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26. Zapada katahdin Baumann & Mingo, 1987 Katahdin Forestfly http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid: Plecoptera.speciesfile.org:TaxonName:5994 (Figs. 165‒168) Zapada katahdin Baumann & Mingo 1987:252. Holotype male (United States National Museum), Katahdin Stream, Penobscot Co., Maine, USA Nemoura (Zapada) sp.: Harper & Hynes, 1971:1140 Zapada katahdin: Grubbs et al., 2015:1319 Distribution. Canada: LB, NS, PQ. USA: ME, NH (DeWalt et al. 2022) Male. Macropterous. Body length 6.1–6.3 mm, forewing length 6.7–7.3 mm (n = 3). Four unbranched cervical gills are present. The L:MW ratio for the outer lateral gills is ca. 4.2 compared to ca. 5.2 for the inner medial gills (Fig. 167; Grubbs et al. 2015). Cerci simple and unmodified (Fig. 165). Paraprocts with two sclerotized lobes; inner lobes short and thin, outer lobe broadly quadrate. Epiproct recurved over 10 th tergite (Figs. 165–166); broadest basally and slightly tapering to a truncate apex in dorsal view, revealing the large membranous area and the paired dorsal hooks (Fig. 165); the dorsal sclerite and membranous area extend the entire length of the epiproct in lateral view (Fig. 166); ventral sclerite broad at base but narrowed markedly to apex, nearly engulfed by dorsal sclerite along lateral margins, bearing an irregular row of stout spines. Female. Macropterous. Body length 7.5–9.1 mm, forewing length 8.7–9.6 mm (n = 5). The 7 th sternum is enlarged as a subtruncate plate extending well over 8 th sternum; posterior margin of 8 th sternum slightly concave medially (Fig. 168). Larva. Full description and habitus illustration in Bauman & Mingo (1987). The brief description and partial illustrations by Harper & Hynes (1971) from Ungava, Quebec also refer to this species. Comments. This is a northeastern Nearctic species, known from New Hampshire, Maine, and Nova Scotia northward to Labrador and Quebec (Grubbs et al. 2015, DeWalt et al. 2022). FIGURES NOTE: Some line drawings are missing specific location data due to details that were not present on the original illustrations., Published as part of Grubbs, Scott A. & Baumann, Richard W., 2023, The Nemourinae (Insecta, Nemouridae) of the eastern Nearctic, pp. 1-53 in Zootaxa 5306 (1) on pages 47-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5306.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/8054287, {"references":["Baumann, R. W. & Mingo, T. M. (1987) Zapada katahdin, a new stonefly (Plecoptera: Nemouridae) from the northeast. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 95, 252 - 257. [https: // www. jstor. org / stable / 25009606]","Harper, P. P. & Hynes, H. B. N. (1971) The nymphs of Nemouridae of eastern Canada (Insecta: Plecoptera). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 49, 1129 - 1142. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / z 71 - 173","Grubbs, S. A., Baumann, R. W. & Sheldon, A. L (2015) A review of eastern Nearctic Zapada with a new species from the Great Smoky Mountains (Plecoptera, Nemouridae). Freshwater Science, 34, 1312 - 1323. https: // doi. org / 10.1086 / 683037","DeWalt, R. E., Maehr, M. D., Hopkins, H. P., Neu-Becker, U. & Stueber, G. (2022) Plecoptera Species File Online. Version 5.0 / 5.0. Available from: http: // Plecoptera. SpeciesFile. org (accessed 3 July 2022)"]}

21. Soyedina sheldoni Grubbs & Baumann, 2019 Mountain Man Forestfly http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid: Plecoptera.speciesfile.org:TaxonName:507137 (Figs. 139–144) Soyedina sheldoni Grubbs & Baumann 2019:241. Holotype male (Illinois Natural History Survey), Lower Creek, Mount Mitchell State Park, Yancey Co., North Carolina, USA Distribution. USA: NC (DeWalt et al. 2022) Male. Macropterous. Body length 6.5–8.5, forewing length 4.5–6.0 mm (n = 26, in Grubbs and Baumann 2019). Gills absent. Cerci simple and unmodified. Paraprocts with two lobes, inner lobes lightly sclerotized and inconspicuous, outer lobes heavily sclerotized, large and robust for genus, broadly rounded basally and dorsally, recurved in anterior ⅓, slightly concave laterally, terminating anteriorly in medially-directed triangular flaps (Fig. 143). Epiproct asymmetric, typical for genus (Fig. 139); ventral sclerites partially recurved over abdomen, distinctly asymmetric, apically rounded (Figs. 139‒140); dorsal sclerites distinctly asymmetric, appearing scaly at higher magnifications (Figs. 140‒142), open apically, inner member heavily sclerotized, apically either slightly tapered or straight-sided distally (Figs. 140‒141). Female. Macropterous. Body length 8.5–9.5, forewing length 5.5–6.5 mm (n = 11, in Grubbs & Baumann 2019). Gills absent. Cerci simple and unmodified. Subgenital plate well-developed, subtriangular in shape; base broad, extending from posterior of seventh sternum entirely over eighth sternum and approximately ¼ over ninth sternum; terminating in broadly-rounded apex (Fig. 144). Larva. Undescribed. Comments. Soyedina sheldoni is presently known from the southern Appalachian Highlands region of western North Carolina (Grubbs & Baumann 2019)., Published as part of Grubbs, Scott A. & Baumann, Richard W., 2023, The Nemourinae (Insecta, Nemouridae) of the eastern Nearctic, pp. 1-53 in Zootaxa 5306 (1) on pages 41-42, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5306.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/8054287, {"references":["Grubbs, S. A. & Baumann, R. W. (2019) Soyedina Ricker, 1952 (Plecoptera: Nemouridae) in the eastern Nearctic: review of species concepts, proposal of morphology-based species groups, and description of a new species. Zootaxa, 4658 (2), 223 - 250. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4658.2.2","DeWalt, R. E., Maehr, M. D., Hopkins, H. P., Neu-Becker, U. & Stueber, G. (2022) Plecoptera Species File Online. Version 5.0 / 5.0. Available from: http: // Plecoptera. SpeciesFile. org (accessed 3 July 2022)"]}

11. Prostoia ozarkensis Baumann & Grubbs, 2014 Ozark Forestfly http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid: Plecoptera.speciesfile.org:TaxonName:463936 (Figs. 77‒84) Prostoia completa: Ernst & Stewart, 1985:638 Prostoia completa: Stewart & Stark, 1988:182 Prostoia completa: Poulton & Stewart, 1991:29 Prostoia completa: Stewart & Stark, 2002:209 Prostoia completa: Webb, 2002:253 Prostoia ozarkensis Grubbs et al. 2014:20. Holotype male (United States National Museum), Bryant Creek, Webster Co., Missouri, USA Distribution. USA: AR, IL, MO, OK (DeWalt et al. 2022) Male. Macropterous. Body length 6.0– 6.5 mm, forewing length 6.4–7.8 mm (n = 7). Gills absent. Cerci simple and unmodified. Paraprocts with lightly sclerotized, undivided lobes. Epiproct ventral sclerite sclerotized throughout length, narrow in both dorsal and lateral profiles, and fully recurved over abdomen (Figs. 77‒79); base narrow gradually widening for ca. ⅔ of length (Fig. 77), tip not deflected upward and rounded apically (Figs. 79‒81); dorsal sclerite reduced and to lateral arms in basal area (Figs. 82‒83), which are short, triangular-shaped, and somewhat laterally-flared (Fig. 82). Female. Macropterous. Body length 7.0– 7.7 mm, forewing length 7.4–9.0 mm (n = 7). Gills absent. Cerci simple and unmodified. The 7 th and 8 th sterna fused medially (Fig. 84), the 8 th sternum is modified slightly as a subgenital plate, with faint medial excavation and scarcely developed posterolateral corners (Fig. 84). Larva. The partial illustrations in Poulton & Stewart (1991) likely refer to this species. Comments. See comments under P. completa., Published as part of Grubbs, Scott A. & Baumann, Richard W., 2023, The Nemourinae (Insecta, Nemouridae) of the eastern Nearctic, pp. 1-53 in Zootaxa 5306 (1) on pages 24-25, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5306.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/8054287, {"references":["Grubbs, S. A., Baumann, R. W., DeWalt, R. E. & Tweddale, T. (2014) A review of the Nearctic genus Prostoia (Ricker) (Plecoptera: Nemouridae), with the description of a new species and a surprising range extension for P. hallasi Kondratieff & Kirchner. ZooKeys, 401, 11 - 30. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 401.7299","Ernst, M. R. & Stewart, K. W. (1985) Growth and drift of nine stonefly species (Plecoptera) in an Oklahoma Ozark foothills stream, and conformation to regression models. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 78, 635 - 646. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 78.5.635","Stewart, K. W. & Stark, B. P. (1988) Nymphs of North American stonefly genera (Plecoptera). Entomological Society of America. Thomas Say Foundation, Entomological Society of America Monographs, 12, 1 - 460. https: // doi. org / 10.4182 / GGDW 2452","Poulton, B. C. & Stewart, K. W. (1991) The stoneflies of the Ozark and Ouachita Mountains (Plecoptera). Memoirs of the American Entomological Society, 38, 1 - 116. [http: // biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 38911823]","Stewart, K. W. & Stark, B. P. (2002) Nymphs of North American Stonefly Genera (Plecoptera). Second Edition. The Caddis Press. Columbus, Ohio, xii + 510 pp.","Webb, D. W. (2002) The winter stoneflies of Illinois (Insecta: Plecoptera): 100 years of changes. Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin, 36, 195 - 274. https: // doi. org / 10.21900 / j. inhs. v 36.880","DeWalt, R. E., Maehr, M. D., Hopkins, H. P., Neu-Becker, U. & Stueber, G. (2022) Plecoptera Species File Online. Version 5.0 / 5.0. Available from: http: // Plecoptera. SpeciesFile. org (accessed 3 July 2022)"]}

20. Soyedina parkeri Grubbs & Kondratieff, 2019 Unexpected Forestfly http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid: Plecoptera.speciesfile.org:TaxonName:507843 (Figs. 135–138) Soyedina parkeri Grubbs et al. 2019:2. Holotype male (United States National Museum), All Taxa Biodiversity Inventory Plot 14, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Haywood Co., North Carolina, USA Distribution. USA: NC (DeWalt et al. 2022) Male. Macropterous. Body length 7.3 mm, forewing length 6.7 mm (n = 1, in Grubbs et al. 2019). Gills absent. Cerci simple and unmodified. Paraprocts with two lobes, inner lobes lightly sclerotized and inconspicuous, outer lobes heavily sclerotized, bulbous at base, enlarged and rounded in apical half, lightly sclerotized, noticeably expanded anteriorly at apex (Fig. 137‒138). Epiproct slightly asymmetric, atypical for genus (Figs. 135‒136); ventral sclerites partially recurved over abdomen, distinctly asymmetric, apically subtriangular (Figs. 135‒136); dorsal sclerites slightly asymmetric, appearing scaly at higher magnifications (Figs. 135‒136), open apically, inner member heavily sclerotized, slightly tapered apically (Figs. 135‒136). Female. Unknown. Larva. Unknown. Comments. Soyedina parkeri is presently known only from two localities in the southern Appalachian Highlands region in western North Carolina (Grubbs et al. 2019)., Published as part of Grubbs, Scott A. & Baumann, Richard W., 2023, The Nemourinae (Insecta, Nemouridae) of the eastern Nearctic, pp. 1-53 in Zootaxa 5306 (1) on page 40, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5306.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/8054287, {"references":["Grubbs, S. A., Kondratieff, B. C. & Baumann, R. W. (2019) A surprising rediscovery of lost specimens and description of a new species of Soyedina Ricker, 1952 (Plecoptera: Nemouridae) from Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA. Journal of Insect Biodiversity, 13, 1 - 5. https: // doi. org / 10.12976 / jib / 2019.13.1.1","DeWalt, R. E., Maehr, M. D., Hopkins, H. P., Neu-Becker, U. & Stueber, G. (2022) Plecoptera Species File Online. Version 5.0 / 5.0. Available from: http: // Plecoptera. SpeciesFile. org (accessed 3 July 2022)"]}

15. Soyedina amicalola Verdone & Kondratieff, 2017 Georgia Forestfly http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid: Plecoptera.speciesfile.org:TaxonName:499523 (Figs. 105–108) Soyedina amicalola Verdone & Kondratieff 2017:31. Holotype male (United States National Museum), Little Amicalola Creek, Amicalola Falls State Park, Dawson Co., Georgia, USA Soyedina amicalola Grubbs & Baumann, 2019:238 Distribution. USA: GA (DeWalt et al. 2022) Male. Macropterous. Body length 6.4–6.6 mm, forewing length 7.8–7.9 mm (n = 3, in Verdone et al. 2017). Gills absent. Cerci simple and unmodified. Paraprocts with two lobes, inner lobes lightly sclerotized and inconspicuous; outer lobes sclerotized, large and robust for genus, in basal half bulbous, slightly tapered to a prominent anteriorly-directed spur (Fig. 108). Epiproct asymmetric, typical for genus (Fig. 105); ventral sclerites partially recurved over abdomen, distinctly asymmetric, apically narrowly triangular (Fig. 105); dorsal sclerites distinctly asymmetric, appearing scaly at higher magnifications (Figs. 105, 107); open apically, inner member heavily sclerotized, terminates apically as a straight-sided blunt process, apically triangular in shape and open caudally (Figs. 105‒107). Female. Unknown. Larva. Unknown. Comments. This species is presently known only from two locations in the southern Blue Ridge Province in north Georgia (Verdone et al. 2017, Grubbs & Baumann 2019).

