha-1) + 20 kg N ha-1; seed inoculation with Bradyrhizobium (100 mL ha-1) and three treatments applying Bradyrhizobium + Azospirillum in furrow, in different doses. Height of insertion of the first pod, total number of pods and grains per plant, weight of 100 grains and grain yield were evaluated. Inoculation of Bradyrhizobium japonicum associated with co-inoculation of Azospirillum brasilense via foliar and Co and Mo, provided increases in the number of pods per plant, number of grains per pod and weight of 100 grains, reflecting increases in grain yield. The use of Co and Mo, on average, increased soybean yield by 10%, resulting in an average yield of 4,904 kg ha-1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atmospheric precipitable water vapor (PWV) is a critical quantity in fast-changing weather processes. Current retrieval techniques lack the spatial and/or temporal resolution necessary for a full PWV characterization. Here we investigate a retrieval method using an all-sky ground-based camera comprising a 14-bit 644 × 512-pixel microbolometer sensor array. The radiometrically calibrated infrared downwelling spectral radiance, Lλ , was acquired at rates of up to 3 min-1. For the studied site (23.56 ∘ S, 46.74 ∘ W; 786 m a.s.l.) and spectral interval, Lλ is sensitive to the PWV; the vertical distribution of humidity; and their temporal, spatial, or seasonal variations. By comparing measured and simulated Lλ , we show that the PWV can be retrieved from prior knowledge of the local humidity profile. This information can originate from radiosonde data or statistical analysis of past vertical humidity distributions. Comparison with sun photometer PWV retrievals, for stable atmospheric conditions, showed an agreement of the average PWV within 2.8 % and a precision of subsequent retrievals of 1.9 %. The PWV was also retrieved as a bi-dimensional array, allowing for the investigation of spatial inhomogeneities of humidity distribution. The method can be used for daytime or nighttime retrievals, under partly cloudy sky conditions. Potential applications include studies on convection initiation processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LALINET lidar stations were used to track down aerosols generated over Amazon region and transported over the continent. These data were merged with collocated Aeronet stations in order to help in their identification together with HYSPLIT simulations. The results show potential indication of how aerosol can age in their long transport over regions South and Westward from the source areas by change of their optical properties.

Lidar measurements of cirrus clouds are highly influenced by multiple scattering (MS). We therefore developed an iterative approach to correct elastic backscatter lidar signals for multiple scattering to obtain best estimates of single-scattering cloud optical depth and lidar ratio as well as of the ice crystal effective radius. The approach is based on the exploration of the effect of MS on the molecular backscatter signal returned from above cloud top.

LALINET is expanding regionally to guarantee spatial coverage over South and Central Americas. One of the network goals is to obtain a set of regional representative aerosol optical properties such as particle backscatter, extinction and lidar ratio. Given the North-South extension and influence of distinct airmass circulation patterns it is paramount to distinguish these optical parameters in order to gain better perfomance in radiation transfer models. A set of lidar ratio data is presented.