4. Ostrocerca prolongata (Claassen, 1923) Bent Forestfly http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid: Plecoptera.speciesfile.org:TaxonName:6138 (Figs. 31–36) Nemoura prolongata Claassen 1923:289. Holotype male (Cornell University Insect Collection), Bretton Woods, (Coös Co.), New Hampshire, USA Nemoura prolongata: Needham & Claassen, 1925:219 Nemoura prolongata: Claassen, 1940:62 Nemoura (Ostrocerca) prolongata: Ricker, 1952:40 Ostrocerca prolongata: Illies, 1966:218 Ostrocerca prolongata: Zwick, 1973:344 Nemoura (Ostrocerca) prolongata: Hitchcock, 1974:104 Ostrocerca prolongata: Young et al., 1989:261 Distribution. Canada: NB, PQ. USA: DE, ME, NH, NY, PA, VA, WV (DeWalt et al. 2022) Male. Macropterous. Body length 3.8–5.7 mm, forewing length 5.5–6.3 mm (n = 7). Gills absent. Cerci enlarged and elongated, sclerotized, medially arcuate, and terminating to an apical point (Figs. 31–32, 34). Paraprocts divided into a membranous outer lobe and a sclerotized inner lobe; inner lobe is long, basally broader and tapering apically (Fig. 34; Young et al. 1989, their fig. 12). Epiproct elongate and complex; dorsal sclerite smooth basally and dorsally, bifurcated in apical half, terminating in tapered, sclerotized processes (Figs. 32–33); ventral sclerite have paired, dorsally recurved hooked-like process and a single, narrowed elongated process (Figs. 32–33). Female. Macropterous. Body length 5.0– 6.8 mm, forewing length 6.0– 7.2 mm (n = 4). Gills absent. Cerci enlarged but unmodified (Fig. 35). The 8 th sternum is moderately enlarged as a subgenital plate, extending only partially over the 9 th sternum and distally concave; medial region is markedly sclerotized (Figs. 35–36). The 7 th sternum is modified distally as a large nipple-shaped process that extends at least over ¼ of the 8 th sternum (Figs. 35–36). Larva. Undescribed. Comments. Ostrocerca prolongata exhibits a similar distribution to O. complexa, known from New Brunswick and Quebec south to Virginia and West Virginia (DeWalt et al. 2022)., Published as part of Grubbs, Scott A. & Baumann, Richard W., 2023, The Nemourinae (Insecta, Nemouridae) of the eastern Nearctic, pp. 1-53 in Zootaxa 5306 (1) on pages 11-12, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5306.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/8054287, {"references":["Claassen, P. W. (1923) New species of North American Plecoptera, Part II. The Canadian Entomologist, 55, 281 - 292. [http: // biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 27828489]","Needham, J. G. & Claassen, P. W. (1925) A monograph of the Plecoptera or stoneflies of America north of Mexico. Thomas Say Foundation, Entomological Society of America Monograph, 2, 1 - 386. [http: // biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 6270959] https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6826","Claassen, P. W. (1940) A catalogue of the Plecoptera of the world. Cornell University Experimental Station Memoir, 232, 1 - 235.","Ricker, W. E. (1952) Systematic Studies in Plecoptera. Indiana University Publications Series, 18, 1 - 200. [http: // www. nativefishlab. net / library / textpdf / 16861. pdf]","Illies, J. (1966) Katalog der rezenten Plecoptera. Das Tierreich. 82. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, 631 pp.","Zwick, P. (1973) Insecta: Plecoptera. Phylogenetisches System und Katalog. Das Tierreich 94. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, 465 pp.","Hitchcock, S. W. (1974) Guide to the insects of Connecticut. Part VII. The Plecoptera or stoneflies of Connecticut. State Geological Natural History Survey of Connecticut, 107, 1 - 262.","Young, D. C., Kondratieff, B. C. & Kirchner, R. F. (1989) Description of male Ostrocerca Ricker (Plecoptera: Nemouridae) using the scanning electron microscope. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 91, 257 - 268. [http: // biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 16134999]","DeWalt, R. E., Maehr, M. D., Hopkins, H. P., Neu-Becker, U. & Stueber, G. (2022) Plecoptera Species File Online. Version 5.0 / 5.0. Available from: http: // Plecoptera. SpeciesFile. org (accessed 3 July 2022)"]}

9. Prostoia completa (Walker, 1852) Central Forestfly http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid: Plecoptera.speciesfile.org:TaxonName:6101 (Figs. 5, 61‒68) Nemoura completa Walker 1852:191. Holotype male (British Natural History Museum), Nova Scotia, Canada Nemoura glabra (in part): Claassen, 1923:281. Syn. Illies, 1966:221 Nemoura glabra (in part): Needham and Claassen, 1925:202 Nemoura completa: Ricker, 1938:133 Nemoura completa: Claassen, 1940:53 Nemoura completa: Harden & Mickel, 1952:16 Nemoura (Prostoia) completa: Ricker, 1952:49 Prostoia completa: Illies, 1966:221 Nemoura (Prostoia) completa: Harper & Hynes, 1971:1138 Prostoia completa: Zwick, 1973:346 Nemoura (Prostoia) completa: Hitchcock, 1974:97 Prostoia completa: Grubbs et al., 2014:15 Prostoia completa: Stark, 2017:214 Distribution. Canada: NB, NS, NF, ON, PE, PQ. USA: AL, AR, DE, GA, IA, IL, IN, KY, MA, MD, ME, MI, MN, MO, MS, NC, NY, OH, OK, PA, SC, TN, VA, WI, WV (DeWalt et al. 2022) Male. Macropterous.Body length 4.1–5.9 mm, forewing length 6.0– 7.2 mm (n= 7). Gills absent.Cerci simple and unmodified (Figs. 61–62). Paraprocts with lightly sclerotized, undivided lobes. Epiproct ventral sclerite sclerotized throughout length, narrow in both dorsal and lateral profiles, and fully recurved over abdomen (Figs. 61–63); base parallel-sided for ca. ⅓ of length (Figs. 61, 66), tip slightly deflected upward and subtruncate apically (Figs. 64–65); dorsal sclerite reduced to lateral arms in basal area (Figs. 66–67), which are short and sickle-shaped (Fig. 67). Female. Macropterous. Body length 4.9–7.6 mm, forewing length 6.7–7.5 mm (n = 9). Gills absent. Cerci simple and unmodified. The 7 th and 8 th sterna fused medially (Fig. 68); the 8 th sternum is modified slightly as a subgenital plate, with faint medial excavation and scarcely developed posterolateral corners (Fig. 68). Larva. Described by Harper & Hynes (1971). Stewart & Stark (2002) provided a full habitus illustration. Partial illustrations are also available in Stark (2017). Comments. Prostoia completa is a widely distributed species in the eastern US and southeastern Canada plus westward across the Mississippi River to Iowa and Minnesota (DeWalt et al. 2022). The Iowa specimens, however, require reexamination to be certain. Grubbs et al. (2014) proposed that the Interior Highland populations of P. completa from Arkansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma plus southern Illinois refer to P. ozarkensis. These two species are morphologically similar, exhibiting subtle differences with the epiproct dorsal and ventral sclerites. The females, however, cannot be differentiated morphologically., Published as part of Grubbs, Scott A. & Baumann, Richard W., 2023, The Nemourinae (Insecta, Nemouridae) of the eastern Nearctic, pp. 1-53 in Zootaxa 5306 (1) on pages 22-24, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5306.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/8054287, {"references":["Walker, F. (1852) Catalogue of the specimens of neuropterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Printed by order of the Trustees, London, 192 pp. [https: // archive. org / details / catalogueofspeci 00 britrich / page / n 7]","Claassen, P. W. (1923) New species of North American Plecoptera, Part II. The Canadian Entomologist, 55, 281 - 292. [http: // biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 27828489]","Illies, J. (1966) Katalog der rezenten Plecoptera. Das Tierreich. 82. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, 631 pp.","Needham, J. G. & Claassen, P. W. (1925) A monograph of the Plecoptera or stoneflies of America north of Mexico. Thomas Say Foundation, Entomological Society of America Monograph, 2, 1 - 386. [http: // biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 6270959] https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6826","Ricker, W. E. (1938) Notes on specimens of American Plecoptera in European collections. Transactions of the Royal Canadian Institute, 22, 129 - 156.","Claassen, P. W. (1940) A catalogue of the Plecoptera of the world. Cornell University Experimental Station Memoir, 232, 1 - 235.","Harden, P. H. & Mickel, C. E. (1952) The stoneflies of Minnesota (Plecoptera). University of Minnesota Agriculture Experiment Station Technical Bulletin, 201, 1 - 84. [http: // hdl. handle. net / 11299 / 108234]","Ricker, W. E. (1952) Systematic Studies in Plecoptera. Indiana University Publications Series, 18, 1 - 200. [http: // www. nativefishlab. net / library / textpdf / 16861. pdf]","Harper, P. P. & Hynes, H. B. N. (1971) The nymphs of Nemouridae of eastern Canada (Insecta: Plecoptera). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 49, 1129 - 1142. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / z 71 - 173","Zwick, P. (1973) Insecta: Plecoptera. Phylogenetisches System und Katalog. Das Tierreich 94. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, 465 pp.","Hitchcock, S. W. (1974) Guide to the insects of Connecticut. Part VII. The Plecoptera or stoneflies of Connecticut. State Geological Natural History Survey of Connecticut, 107, 1 - 262.","Grubbs, S. A., Baumann, R. W., DeWalt, R. E. & Tweddale, T. (2014) A review of the Nearctic genus Prostoia (Ricker) (Plecoptera: Nemouridae), with the description of a new species and a surprising range extension for P. hallasi Kondratieff & Kirchner. ZooKeys, 401, 11 - 30. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 401.7299","Stark, B. P. (2017) Chapter 3 Plecoptera. In: Morse, J. C., McCafferty, W. P., Stark, B. P. & Jacobus, L. M. (Eds.), Larvae of the southeastern USA mayfly, stonefly, and caddisfly species (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera). Biota of South Carolina. Chapter 9. Clemson University Public Service Publishing, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, pp. 161 - 247.","DeWalt, R. E., Maehr, M. D., Hopkins, H. P., Neu-Becker, U. & Stueber, G. (2022) Plecoptera Species File Online. Version 5.0 / 5.0. Available from: http: // Plecoptera. SpeciesFile. org (accessed 3 July 2022)","Stewart, K. W. & Stark, B. P. (2002) Nymphs of North American Stonefly Genera (Plecoptera). Second Edition. The Caddis Press. Columbus, Ohio, xii + 510 pp."]}

8. Podmosta macdunnoughi (Ricker, 1947) Maritime Forestfly http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid: Plecoptera.speciesfile.org:TaxonName:6113 (Figs. 4, 55‒60) Nemoura macdunnoughi Ricker 1947:403. Holotype male (Canadian National Collection), Baddeck, Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Canada Nemoura (Podmosta) macdunnoughi: Ricker, 1952:42 Podmosta macdunnoughi: Illies, 1966:219 Nemoura (Podmosta) macdunnoughi: Harper & Hynes, 1971:1137 Nemoura (Podmosta) macdunnoughi: Hitchcock, 1974:100 Distribution. Canada: LB, NB, NF, NS, PE, PQ. USA: ME, MN, NY (DeWalt et al. 2022) Male. Macropterous. Body length 4.0– 4.8 mm, forewing length 4.7–4.9 mm (n = 3). Gills absent. Cerci simple and unmodified (Figs. 55‒56). Paraprocts undivided as a lightly sclerotized triangular lobe. Epiproct short and complex, anteriorly-recurved fully over abdomen (Figs. 55‒57); dorsal sclerite broadly rounded basally (Figs. 56‒ 58), extending anteriorly as paired lobes sparsely covered by small spinules (Figs. 56‒58) and dorsally as short bifurcated lateral arms (Figs. 57‒58); ventral sclerite narrow basally, laterally expanded in apical ½, overall t-shaped anteriorly, medially concave (Figs. 56‒57). Female. Macropterous. Body length 5.4–6.5 mm, forewing length 4.8–5.9 mm (n = 6). Gills absent. Cerci simple and unmodified (Figs. 59‒60). Subgenital plate of 8 th tergum scarcely extending over anterior margin of 9 th tergum, with a dark sclerotized medial band that is apically concave (Figs. 59‒60). The 7 th sternum is membranous and barely produced over the anterior margin of the 8 th tergum (Figs. 59‒60). Larva. Described by Harper & Hynes (1971). Ricker (1947) also provided a partial illustration. Comments. Podmosta macdunnoughi is the only species of this Holarctic genus distributed in eastern North America (DeWalt et al. 2022)., Published as part of Grubbs, Scott A. & Baumann, Richard W., 2023, The Nemourinae (Insecta, Nemouridae) of the eastern Nearctic, pp. 1-53 in Zootaxa 5306 (1) on pages 18-19, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5306.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/8054287, {"references":["Ricker, W. E. (1947) Stoneflies of the Maritime Provinces and Newfoundland. Transactions of the Royal Canadian Institute, 26, 401 - 414.","Ricker, W. E. (1952) Systematic Studies in Plecoptera. Indiana University Publications Series, 18, 1 - 200. [http: // www. nativefishlab. net / library / textpdf / 16861. pdf]","Illies, J. (1966) Katalog der rezenten Plecoptera. Das Tierreich. 82. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, 631 pp.","Harper, P. P. & Hynes, H. B. N. (1971) The nymphs of Nemouridae of eastern Canada (Insecta: Plecoptera). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 49, 1129 - 1142. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / z 71 - 173","Hitchcock, S. W. (1974) Guide to the insects of Connecticut. Part VII. The Plecoptera or stoneflies of Connecticut. State Geological Natural History Survey of Connecticut, 107, 1 - 262.","DeWalt, R. E., Maehr, M. D., Hopkins, H. P., Neu-Becker, U. & Stueber, G. (2022) Plecoptera Species File Online. Version 5.0 / 5.0. Available from: http: // Plecoptera. SpeciesFile. org (accessed 3 July 2022)"]}

13. Shipsa rotunda (Claassen, 1923) Intrepid Forestfly http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid: Plecoptera.speciesfile.org:TaxonName:6089 (Figs. 6, 95–98) Nemoura rotunda Claassen 1923. Holotype male (Cornell University Insect Collection), Waldoboro, (Lincoln Co.), Maine, USA Nemoura rotunda: Needham & Claassen, 1925:219 Nemoura rotunda: Claassen, 1940:62 Nemoura rotunda: Ricker, 1944:177 Nemoura rotunda: Harden & Mickel, 1952:17 Nemoura (Shipsa) rotunda: Ricker, 1952 Shipsa rotunda: Illies, 1966 Nemoura (Shipsa) rotunda: Harper & Hynes, 1971:1139 Shipsa rotunda: Zwick, 1973 Nemoura (Shipsa) rotunda: Hitchcock, 1974:104 Shipsa rotunda: Baumann, 1975:54, 63 (in part), 66 (in part) Shipsa rotunda: Dosdall & Lehmkuhl, 1979:38 Shipsa rotunda: Stewart & Stark, 1988:185 Shipsa rotunda: Poulton & Stewart, 1991:30 Shipsa rotunda: Stewart & Stark, 2002:211 Shipsa rotunda: Stewart & Oswood, 2006:81 Shipsa rotunda: Grubbs & Baumann, 2021:51 Distribution. AB, LB, MB, NB, NS, NT, NU, ON, PQ, SK. USA: AK, AL, AR, GA, IA, IL, MA, MD, ME, MI, MN, MS, NC, NE, NH, NY, SC, VA, VT, WI (DeWalt et al. 2022) Male. Macropterous. Body length 4.9–5.9 mm, forewing length 5.7–6.6 mm (n = 10). Gills absent. Cerci simple and unmodified (Figs. 95‒96). Tenth tergum produced distally as a pair of elongated spiny lobes (Figs. 95‒96). Paraprocts undivided as a sclerotized, triangular lobe. Epiproct compact and complex; dorsal sclerite with three units, basally with paired ca. parallel, elongated lobes (Fig. 95), extending slightly anteriorly as medially-concave narrow ridges (Fig. 95), and somewhat laterally as tapered, lateral arms curving dorsally (Fig. 95); ventral sclerite broadest basally, nearly devoid of hairs or spines, extending dorsally and slightly recurved anteriorly as paired lobes (Fig. 96). Female. Macropterous. Body length 5.7–7.3 mm, forewing length 6.8–8.4 mm (n = 12). Gills absent. Cerci simple and unmodified. Subgenital plate sclerotized, not produced, and concave medially where the 7 th sternum extends to anterior margin of 8 th sternum (Figs. 97‒98). In relaxed females, a t-shaped sclerotized band is present at the terminus of the 8 th sternum (Fig. 97) but obscured and not seen in most preserved specimens (Fig. 98). Larva. Described by Harden & Mickel (1952) and Harper & Hynes (1971). Stewart & Stark (2002) provided a full habitus illustration. Additional illustrations were also given by Baumann (1975), Poulton & Stewart (1991) and Harper & Stewart (1996). Comments. Shipsa rotunda is a monotypic species with a very broad longitudinal distribution across North America, from western Alaska east across Canada to Labrador, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia, distributed extensively in the USA from the Laurentian Great Lakes region east to New England, but also from Arkansas east to Georgia and north to Maryland (Grubbs & Baumann 2021; DeWalt et al. 2022). The type locality as listed in Claassen (1923, pg. 290) was spelled incorrectly as Waldeboro (sic)., Published as part of Grubbs, Scott A. & Baumann, Richard W., 2023, The Nemourinae (Insecta, Nemouridae) of the eastern Nearctic, pp. 1-53 in Zootaxa 5306 (1) on pages 29-30, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5306.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/8054287, {"references":["Claassen, P. W. (1923) New species of North American Plecoptera, Part II. The Canadian Entomologist, 55, 281 - 292. [http: // biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 27828489]","Needham, J. G. & Claassen, P. W. (1925) A monograph of the Plecoptera or stoneflies of America north of Mexico. Thomas Say Foundation, Entomological Society of America Monograph, 2, 1 - 386. [http: // biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 6270959] https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6826","Claassen, P. W. (1940) A catalogue of the Plecoptera of the world. Cornell University Experimental Station Memoir, 232, 1 - 235.","Ricker, W. E. (1944) Some Plecoptera from the far north. Canadian Entomologist, 76, 174 - 185. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / Ent 76174 - 9","Harden, P. H. & Mickel, C. E. (1952) The stoneflies of Minnesota (Plecoptera). University of Minnesota Agriculture Experiment Station Technical Bulletin, 201, 1 - 84. [http: // hdl. handle. net / 11299 / 108234]","Ricker, W. E. (1952) Systematic Studies in Plecoptera. Indiana University Publications Series, 18, 1 - 200. [http: // www. nativefishlab. net / library / textpdf / 16861. pdf]","Illies, J. (1966) Katalog der rezenten Plecoptera. Das Tierreich. 82. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, 631 pp.","Harper, P. P. & Hynes, H. B. N. (1971) The nymphs of Nemouridae of eastern Canada (Insecta: Plecoptera). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 49, 1129 - 1142. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / z 71 - 173","Zwick, P. (1973) Insecta: Plecoptera. Phylogenetisches System und Katalog. Das Tierreich 94. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, 465 pp.","Hitchcock, S. W. (1974) Guide to the insects of Connecticut. Part VII. The Plecoptera or stoneflies of Connecticut. State Geological Natural History Survey of Connecticut, 107, 1 - 262.","Baumann, R. W. (1975) Revision of the stonefly family Nemouridae (Plecoptera): A study of the world fauna at the generic level. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 211, 1 - 74. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.211","Dosdall, L. & Lehmkuhl, D. M. (1979) Stoneflies (Plecoptera) of Saskatchewan. Quaestiones Entomologica, 15, 3 - 116. [https: // biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 51226272]","Stewart, K. W. & Stark, B. P. (1988) Nymphs of North American stonefly genera (Plecoptera). Entomological Society of America. Thomas Say Foundation, Entomological Society of America Monographs, 12, 1 - 460. https: // doi. org / 10.4182 / GGDW 2452","Poulton, B. C. & Stewart, K. W. (1991) The stoneflies of the Ozark and Ouachita Mountains (Plecoptera). Memoirs of the American Entomological Society, 38, 1 - 116. [http: // biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 38911823]","Stewart, K. W. & Stark, B. P. (2002) Nymphs of North American Stonefly Genera (Plecoptera). Second Edition. The Caddis Press. Columbus, Ohio, xii + 510 pp.","Stewart, K. W. & Oswood, M. W. (2006) The stoneflies (Plecoptera) of Alaska and western Canada. Caddis Press, Columbus, Ohio, 325 pp.","Grubbs, S. A. & Baumann, R. W. (2021) The Nearctic species Shipsa rotunda (Claassen, 1923) (Plecoptera: Nemouridae). Journal of Insect Biodiversity, 23, 50 - 63. https: // doi. org / 10.12976 / jib / 2021.23.2.3","DeWalt, R. E., Maehr, M. D., Hopkins, H. P., Neu-Becker, U. & Stueber, G. (2022) Plecoptera Species File Online. Version 5.0 / 5.0. Available from: http: // Plecoptera. SpeciesFile. org (accessed 3 July 2022)","Harper, P. P. & Stewart, K. W. (1996) Plecoptera. In Merritt, R. W. & Cummins, K. W. (Eds.), An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America. 3 rd Edition. Kendall-Hunt, Dubuque, Iowa, pp. 217 - 261."]}

Soyedina vallicularia (Wu, 1923) Valley Forestfly http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid: Plecoptera.speciesfile.org:TaxonName:608 4 (Figs. 17���24, 79) Nemoura vallicularia Wu 1923:58. Holotype ♂ (CUIC), Ithaca, (Tompkins Co.), New York, USA Nemoura vallicularia Needham & Claassen, 1925:215 Nemoura (Soyedina) vallicularia Ricker, 1952:53 Soyedina vallicularia Illies, 1966:248 Soyedina vallicularia Zwick, 1973:357 Nemoura (Soyedina) vallicularia Hitchcock, 1974:110 Soyedina vallicularia Baumann, 1975:67 Soyedina vallicularia Stewart & Stark, 1988:188 Soyedina vallicularia Stewart & Stark, 2002:215 Soyedina vallicularia Grubbs, 2006:40 Soyedina vallicularia Stark, 2017:215 Distribution. Canada: NS, ON, PQ. USA: CT, IA, IL, IN, KY, MA, MD, ME, MI, NY, OH, PA, TN, VA, WI, WV (DeWalt et al. 2019), NC (Needham & Claassen 1925, p. 215). Material examined. Canada, Ontario, Grey Co., spring, Inglis Falls, Owen Sound, 4 May 1986, B.J. Sinclair & S.A. Marshall, 1 male, 1 female (BYU); Hastings Co., Hungerford Township, 9 March 2011, E. Fuller, 1 male, 18 females (BYU); Wentworth Co., spring, Webster Falls, Dundas, 12 April 1986, B.J. Sinclair (BYU). Quebec, tributary, Jean Larose River, Mont Saint Anne Park, 9 June 1997, R.W. Baumann, C.R. Nelson & B.C. Kondratieff, 1 male (BYU). USA, Illinois, Vermilion Co., seep, Forest Glen Preserve, 5 mi. S Westville, 15 April 1996, R.W. Baumann, B.C. Kondratieff & B.O. Huntsman, 2 males, 7 females (BYU). Indiana, Parke Co., spring seep, Turkey Run State Park, 23 March 1975, R.W. Baumann & O.S. Flint, 11 males, 11 females (BYU). Kentucky, Adair Co., tributary to Sulphur Creek, 10 km NE Columbia, 37.13460, -85.19460, 10 March 2001, S.A. Grubbs, 4 males, 7 females (WKUC); Spout Spring, 24 km SE Campbellsville, 37.20200, -85.14800, S.A. Grubbs, 7 males, 10 females (WKUC); Allen Co., tributary to Garrett Creek, 13 km SSW Scottsville, 36.64335, -86.245293, 3 March 2001, S.A. Grubbs, 5 males, 3 females (WKUC); McCreary Co., seeps, near Cumberland Falls, Hwy 90, Cumberland Falls State Park, 1 March 1991, R.W. Baumann & S.M. Clark, 1 male (BYU); Powell Co., small creek, N side Nada Tunnel, 27 February 1988, P.H. Freytag, 4 males, 3 females (BYU). Maryland, Allegany Co., tributary to Fifteenmile Creek, Green Ridge State Forest, 39.63712, -78.38207, 17 March 1996, S.A. Grubbs, 4 males, 1 female, 6 larvae (WKUC); spring into Fifteenmile Creek, Green Ridge State Forest, 39.65262, -78.44226, 23 March 1996, S.A. Grubbs, 2 males, 4 females (WKUC); tributary to Trading Run, Warrior Mountain Wildlife Management Area, 39.59508, -78.61599, 7 March 1997, S.A. Grubbs, 4 males, 2 females, 3 larvae (WKUC). Massachusetts, Berkshire Co., brook, 1 mi. N Hwy 20, October Mountain State Forest, 27 April 1991, R.W. Baumann & M.F. Whiting, 1 male, 1 female (BYU); Franklin Co., Sunderland Reservoir, Sunderland, 9 May 1964, C.H. Nelson, 1 male, 3 females (BYU); Sunderland Reservoir, 16 April 1966, C.H. Nelson, F.R. Holbrook, 1 male (CHNC); Worcester Co., Shaw Brook, Leicester, 22 April 1969, L.M. Potter, 1 male, 3 females (BYU). New York, Clinton Co., spring, Recore Road, West Chazy, April 19���26 2010, L. Myers, 1 male (BYU); Cortland Co., Kenney Brook, N Truxton, 6 May 1991, R.W. Baumann & S.A. Wells, 9 males, 14 females (BYU); Hamilton Co., Alder Brook, Hwy 8, E Hoffmeister, Adirondack Park, 4 June 1997, R.W. Baumann & B.C. Kondratieff, 1 male (BYU). Ohio, Ashland Co., seep, Hog Hollow Creek, Mohican State Park, 13 March 1990, R.W. Baumann & R.F. Kirchner, 2 males, 2 females, 15 larvae (BYU). Pennsylvania, Beaver Co., stream below Hwy 18, below Frankfort Mineral Springs, 20 March 1975, R.W. Baumann & O.S. Flint, 1 male (BYU); spring entering Traverse Creek, Raccoon State Park, 20 March 1975, R.W. Baumann & O.S. Flint, 14 males, 27 females, 15 larvae (BYU); Blair Co., stream, Brush Mountain, 1 mi, S Tyrone, 14 March 1987, S. Bonta, 1 male, 3 females (BYU); Erie Co., Conneaut Creek, 13 April 1980, B. Travis, 1 male, 1 female (BYU); Venango Co., spring, Drake Well State Park, 21 April 1979, R.W. Baumann, E.C. Masteller, 1 male, 2 females (BYU); Warren Co., Hemlock Creek, 5 mi. E Warren, 21 April 1979, R.W. Baumann, O.S. Flint, 4 males, 4 females (BYU); concrete wall, Kinzua Dam, 22 April 1979, R.W. Baumann, O.S. Flint, 9 males, 10 females (BYU). Tennessee, Cannon Co., spring, East Fork Stones River, 35.84445, -85.95935, 14 March 2010, A. Harrison, 1 male, 3 females (BPSC). Virginia, Buchanan Co., tributary, Hunts Creek, Hwy 80, Buchanan-Dickensen county line, 28 February 1991, R.W. Baumann & S.M. Clark, 5 males, 2 females (BYU); Giles Co., tributary Little Stoney Creek, Cascades Campground, Jefferson National Forest, 8 March 1991, R.W. Baumann & R.F. Kirchner, 11 males, 5 females (BYU); Scott Co., Little Stoney Creek, Little Stoney Creek Trailhead, 28 February 1991, R.W. Baumann & S.M. Clark, 1 male (BYU); Wythe Co., East Fork, Stone Fork Reed Creek, CR 717, Jefferson National Forest, 37.00902, -81.16309, 24 February 1976, R.F. Kirchner, 2 males (WKUC); same but 11 March 1991, R.W. Baumann & R.F. Kirchner, 9 males, 7 females (BYU). West Virginia, Logan Co., Copperas Mine Fork, Frogtown Hollow, 37.83080, -82.06520, 15 February 1975, R.F. Kirchner, 3 males, 1 female (BPSC). New province and state records. Canada, Labrador, spring above Churchill River, Churchill Falls, 13 June 1997, R.W. Baumann, B.C. Kondratieff & C.R. Nelson, 2 males, 10 females (BYU); stream entering Elephant Head Lake, SW Wabush, 11 June 1997, R.W. Baumann, B.C. Kondratieff & C.R. Nelson, 29 males, 24 females (BYU). USA, New Hampshire, Grafton Co., Lebanon, 22 April 1973, P. Gray, 1 male, 1 female (BYU). Remarks. Adults were described and illustrated in Wu (1923) and redescribed in Grubbs (2006). In the latter (his figs. 1���27), the epiproct and outer paraproct lobe of nine populations from seven states were illustrated with SEM and depicted little morphological variability with either structure. The SEM images shown herein from Pennsylvania (Fig. 23) and Kentucky (Fig. 24) likewise depicts little variability. The outer paraproct lobe was also illustrated in Needham & Claassen (1925; their plate 38, fig. 3) and Hitchcock (1974, his fig. 137). The combination of the asymmetric dorsal (Figs. 17���19, 22) and ventral sclerites (Figs. 17���18), plus the inner epiproct member that is flanged and directed laterally, with the flange lip enlarged apically (Figs. 18���21), aligns this species closely with S. alexandria and S. calcarea. The larva of S. vallicularia remains the only eastern species where the immature stage has been described in full (see Stewart & Stark 2002 and all references therein). Soyedina vallicularia is the most widespread among the eastern Nearctic species, including Atlantic Canada, Appalachian Mountains, Great Lakes region, and Ohio River and upper Mississippi River basins (Fig. 79)., Published as part of Grubbs, Scott A. & Baumann, Richard W., 2019, Soyedina Ricker, 1952 (Plecoptera: Nemouridae) in the eastern Nearctic: review of species concepts, proposed morphology-based species groups, and description of a new species from North Carolina, pp. 223-250 in Zootaxa 4658 (2) on pages 227-231, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4658.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/3375788, {"references":["Wu, C. F. (1923) Morphology, anatomy and ethology of Nemoura. Bulletin of the Lloyd Library Entomological Series, 3, 1 - 81.","Needham, J. G. & Claassen, P. W. (1925) A monograph of the Plecoptera or stoneflies of America north of Mexico. Entomological Society of America, Thomas Say Foundation, 2, 1 - 397. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 682 6","Ricker, W. E. (1952) Systematic studies in Plecoptera. Indiana University Publications, Science Series, 18, 1 - 200. Available from: http: // www. nativefishlab. net / library / textpdf / 16861. pdf (accessed 21 August 2019)","Illies, J. (1966) Katalog der rezenten Plecoptera. Das Tierreich No. 82. Walter de Gruyter and Company, Berlin.","Zwick, P. (1973) Insecta: Plecoptera. Phylogenetisches System und Katalog. Das Tierreich No. 94. Walter de Gruyter and Company, Berlin.","Hitchcock, S. W. (1974) Guide to the insects of Connecticut. Part VII. The Plecoptera or stoneflies of Connecticut. State Geological Natural History Survey of Connecticut, 107, 1 - 262.","Baumann, R. W. (1975) Revision of the stonefly family Nemouridae (Plecoptera): a study of the world fauna at the generic level. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 211, 1 - 74. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.21 1","Stewart, K. W. & Stark, B. P. (1988) Nymphs of North American stonefly genera (Plecoptera). Entomological Society of America. Thomas Say Foundation, Entomological Society of America Monographs, 12, 1 - 460.","Stewart, K. W. & Stark, B. P. (2002) Nymphs of North American stonefly genera (Plecoptera). Second Edition. The Caddis Press. Columbia, Ohio, xii + 510 pp.","Grubbs, S. A. (2006) Soyedina alexandria and S. calcarea (Plecoptera: Nemouridae), new stonefly species from the eastern Nearctic region and notes on the life cycle of S. calcarea. Illiesia, 2, 39 - 49. Available from: http: // illiesia. speciesfile. org / papers / Illiesia 02 - 06. pdf (accessed 21 August 2019)","Stark, B. P. (2017) Chapter 3 Plecoptera. In: Morse, J. C., McCafferty, W. P., Stark, B. P. & Jacobus, L. M. (Eds.), Larvae of the southeastern USA mayfly, stonefly, and caddisfly species (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera). Biota of South Carolina. Chapter 9. Clemson University Public Service Publishing, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, pp. 161 - 247.","DeWalt, R. E., Maehr, M. D., Neu-Becker, U. & Stueber, G. (2019) Plecoptera Species File Online. Version 5.0 / 5.0. Available from: http: // Plecoptera. SpeciesFile. org (accessed 12 March 2019)"]}

10. Prostoia hallasi Kondratieff & Kirchner, 1984 Swamp Forestfly http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid: Plecoptera.speciesfile.org:TaxonName:6098 (Figs. 69‒76) Prostoia hallasi Kondratieff & Kirchner 1984:579. Holotype male (United States National Museum), Washington Ditch, City of Suffolk, Virginia, USA Prostoia hallasi: Kondratieff & Kirchner, 1991:215 Prostoia hallasi: Grubbs et al., 2014:18 Prostoia hallasi: Stark, 2017:214 Distribution. USA: CT, GA, IL, MA, NC, VA (DeWalt et al. 2022) Male. Macropterous. Body length 4.8–5.2 mm, forewing length 4.9–5.5 mm (n = 2). Gills absent. Cerci simple and unsclerotized (Figs. 69‒70). Paraprocts with lightly sclerotized, undivided lobes. Epiproct ventral sclerite sclerotized throughout length, narrow in both dorsal and lateral profiles, and fully recurved over abdomen (Figs. 69‒71); base parallel-sided for ca. ½ of length (Figs. 69, 74); tip with subterminal excavation anterior to complex, paired ventrallydirected processes (Figs. 70, 72‒73); dorsal sclerite reduced to basal area, lacking lateral arms (Fig. 70). Female. Macropterous. Body length 4.8–6.1 mm, forewing length 6.2–6.9 mm (n = 6). Gills absent. Cerci simple and unsclerotized. The 7 th and 8 th sterna separate medially (Fig. 75‒76); the 8 th sternum is modified slightly as a subgenital plate, with small notch and lightly-sclerotized area medially (Figs. 75‒76). Larva. Briefly characterized by Kondratieff & Kirchner (1984) as morphologically indistinguishable from P. completa and P. similis. Stark (2017) provided a partial illustration of the tibia. Comments. Prostoia hallasi has a unique distribution compared to the other eastern Nearctic Nemourinae. To date, most records are from Atlantic Coastal Plain regions of five eastern US states but nothing yet from coastal areas of Florida west to Texas (DeWalt et al. 2022). What makes the distribution especially unusual was the recent and unexpected discovery of two populations from southern Illinois (Grubbs et al. 2014)., Published as part of Grubbs, Scott A. & Baumann, Richard W., 2023, The Nemourinae (Insecta, Nemouridae) of the eastern Nearctic, pp. 1-53 in Zootaxa 5306 (1) on page 24, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5306.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/8054287, {"references":["Kondratieff, B. C. & Kirchner, R. F. (1984) A new species of Nemouridae (Plecoptera) from the Great Dismal Swamp, Virginia, U. S. A. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 86, 578 - 581. [http: // biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 16361039]","Kondratieff B. C. & Kirchner, R. F. (1991). Stoneflies. In: Terwilliger, K. (Eds.), Virginia's Endangered Species. McDonald and Woodward, Blacksburg, Virginia, pp. 214 - 225.","Grubbs, S. A., Baumann, R. W., DeWalt, R. E. & Tweddale, T. (2014) A review of the Nearctic genus Prostoia (Ricker) (Plecoptera: Nemouridae), with the description of a new species and a surprising range extension for P. hallasi Kondratieff & Kirchner. ZooKeys, 401, 11 - 30. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 401.7299","Stark, B. P. (2017) Chapter 3 Plecoptera. In: Morse, J. C., McCafferty, W. P., Stark, B. P. & Jacobus, L. M. (Eds.), Larvae of the southeastern USA mayfly, stonefly, and caddisfly species (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera). Biota of South Carolina. Chapter 9. Clemson University Public Service Publishing, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, pp. 161 - 247.","DeWalt, R. E., Maehr, M. D., Hopkins, H. P., Neu-Becker, U. & Stueber, G. (2022) Plecoptera Species File Online. Version 5.0 / 5.0. Available from: http: // Plecoptera. SpeciesFile. org (accessed 3 July 2022)"]}

2. Ostrocerca albidipennis (Walker, 1852) Whitetailed Forestfly http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid: Plecoptera.speciesfile.org:TaxonName:6147 (Figs. 2, 19–24) Nemoura albidipennis Walker, 1852:191. Holotype male (British Museum of Natural History), Nova Scotia, Canada Nemoura serrata: Claassen, 1923:289. Syn. Ricker, 1952:39 Nemoura serrata: Needham & Claassen, 1925:218 Nemoura albidipennis: Claassen, 1940:50 Nemoura serrata: Claassen, 1940:63 Nemoura (Ostrocerca) albidipennis: Ricker, 1952:39 Nemoura (Ostrocerca) albidipennis: Ricker, 1965:489 Ostrocerca albidipennis: Illies, 1966:217 Nemoura (Ostrocerca) albidipennis: Harper & Hynes, 1971:1136 Ostrocerca albidipennis: Zwick, 1973:343 Nemoura (Ostrocerca) albidipennis: Hitchcock, 1974:96 Ostrocerca albidipennis: Young et al., 1989:259 Ostrocerca albidipennis: Stark, 2017:212 Distribution. Canada: NS, ON, PQ. USA: CT, MA, MD, ME, MI, NH, NY, OH, PA, VA, WV (DeWalt et al. 2022) Male. Macropterous. Body length 4.1–5.4 mm, forewing length 5.0– 5.6 mm (n = 11). Gills absent. Cerci enlarged and elongated, sclerotized, medially arcuate, and terminating to an apical point (Figs. 19–20). Paraprocts divided into a membranous outer lobe and a sclerotized inner lobe; inner lobe is long, bearing a laterally-directed medial hook and a hook-like projection apically (Fig. 22; Young et al. 1989, their figs. 3‒4). Epiproct elongate and complex; dorsal sclerite recurved dorsally, with membranous lateral arms that extended posteriorly (Figs. 20–22); the ventral sclerite is butterfly-shaped ventrally and broadly T-shaped sclerite dorsally (Figs. 20–21), the latter overlapped by the dorsal sclerites lateral arms. Female. Macropterous. Body length 4.1–6.7 mm, forewing length 5.9–7.0 mm (n = 26). Gills absent. Cerci enlarged but unmodified (Fig. 23). The 8 th sternum is moderately enlarged as a subgenital plate, extending only partially over the 9 th sternum and distally concave; medial region is unsclerotized (Figs. 23–24). The 7 th sternum is modified slightly as a small nipple-shaped process that extends barely to the anterior margin of the 8 th sternum (Figs. 23–24). Larva. Described by Harper & Hynes (1971). An additional partial illustration of the male abdominal tergum was provided in Stark (2017). Comments. Ostrocerca albidipennis is distributed from Nova Scotia south through the Appalachians to Virginia and West Virginia (DeWalt et al. 2022). In addition, this is the only species of Ostrocerca known westward across the northern Great Lakes region (Grubbs et al. 2012)., Published as part of Grubbs, Scott A. & Baumann, Richard W., 2023, The Nemourinae (Insecta, Nemouridae) of the eastern Nearctic, pp. 1-53 in Zootaxa 5306 (1) on page 10, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5306.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/8054287, {"references":["Walker, F. (1852) Catalogue of the specimens of neuropterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Printed by order of the Trustees, London, 192 pp. [https: // archive. org / details / catalogueofspeci 00 britrich / page / n 7]","Claassen, P. W. (1923) New species of North American Plecoptera, Part II. The Canadian Entomologist, 55, 281 - 292. [http: // biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 27828489]","Ricker, W. E. (1952) Systematic Studies in Plecoptera. Indiana University Publications Series, 18, 1 - 200. [http: // www. nativefishlab. net / library / textpdf / 16861. pdf]","Needham, J. G. & Claassen, P. W. (1925) A monograph of the Plecoptera or stoneflies of America north of Mexico. Thomas Say Foundation, Entomological Society of America Monograph, 2, 1 - 386. [http: // biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 6270959] https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6826","Claassen, P. W. (1940) A catalogue of the Plecoptera of the world. Cornell University Experimental Station Memoir, 232, 1 - 235.","Ricker, W. E. (1965) New records and descriptions of Plecoptera (Class Insecta). Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 22, 475 - 501. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / f 65 - 045","Illies, J. (1966) Katalog der rezenten Plecoptera. Das Tierreich. 82. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, 631 pp.","Harper, P. P. & Hynes, H. B. N. (1971) The nymphs of Nemouridae of eastern Canada (Insecta: Plecoptera). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 49, 1129 - 1142. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / z 71 - 173","Zwick, P. (1973) Insecta: Plecoptera. Phylogenetisches System und Katalog. Das Tierreich 94. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, 465 pp.","Hitchcock, S. W. (1974) Guide to the insects of Connecticut. Part VII. The Plecoptera or stoneflies of Connecticut. State Geological Natural History Survey of Connecticut, 107, 1 - 262.","Young, D. C., Kondratieff, B. C. & Kirchner, R. F. (1989) Description of male Ostrocerca Ricker (Plecoptera: Nemouridae) using the scanning electron microscope. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 91, 257 - 268. [http: // biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 16134999]","Stark, B. P. (2017) Chapter 3 Plecoptera. In: Morse, J. C., McCafferty, W. P., Stark, B. P. & Jacobus, L. M. (Eds.), Larvae of the southeastern USA mayfly, stonefly, and caddisfly species (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera). Biota of South Carolina. Chapter 9. Clemson University Public Service Publishing, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, pp. 161 - 247.","DeWalt, R. E., Maehr, M. D., Hopkins, H. P., Neu-Becker, U. & Stueber, G. (2022) Plecoptera Species File Online. Version 5.0 / 5.0. Available from: http: // Plecoptera. SpeciesFile. org (accessed 3 July 2022)","Grubbs, S. A., Pessimo, M. & DeWalt, R. E. (2012) Michigan Plecoptera (Stoneflies): distribution patterns and an updated species list. Illiesia, 8, 162 - 173. [http: // illiesia. speciesfile. org / papers / Illiesia 08 - 18. pdf]"]}

1. Nemoura arctica Esben-Petersen, 1910 Arctic Forestfly http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid: Plecoptera.speciesfile.org:TaxonName:6232 (Figs. 1, 9–18) Nemoura arctica Esben-Petersen 1910:85. Holotype male (Museum unknown), Karasjok, Norway Nemoura trispinosa Claassen, 1923:289. Syn. Grubbs et al., 2018:48 Nemoura trispinosa: Needham & Claassen, 1925:213 Nemoura arctica: Claassen, 1940:50 Nemoura trispinosa: Claassen, 1940:64 Nemoura trispinosa: Frison, 1942:261 Nemoura trispinosa: Harden, 1942:322 Nemoura trispinosa: Ricker, 1944:177 Nemoura arctica: Koponen & Brinck, 1949:7 Nemoura trispinosa: Weber, 1950:175 Nemoura arctica: Brinck, 1952:107 Nemoura trispinosa: Harden & Mickel, 1952:19 Nemoura (Nemoura) arctica: Ricker, 1952:36 Nemoura arctica: Zhiltzova, 1964:187 Nemoura arctica: Illies, 1966:194 Nemoura trispinosa: Illies, 1966:214 Nemoura (Nemoura) arctica: Harper & Hynes, 1971:1133 Nemoura (Nemoura) trispinosa: Harper & Hynes, 1971:1133 Nemoura arctica: Lillehammer, 1972:163 Nemoura trispinosa: Lillehammer, 1972:163 Nemoura arctica: Zwick, 1973:332 Nemoura trispinosa: Zwick, 1973:342 Nemoura (Nemoura) trispinosa: Hitchcock, 1974:107 Nemoura arctica: Lillehammer, 1974:82 Nemoura arctica: Baumann, 1975:51, 64 (in part) Nemoura trispinosa: Baumann, 1975:51 Nemoura arctica: Baumann et al., 1977:34 Nemoura arctica: Lillehammer, 1988:113 Nemoura trispinosa: Stewart & Stark, 1988:169 Nemoura trispinosa: Stewart & Stark, 2002:196 Nemoura arctica: Zhiltzova, 2003:266 Nemoura arctica: Kondratieff & Baumann, 2004:114 Nemoura arctica: Stewart & Oswood, 2006:78 Nemoura arctica: Boumans, 2011:286 Nemoura arctica: Judson & Nelson, 2012:33 Nemoura arctica: Grubbs et al., 2018:48 Distribution (Nearctic only). Canada: AB, BC, LB, MB, NB, NF, NS, NT, NU, ON, PE, PQ, SK, YK; USA: AK, IA, IL, ME, MI, MN, NH, NY, OH, PA, SD, WI, WV, WY (DeWalt et al. 2022) Male. Macropterous. Body length 4.7–5.9 mm, forewing length 4.1–6.1 mm (n = 25). Gills absent. Cerci sclerotized laterally and modified, outer edge produced and terminates typically in a pair of appressed spines that vary in length and degree of tapering, plus an outer spine that is variable (Figs. 9–13). The outer spine is distally forked (Fig. 13) or not (Fig. 12). Populations further westward vary from the eastern Nearctic males. For example, males from South Dakota have an outer spine that is rectangular and crenulated distally (Grubbs et al. 2018, their fig. 5). Paraproct outer lobes straight anteriorly and slightly trilobed posteriorly. The base of the cerci fit between the anterior and medial lobe. Epiproct short and robust, recurved anteriorly over the terminal abdominal segments (Figs. 9–11); in lateral aspect, the basal cushion occupies the anterior ca. ½ and is separated from the dorsal sclerite by smooth lateral areas (Fig. 14). The lateral areas are recurved slightly over the distal medial portion of the basal cushion. The dorsal sclerite appears scaly at high magnifications, especially apically (Fig. 14). The dorsal sclerite is open apically, exposing parallel, broad, hatchet-like apical prongs of the ventral sclerite (Figs. 11, 15–16) and prominent, scaly, apical prongs positioned ca. perpendicular to the ridges (Figs. 15–16). The prongs terminate laterally bearing two short, thick, grooved spines (Figs. 15–16). Female. Macropterous. Body length 5.4–7.4 mm, forewing length 4.6–7.6 mm (n = 23). Gills absent. The 7 th sternum is produced as a broadly-subtruncate to subtriangular subgenital plate that extends over minimally across ½ of the 8 th sternum (Figs. 17–18). Larva. Described by Brinck (1949, 1952), Harden & Mickel (1952, as N. trispinosa), and Harper & Hynes (1971, as N. trispinosa). A partial illustration was also given in Frison (1942, as N. trispinosa) and Harper & Stewart (1996). Stewart & Stark (1988, 2002) provided a description and full habitus illustration as N. trispinosa. Comments. Grubbs et al. (2018) recently provided evidence with scanning electron micrographs that Nearctic N. trispinosa is a junior synonym of Holarctic N. arctica. Nemoura arctica is distributed extensively at mid- to northern latitudes across the Northern Hemisphere (DeWalt et al. 2022)., Published as part of Grubbs, Scott A. & Baumann, Richard W., 2023, The Nemourinae (Insecta, Nemouridae) of the eastern Nearctic, pp. 1-53 in Zootaxa 5306 (1) on pages 6-7, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5306.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/8054287, {"references":["Esben-Petersen, P. (1910) Bidrag til en fortegnelse over arktisk. Norges Neuropterfauna. II. TromsO Museums Arshefter, 31 / 32, 75 - 89. [http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 121426 # page / 83 / mode / 1 up]","Claassen, P. W. (1923) New species of North American Plecoptera, Part II. The Canadian Entomologist, 55, 281 - 292. [http: // biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 27828489]","Grubbs, S. A., Baumann, R. W. & Burton, D. K. (2018) Nearctic Nemoura trispinosa Claassen, 1923 and N. rickeri Jewett, 1971 are junior synonyms of Holarctic Nemoura species (Plecoptera: Nemouridae). Illiesia, 14, 44 - 64. [http: // illiesia. speciesfile. org / papers / Illiesia 14 - 3. pdf]","Needham, J. G. & Claassen, P. W. (1925) A monograph of the Plecoptera or stoneflies of America north of Mexico. Thomas Say Foundation, Entomological Society of America Monograph, 2, 1 - 386. [http: // biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 6270959] https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6826","Claassen, P. W. (1940) A catalogue of the Plecoptera of the world. Cornell University Experimental Station Memoir, 232, 1 - 235.","Frison, T. H. (1942) Studies of North American Plecoptera with special reference to the fauna of Illinois. Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin, 22, 235 - 355. [http: // hdl. handle. net / 2142 / 44844] https: // doi. org / 10.21900 / j. inhs. v 22.245","Harden, P. H. (1942) The immature stages of some Minnesota Plecoptera. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 35, 318 - 331. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 35.3.318","Ricker, W. E. (1944) Some Plecoptera from the far north. Canadian Entomologist, 76, 174 - 185. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / Ent 76174 - 9","Koponen, J. S. & Brinck, P. (1949) Neue oder wenig bekannte Plecoptera. Annales Entomologici Fennicae, 15, 1 - 21.","Weber, N. A. (1950) A survey of the insects and related arthropods of Arctic Alaska, Part I. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 76, 147 - 206. [http: // www. jstor. org / stable / 25077616]","Brinck, P. (1952) Backslandor. Plecoptera. Svensk Insekt-fauna, 15, 1 - 126.","Harden, P. H. & Mickel, C. E. (1952) The stoneflies of Minnesota (Plecoptera). University of Minnesota Agriculture Experiment Station Technical Bulletin, 201, 1 - 84. [http: // hdl. handle. net / 11299 / 108234]","Ricker, W. E. (1952) Systematic Studies in Plecoptera. Indiana University Publications Series, 18, 1 - 200. [http: // www. nativefishlab. net / library / textpdf / 16861. pdf]","Zhiltzova, L. A. (1964) Order Plecoptera (Stoneflies). In: Bei-Bienko, G. Ya. (Ed.), Opredelitel' nasekomykh Evropeiskoi chasti SSSR (Identification Guide to Insects of the European Part of the USSR). Moscow, Leningrad, pp. 177 - 200.","Illies, J. (1966) Katalog der rezenten Plecoptera. Das Tierreich. 82. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, 631 pp.","Harper, P. P. & Hynes, H. B. N. (1971) The nymphs of Nemouridae of eastern Canada (Insecta: Plecoptera). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 49, 1129 - 1142. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / z 71 - 173","Lillehammer, A. (1972) A new species of the genus Nemoura (Plecoptera) from Finnmark, North Norway. Norsk Entomologisk Tidsskrift, 19, 161 - 163. [http: // www. entomologi. no / journals / nje / old / V 19 / NET _ 19 _ 02 _ 1972. pdf]","Zwick, P. (1973) Insecta: Plecoptera. Phylogenetisches System und Katalog. Das Tierreich 94. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, 465 pp.","Hitchcock, S. W. (1974) Guide to the insects of Connecticut. Part VII. The Plecoptera or stoneflies of Connecticut. State Geological Natural History Survey of Connecticut, 107, 1 - 262.","Lillehammer, A. (1974) Norwegian stoneflies. I. Analysis of the variations in morphological and structural characters used in taxonomy. Norsk Entomologisk Tidsskrift, 21, 59 - 107. [http: // www. entomologi. no / journals / nje / old / V 21 / NET _ 21 _ 01 _ 1974. pdf]","Baumann, R. W. (1975) Revision of the stonefly family Nemouridae (Plecoptera): A study of the world fauna at the generic level. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 211, 1 - 74. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.211","Baumann, R. W., Gaufin, A. R. & Surdick, R. F. (1977) The stoneflies (Plecoptera) of the Rocky Mountains. Memoirs of the American Entomological Society, 31, 1 - 207. [https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 118985 # page / 221 / mode / 1 up]","Lillehammer, A. (1988) Stoneflies (Plecoptera) of Fennoscandia and Denmark. Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica. Volume 21. E. J. Brill / Scandinavian Science Press, New York, New York, 165 pp.","Stewart, K. W. & Stark, B. P. (1988) Nymphs of North American stonefly genera (Plecoptera). Entomological Society of America. Thomas Say Foundation, Entomological Society of America Monographs, 12, 1 - 460. https: // doi. org / 10.4182 / GGDW 2452","Stewart, K. W. & Stark, B. P. (2002) Nymphs of North American Stonefly Genera (Plecoptera). Second Edition. The Caddis Press. Columbus, Ohio, xii + 510 pp.","Zhiltzova, L. A. (2003) Fauna of Russia and Neighboring Countries. Vol. 1. Issue 1. Insecta Plecoptera, Plecoptera Gruppe Euoholognatha. NAUKA, St. Petersburg, 537 pp.","Kondratieff, B. C. & Baumann, R. W. (2004) A record of the Arctic Forestfly, Nemoura arctica (Plecoptera: Nemouridae), from the contiguous United States. Entomological News, 115, 113 - 115. [http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 20616 # page / 125 / mode / 1 up]","Stewart, K. W. & Oswood, M. W. (2006) The stoneflies (Plecoptera) of Alaska and western Canada. Caddis Press, Columbus, Ohio, 325 pp.","Boumans, L. (2011) The Plecoptera collection at the Natural History Museum in Oslo. Illiesia, 7, 280 - 290. [http: // illiesia. speciesfile. org / papers / Illiesia 07 - 25. pdf]","Judson, S. W. & Nelson, C. R. (2012) A guide to Mongolian stoneflies (Insecta: Plecoptera). Zootaxa, 3541 (1), 1 - 118. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3541.1.1","DeWalt, R. E., Maehr, M. D., Hopkins, H. P., Neu-Becker, U. & Stueber, G. (2022) Plecoptera Species File Online. Version 5.0 / 5.0. Available from: http: // Plecoptera. SpeciesFile. org (accessed 3 July 2022)","Brinck, P. (1949) Studies on Swedish stoneflies, Plecoptera. Opuscula Entomologica Supplement, 11, 1 - 250.","Harper, P. P. & Stewart, K. W. (1996) Plecoptera. In Merritt, R. W. & Cummins, K. W. (Eds.), An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America. 3 rd Edition. Kendall-Hunt, Dubuque, Iowa, pp. 217 - 261."]}

19. Soyedina merritti Baumann & Grubbs, 1996 Powdermill Forestfly http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid: Plecoptera.speciesfile.org:TaxonName:6060 (Figs. 129–134) Soyedina merritti Baumann & Grubbs 1996:221. Holotype male (United States National Museum), Maul Spring, Powdermill Nature Reserve, Westmoreland Co., Pennsylvania, USA Soyedina merritti Grubbs & Baumann, 2019:234 Distribution. USA: PA (DeWalt et al. 2022) Male. Macropterous. Body length 5.0–7.0 mm, forewing length 6.7–7.4 mm (n = 5). Gills absent. Cerci simple and unmodified. Paraprocts with two lobes, inner lobes lightly sclerotized and inconspicuous, outer lobes sclerotized, subtriangular in shape, slightly tapered apically to an anteriorly-directed spur (Fig. 133). Epiproct asymmetric, typical for genus (Fig. 129); ventral sclerites partially recurved over abdomen, distinctly asymmetric, apically narrowly triangular (Fig. 129); dorsal sclerites distinctly asymmetric, appearing scaly at higher magnifications (Figs. 130‒ 132); open apically, inner member heavily sclerotized, flanged apically, lip symmetric apically (Figs. 130‒131). Female. Macropterous. Body length 5.7–7.8 mm, forewing length 7.9–9.3 mm (n = 8). Gills absent. Cerci simple and unmodified. Subgenital plate well-developed, subtriangular in shape; base broad, extending from posterior of seventh sternum entirely over eighth sternum and approximately ¼ over ninth sternum; terminating in broadly-rounded apex (Fig. 134). Larva. Undescribed. Comments. Soyedina merritti is known only from a small geographic area along the Appalachian Plateau Province in southwestern Pennsylvania (Baumann & Grubbs 2006, Grubbs & Baumann 2019)., Published as part of Grubbs, Scott A. & Baumann, Richard W., 2023, The Nemourinae (Insecta, Nemouridae) of the eastern Nearctic, pp. 1-53 in Zootaxa 5306 (1) on pages 38-40, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5306.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/8054287, {"references":["Baumann, R. W. & Grubbs, S. A. (1996) Two new species of Soyedina (Plecoptera: Nemouridae) from the Appalachian Mountains. Entomological News, 107, 220 - 224. [http: // biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 2700498]","Grubbs, S. A. & Baumann, R. W. (2019) Soyedina Ricker, 1952 (Plecoptera: Nemouridae) in the eastern Nearctic: review of species concepts, proposal of morphology-based species groups, and description of a new species. Zootaxa, 4658 (2), 223 - 250. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4658.2.2","DeWalt, R. E., Maehr, M. D., Hopkins, H. P., Neu-Becker, U. & Stueber, G. (2022) Plecoptera Species File Online. Version 5.0 / 5.0. Available from: http: // Plecoptera. SpeciesFile. org (accessed 3 July 2022)","Grubbs, S. A. (2006) Soyedina alexandria and S. calcarea (Plecoptera: Nemouridae), new stonefly species from the eastern Nearctic region and notes on the life cycle of S. calcarea. Illiesia, 2, 39 - 49. [http: // illiesia. speciesfile. org / papers / Illiesia 02 - 06. pdf]"]}

I. Adult key to eastern Nearctic Nemourinae genera (modified from Baumann 1975 and Stewart & Stark 2008) 1 Males.............................................................................................. 2 - Females............................................................................................. 9 2 Cervical gills present, either unbranched or 4-branched (Figs. 159, 163); wing venation typical for family (Fig. 8).... Zapada - Cervical gills absent; wing venation variable (Figs. 1, 3, 7).................................................... 3 3 Veins A 1 and A 2 of forewing joined near posterior margin (Fig. 7); epiproct either slightly (Fig. 105) or markedly bilaterally asymmetric (Fig. 115)............................................................................ Soyedina - Veins A 1 and A 2 of forewing not joined (Figs. 1‒6); epiproct bilaterally symmetric (Figs. 31, 44, 61)................... 4 4 Vesicle absent from sternum 9; terminal costal crossvein of forewing joins Sc vein before junction with R vein, typical “X” pattern at cord absent (Fig. 3).................................................................. Paranemoura - Vesicle present on sternum 9; terminal costal crossvein of forewing joins R vein, typical “X” pattern at cord present (Figs. 1‒2, 4‒6)................................................................................................ 5 5 Cerci sclerotized and developed, either with lateral spines (Figs. 10‒12) or elongated and recurved (Figs. 37‒38)......... 6 - Cerci simple and unmodified (Figs. 51, 86)................................................................. 7 6 Cerci robust with paired appressed spines (= as; Figs. 9‒13) and one outer spine (= os), the latter may be apically forked (Fig. 13) or not (Figs. 12)............................................................................ Nemoura - Cerci elongated and medially arcuate, apically pointed or bifurcated (Figs. 19, 25, 31, 37).................... Ostrocerca 7 10 th tergum enlarged at lateral proximal corners into long, sclerotized spiny lobes (Figs. 95‒96)................... Shipsa - 10 th tergum unmodified at lateral proximal corners (Figs. 45, 161)............................................... 8 8 Epiproct long and narrow throughout length, comprised mainly of the ventral sclerite, (Figs. 61, 69, 77, 85); dorsal sclerite reduced to lateral arms (Figs. 67, 82, 88) or essentially absent (Fig. 74)..................................... Prostoia - Epiproct short and robust, ventral sclerite T-shaped and expanded laterally (Figs. 56‒57); dorsal sclerite prominent and terminates as bifurcated lateral arms (Figs. 57‒58).................................................... Podmosta 9 Cervical gills present, either unbranched or 4-branched (Figs. 155, 159) wing venation typical for family (Fig. 8).... Zapada - Cervical gills absent; wing venation variable (Figs. 1, 3, 7)... 10 10. Veins A 1 and A 2 of forewing joined near posterior margin (Fig. 7)......................................... Soyedina - Veins A 1 and A 2 of forewing not joined (Figs. 1‒6).......................................................... 11 11 7 th sternum covering at least ¾ of 8 th sternum (Figs. 17‒18)............................................. Nemoura - 7 th sternum less produced, covering Paranemoura - Terminal costal crossvein of forewing joins R vein, typical “X” pattern at cord present (Fig. 1‒2, 4‒6)................. 13 13 8 th sternum enlarged and modified as subgenital plate; 7 th sternum with a medial, nipple-like projection (Figs. 24, 30, 35) (except O. truncata, Fig. 42).................................................................... Ostrocerca - 8 th sternum not enlarged, only as medial subgenital plate or medial sclerotized pattern; 7 th sternum without medial, nipple-like projection (Figs. 60, 84, 98)............................................................................ 14 14 Subgenital plate apex broad, encompassing at least 50% of the total width of the 8 th sternum, varying from scarcely (Figs. 68, 84) to moderately (Figs. 75, 93) emarginate medially................................................... Prostoia - Subgenital plate apex comparatively smaller, encompassing much less than 50% of the total width of the 8 th sternum (Figs. 60, 98)................................................................................................ 15 15 Subgenital plate with a distinct medial notch (Fig. 59‒60).............................................. Podmosta - Subgenital plate lacking a distinct medial notch, rounded distally (Fig. 98).................................... Shipsa, Published as part of Grubbs, Scott A. & Baumann, Richard W., 2023, The Nemourinae (Insecta, Nemouridae) of the eastern Nearctic, pp. 1-53 in Zootaxa 5306 (1) on page 5, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5306.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/8054287, {"references":["Baumann, R. W. (1975) Revision of the stonefly family Nemouridae (Plecoptera): A study of the world fauna at the generic level. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 211, 1 - 74. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.211","Stewart, K. W. & Stark, B. P. (2008) Chapter 14 Plecoptera. In: Merritt, R. W., Cummins, K. W. & Berg, M. B (Eds.), An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America. 4 th Edition. Kendall Hunt, Dubuque, Iowa, pp. 311 - 384."]}

VII. Genus Shipsa Ricker, 1952 http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid: Plecoptera.speciesfile.org:TaxonName:6087 Type species. Nemoura rotunda Claassen, 1923 Range. Nearctic (DeWalt et al. 2022). Diagnosis. See Baumann (1975) and Grubbs & Baumann (2019) for a comprehensive description of the genus., Published as part of Grubbs, Scott A. & Baumann, Richard W., 2023, The Nemourinae (Insecta, Nemouridae) of the eastern Nearctic, pp. 1-53 in Zootaxa 5306 (1) on page 29, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5306.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/8054287, {"references":["Ricker, W. E. (1952) Systematic Studies in Plecoptera. Indiana University Publications Series, 18, 1 - 200. [http: // www. nativefishlab. net / library / textpdf / 16861. pdf]","Claassen, P. W. (1923) New species of North American Plecoptera, Part II. The Canadian Entomologist, 55, 281 - 292. [http: // biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 27828489]","DeWalt, R. E., Maehr, M. D., Hopkins, H. P., Neu-Becker, U. & Stueber, G. (2022) Plecoptera Species File Online. Version 5.0 / 5.0. Available from: http: // Plecoptera. SpeciesFile. org (accessed 3 July 2022)","Baumann, R. W. (1975) Revision of the stonefly family Nemouridae (Plecoptera): A study of the world fauna at the generic level. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 211, 1 - 74. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.211","Grubbs, S. A. & Baumann, R. W. (2019) Soyedina Ricker, 1952 (Plecoptera: Nemouridae) in the eastern Nearctic: review of species concepts, proposal of morphology-based species groups, and description of a new species. Zootaxa, 4658 (2), 223 - 250. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4658.2.2"]}

II. Genus Nemoura Latrielle, 1796 http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid: Plecoptera.speciesfile.org:TaxonName:6165 Type species. Perla cinerea Retzius, 1783 Range. Holarctic and Oriental (DeWalt et al. 2022). Diagnosis. See Baumann (1975) for a comprehensive description of the genus and Grubbs et al. (2018) for an SEM-based examination of two Nearctic species., Published as part of Grubbs, Scott A. & Baumann, Richard W., 2023, The Nemourinae (Insecta, Nemouridae) of the eastern Nearctic, pp. 1-53 in Zootaxa 5306 (1) on page 5, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5306.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/8054287, {"references":["DeWalt, R. E., Maehr, M. D., Hopkins, H. P., Neu-Becker, U. & Stueber, G. (2022) Plecoptera Species File Online. Version 5.0 / 5.0. Available from: http: // Plecoptera. SpeciesFile. org (accessed 3 July 2022)","Baumann, R. W. (1975) Revision of the stonefly family Nemouridae (Plecoptera): A study of the world fauna at the generic level. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 211, 1 - 74. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.211","Grubbs, S. A., Baumann, R. W. & Burton, D. K. (2018) Nearctic Nemoura trispinosa Claassen, 1923 and N. rickeri Jewett, 1971 are junior synonyms of Holarctic Nemoura species (Plecoptera: Nemouridae). Illiesia, 14, 44 - 64. [http: // illiesia. speciesfile. org / papers / Illiesia 14 - 3. pdf]"]}

25. Zapada fumosa Baumann & Grubbs, 2015 Fumose Forestfly http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid: Plecoptera.speciesfile.org:TaxonName:470810 (Figs. 8, 161–164) Zapada fumosa Baumann & Grubbs 2015:1315. Holotype male (United States National Museum), Walker Camp Prong, Great Smoky Mountain National Park, Sevier Co., Tennessee, USA Zapada species A: Stark, 2017:214. Distribution. USA: NC, TN, VA (DeWalt et al. 2022) Male. Macropterous. Body length 5.5–6.0 mm, forewing length 4.0– 4.5 mm (n = 5, in Grubbs et al. 2015). Four 4-branched cervical gills are present; each gill complex is comprised of three well-developed medial branches and one reduced lateral branch (Fig. 163). L:MW ratios are 6.3–6.5 for three medial branches and 2.1 for the singular lateral branch (Grubbs et al. 2015). Cerci simple and unmodified (Fig. 161). Paraprocts with two sclerotized lobes; inner lobes short and thin, outer lobe broadly quadrate. Epiproct recurved over 10 th tergite (Figs. 161–162); broadest basally and slightly tapering to a rounded apex in dorsal view, revealing the narrowly-triangular shaped membranous area (Fig. 161); inner member lined with a row of laterally-directed spines except at apex (Figs. 161–162); subtriangular in shape in lateral view, showing the broadly-rounded membranous structure mesally (Fig. 162); dorsal sclerite larger than the ventral sclerite in lateral view, the two structures run ca. parallel from base nearly to mid-point (Fig. 162). Female. Macropterous. Body length 7.0–8.0 mm, forewing length 5.5–6.0 mm (n = 5, in Grubbs et al. 2015). Cervical gills same as male. The 7 th sternum is enlarged as a broadly rounded, subtriangular subgenital plate extending minimally to anterior margin of 8 th sternum (Fig. 164); posterior margin of 8 th sternum slightly concave medially. Larva. Undescribed. Adult gill characteristics of Zapada, however, are identical to those in the larval stage. This should permit positive identification of larva of this species (Stark 2017). Comments. Zapada fumosa is distributed in the southern Appalachian Highlands region from southwestern Virginia, east Tennessee, and western North Carolina, known mainly from streams draining remnant boreal forests of red spruce (Picea rubens Sargent, 1898) and Frasier fir (Abies fraseri Pursh, 1817) (Grubbs et al. 2015)., Published as part of Grubbs, Scott A. & Baumann, Richard W., 2023, The Nemourinae (Insecta, Nemouridae) of the eastern Nearctic, pp. 1-53 in Zootaxa 5306 (1) on pages 46-47, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5306.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/8054287, {"references":["Grubbs, S. A., Baumann, R. W. & Sheldon, A. L (2015) A review of eastern Nearctic Zapada with a new species from the Great Smoky Mountains (Plecoptera, Nemouridae). Freshwater Science, 34, 1312 - 1323. https: // doi. org / 10.1086 / 683037","Stark, B. P. (2017) Chapter 3 Plecoptera. In: Morse, J. C., McCafferty, W. P., Stark, B. P. & Jacobus, L. M. (Eds.), Larvae of the southeastern USA mayfly, stonefly, and caddisfly species (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera). Biota of South Carolina. Chapter 9. Clemson University Public Service Publishing, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, pp. 161 - 247.","DeWalt, R. E., Maehr, M. D., Hopkins, H. P., Neu-Becker, U. & Stueber, G. (2022) Plecoptera Species File Online. Version 5.0 / 5.0. Available from: http: // Plecoptera. SpeciesFile. org (accessed 3 July 2022)"]}

3. Ostrocerca complexa (Claassen, 1937) Notched Forestfly http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid: Plecoptera.speciesfile.org:TaxonName:6144 (Figs. 25–30) Nemoura complexa Claassen, 1937:43. Holotype male (Cornell University Insect Collection), Artists Brook, Essex Co., New York, USA Nemoura complexa: Claassen, 1940:53 Nemoura (Ostrocerca) complexa: Ricker, 1952:40 Ostrocerca complexa: Illies, 1966:217 Ostrocerca complexa: Zwick, 1973:344 Nemoura (Ostrocerca) complexa: Hitchcock, 1974:97 Ostrocerca complexa: Young et al., 1989:259 Distribution. Canada: NB, NS, ON, PQ. USA: CT, MA, MD, ME, NY, PA, VA, WV (DeWalt et al. 2022) Male. Macropterous. Body length 4.1–5.8 mm, forewing length 5.5–6.6 mm (n = 27). Gills absent. Cerci enlarged and elongated, sclerotized, medially arcuate, and terminating in a bifurcated apex (Figs. 25–26). Paraprocts divided into a membranous outer lobe and a sclerotized inner lobe; inner lobe is C-shaped, apically divergent, and produced distally as a triangular projection (Fig. 22; Young et al. 1989, their fig. 6). Epiproct elongate and complex; dorsal sclerite is bifurcated apically, open distally with dark sclerotized longitudinal bands along the midline, and membranous laterally with several spine-like projections near the base and 3–4 dark spines apically (Figs. 26–27); ventral sclerite is membranous apically with open medial slot, sclerotized proximally, and with distinctive fork-like process that extends through the dorsal sclerites, bearing three short prongs, one proximally and two distally (Figs. 26–27). Female. Macropterous. Body length 4.6–6.5 mm, forewing length 6.3–7.5 mm (n = 10). Gills absent. Cerci enlarged but unmodified (Fig. 29). The 8 th sternum is moderately enlarged as a subgenital plate, extending only partially over the 9 th sternum and distally concave; medial region is markedly sclerotized (Figs. 29–30). The 7 th sternum is modified distally as a large nipple-shaped process that extends at least over ¼ of the 8 th sternum (Figs. 29–30). Larva. Undescribed. Comments. Ostrocerca complexa is an Appalachian-distributed species known from Nova Scotia and New Brunswick south to Virginia and West Virginia (DeWalt et al. 2022). The females of O. complexa and O. prolongata are difficult to identify with certainty without associated males., Published as part of Grubbs, Scott A. & Baumann, Richard W., 2023, The Nemourinae (Insecta, Nemouridae) of the eastern Nearctic, pp. 1-53 in Zootaxa 5306 (1) on pages 10-11, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5306.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/8054287, {"references":["Claassen, P. W. (1937) New species of stoneflies (Plecoptera). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 10, 42 - 51. [http: // www. jstor. org / stable / 25081486]","Claassen, P. W. (1940) A catalogue of the Plecoptera of the world. Cornell University Experimental Station Memoir, 232, 1 - 235.","Ricker, W. E. (1952) Systematic Studies in Plecoptera. Indiana University Publications Series, 18, 1 - 200. [http: // www. nativefishlab. net / library / textpdf / 16861. pdf]","Illies, J. (1966) Katalog der rezenten Plecoptera. Das Tierreich. 82. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, 631 pp.","Zwick, P. (1973) Insecta: Plecoptera. Phylogenetisches System und Katalog. Das Tierreich 94. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, 465 pp.","Hitchcock, S. W. (1974) Guide to the insects of Connecticut. Part VII. The Plecoptera or stoneflies of Connecticut. State Geological Natural History Survey of Connecticut, 107, 1 - 262.","Young, D. C., Kondratieff, B. C. & Kirchner, R. F. (1989) Description of male Ostrocerca Ricker (Plecoptera: Nemouridae) using the scanning electron microscope. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 91, 257 - 268. [http: // biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 16134999]","DeWalt, R. E., Maehr, M. D., Hopkins, H. P., Neu-Becker, U. & Stueber, G. (2022) Plecoptera Species File Online. Version 5.0 / 5.0. Available from: http: // Plecoptera. SpeciesFile. org (accessed 3 July 2022)"]}

7. Paranemoura perfecta (Walker, 1852) Spotted Forestfly http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid: Plecoptera.speciesfile.org:TaxonName:6128 (Figs. 3, 49‒54) Nemoura perfecta Walker 1852:191. Holotype male (British Museum of Natural History), Redman, Nova Scotia, Canada Nemoura punctipennis: Claassen, 1923:291. Syn. Illies, 1966:218 Nemoura punctipennis: Needham & Claassen, 1925:221 Nemoura perfecta: Claassen, 1940:61 Nemoura (Paranemoura) perfecta: Ricker, 1952:41 Paranemoura perfecta: Illies, 1966:218 Nemoura (Paranemoura) perfecta: Harper & Hynes, 1971:1137 Paranemoura perfecta: Zwick, 1973:345 Nemoura (Paranemoura) perfecta: Hitchcock, 1974:103 Paranemoura perfecta: Baumann, 1975:54, 64 (in part), 66 (in part) Paranemoura perfecta: Stewart & Stark, 1988:176 Paranemoura perfecta: Baumann, 1996:818 Paranemoura perfecta: Stark et al., 1998:119 Paranemoura perfecta: Stewart & Stark, 2002:203 Distribution. Canada: NB, NS, ON, PE, PQ. USA: CT, MA, MD, ME, MI, NC, NH, NY, PA, TN, VA, VT, WV (DeWalt et al. 2022) Male. Macropterous. Body length 4.8–5.7 mm, forewing length 5.0– 5.5 mm (n = 11) Gills absent. Cerci simple and unmodified (Figs. 49‒51). Paraprocts undivided and broad, roughly triangular in shape. Epiproct ventral sclerite fully recurved over abdomen (Figs. 49‒50), ca. parallel-sided and longitudinally split into halves for ca. ⅔ length by the dorsal sclerite (Figs. 50‒52), basolateral margins gently rounded and sparsely covered by small spinules, notch lacking (Figs. 49‒50), anteriorly tapered to a narrow, parallel-sided rounded apex (Fig. 52); posteriorly-directed epihooks of dorsal sclerite smooth and acute (Figs. 49‒50). Female. Macropterous. Body length 5.1–6.1 mm, forewing length 5.0– 6.4 mm (n = 8). Gills absent. Cerci simple and unmodified (Figs. 53‒54). The 8 th sternum is medially concave and not produced distally, Y-sclerite open along posterior margin (Figs. 53‒54); 7 th sternum is unsclerotized, with a short rounded medial projection extending ¼‒½ over the 8 th sternum (Figs. 53‒54). Larva. The description by Harper & Hynes (1971) from southern Quebec and partial illustration in Baumann (1975) may refer to P. claasseni. Comments. Paranemoura perfecta overlaps with P. claasseni in the northeastern Nearctic but has a much broader distribution, extending westward across southern Ontario to Michigan’s Upper Peninsula (Grubbs et al. 2012) and southward through the Appalachian Mountains to Tennessee and North Carolina (DeWalt et al. 2022)., Published as part of Grubbs, Scott A. & Baumann, Richard W., 2023, The Nemourinae (Insecta, Nemouridae) of the eastern Nearctic, pp. 1-53 in Zootaxa 5306 (1) on pages 17-18, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5306.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/8054287, {"references":["Walker, F. (1852) Catalogue of the specimens of neuropterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Printed by order of the Trustees, London, 192 pp. [https: // archive. org / details / catalogueofspeci 00 britrich / page / n 7]","Claassen, P. W. (1923) New species of North American Plecoptera, Part II. The Canadian Entomologist, 55, 281 - 292. [http: // biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 27828489]","Illies, J. (1966) Katalog der rezenten Plecoptera. Das Tierreich. 82. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, 631 pp.","Needham, J. G. & Claassen, P. W. (1925) A monograph of the Plecoptera or stoneflies of America north of Mexico. Thomas Say Foundation, Entomological Society of America Monograph, 2, 1 - 386. [http: // biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 6270959] https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6826","Claassen, P. W. (1940) A catalogue of the Plecoptera of the world. Cornell University Experimental Station Memoir, 232, 1 - 235.","Ricker, W. E. (1952) Systematic Studies in Plecoptera. Indiana University Publications Series, 18, 1 - 200. [http: // www. nativefishlab. net / library / textpdf / 16861. pdf]","Harper, P. P. & Hynes, H. B. N. (1971) The nymphs of Nemouridae of eastern Canada (Insecta: Plecoptera). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 49, 1129 - 1142. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / z 71 - 173","Zwick, P. (1973) Insecta: Plecoptera. Phylogenetisches System und Katalog. Das Tierreich 94. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, 465 pp.","Hitchcock, S. W. (1974) Guide to the insects of Connecticut. Part VII. The Plecoptera or stoneflies of Connecticut. State Geological Natural History Survey of Connecticut, 107, 1 - 262.","Baumann, R. W. (1975) Revision of the stonefly family Nemouridae (Plecoptera): A study of the world fauna at the generic level. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 211, 1 - 74. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.211","Stewart, K. W. & Stark, B. P. (1988) Nymphs of North American stonefly genera (Plecoptera). Entomological Society of America. Thomas Say Foundation, Entomological Society of America Monographs, 12, 1 - 460. https: // doi. org / 10.4182 / GGDW 2452","Stark, B. P., Szczytko, S. W. & Nelson, C. R. (1998) American stoneflies: a photographic guide to the Plecoptera. The Caddis Press, Columbus, Ohio, 126 pp.","Stewart, K. W. & Stark, B. P. (2002) Nymphs of North American Stonefly Genera (Plecoptera). Second Edition. The Caddis Press. Columbus, Ohio, xii + 510 pp.","DeWalt, R. E., Maehr, M. D., Hopkins, H. P., Neu-Becker, U. & Stueber, G. (2022) Plecoptera Species File Online. Version 5.0 / 5.0. Available from: http: // Plecoptera. SpeciesFile. org (accessed 3 July 2022)","Grubbs, S. A., Pessimo, M. & DeWalt, R. E. (2012) Michigan Plecoptera (Stoneflies): distribution patterns and an updated species list. Illiesia, 8, 162 - 173. [http: // illiesia. speciesfile. org / papers / Illiesia 08 - 18. pdf]"]}

24. Zapada chila (Ricker, 1952) Smokies Forestfly http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid: Plecoptera.speciesfile.org:TaxonName:6008 (Figs. 157–160) Nemoura (Zapada) chila Ricker 1952:55. Holotype male (Illinois Natural History Survey), Walker (Camp) Prong, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, (Sevier Co.), Tennessee, USA Zapada chila: Illies, 1966:249 Zapada chila: Grubbs et al., 2015:1313 Zapada chila: Stark, 2017:214 Distribution. USA: TN (DeWalt et al. 2022) Male. Macropterous. Body length 4.6–4.9 mm, forewing length 6.2–7.1 mm (n = 4). Four unbranched cervical gills are present. The length:maximum width (L:MW) ratio for the outer lateral gills is ca. 9.8 compared to ca. 9.4 for the inner medial gills (Fig. 159; Grubbs et al. 2015). Cerci simple and unmodified (Fig. 157). Paraprocts with two sclerotized lobes; inner lobes short and thin, outer lobe broadly quadrate. Epiproct recurved over 10 th tergite (Figs. 157–158); broadest basally and open dorsally, with a distinct membranous structure that is medially expanded and distally spatulate (Fig. 157); laterally sinuous in shape, showing the hump-shaped membranous structure mesally (Fig. 158); dorsal sclerite larger than the ventral sclerite in lateral view, the two structures run ca. parallel from base nearly to mid-point (Fig. 158). Female. Macropterous. Body length 5.3 mm, forewing length 7.2–7.7 mm (n = 2). Cervical gills same as male. The 7 th sternum is produced as a broadly-rounded subgenital plate that extends slightly over the anterior margin of the 8 th sternum (Fig. 160); posterior margin of 8 th sternum slightly concave medially. Larva. Undescribed. Adult gill characteristics of Zapada, however, are identical to those in the larval stage. This should permit positive identification of larva of this species (Stark 2017). Comments. Zapada chila is considered a rare species. Only 13 adult specimens have been collected across a 65-year time span from a single stream (Walker Camp Prong) at the eastern Tennessee edge of Great Smoky Mountains National Park (Grubbs et al. 2015)., Published as part of Grubbs, Scott A. & Baumann, Richard W., 2023, The Nemourinae (Insecta, Nemouridae) of the eastern Nearctic, pp. 1-53 in Zootaxa 5306 (1) on page 45, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5306.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/8054287, {"references":["Ricker, W. E. (1952) Systematic Studies in Plecoptera. Indiana University Publications Series, 18, 1 - 200. [http: // www. nativefishlab. net / library / textpdf / 16861. pdf]","Illies, J. (1966) Katalog der rezenten Plecoptera. Das Tierreich. 82. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, 631 pp.","Grubbs, S. A., Baumann, R. W. & Sheldon, A. L (2015) A review of eastern Nearctic Zapada with a new species from the Great Smoky Mountains (Plecoptera, Nemouridae). Freshwater Science, 34, 1312 - 1323. https: // doi. org / 10.1086 / 683037","Stark, B. P. (2017) Chapter 3 Plecoptera. In: Morse, J. C., McCafferty, W. P., Stark, B. P. & Jacobus, L. M. (Eds.), Larvae of the southeastern USA mayfly, stonefly, and caddisfly species (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera). Biota of South Carolina. Chapter 9. Clemson University Public Service Publishing, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, pp. 161 - 247.","DeWalt, R. E., Maehr, M. D., Hopkins, H. P., Neu-Becker, U. & Stueber, G. (2022) Plecoptera Species File Online. Version 5.0 / 5.0. Available from: http: // Plecoptera. SpeciesFile. org (accessed 3 July 2022)"]}

6. Paranemoura claasseni Baumann, 1996 Boreal Forestfly http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid: Plecoptera.speciesfile.org:TaxonName:6127 (Figs. 43‒48) Paranemoura claasseni Baumann, 1996:822. Holotype male (United States National Museum), Crystal Spring, Kennebec Co., Maine, USA Distribution. Canada: NB, NS, PE, PQ. USA: ME, NH (DeWalt et al. 2022) Male. Macropterous. Body length 4.1–6.5 mm, forewing length 4.6–5.1 mm (n = 8). Gills absent. Cerci simple and unmodified (Figs. 43‒46). Paraprocts undivided and broad, roughly triangular in shape. Epiproct ventral sclerite fully recurved over abdomen (Figs. 43‒44), markedly expanded in medial ½, split longitudinally halves for ca. ¾ of length by dorsal sclerite (Figs. 44‒46), basolateral margins gently rounded posteriorly then demarcated by a distinct notch (Figs. 43‒44), sparsely covered by small spinules, anteriorly tapered to a rounded, subtriangular apex (Figs. 45‒46); epihooks of dorsal sclerite apically armed with irregular jagged teeth, positioned posterior to ventral sclerite (Figs. 43, 46). Female. Macropterous. Body length 4.5–7.0 mm, forewing length 5.4–5.7 mm (n = 5). Gills absent. Cerci simple and unmodified (Figs. 47‒48). The 8 th sternum is medially concave and not produced distally, Y-sclerite of sternum closed posteriorly by narrow dark margin (Figs. 47‒48); 7 th sternum is unsclerotized, with a short rounded medial projection extending ¼‒½ over the 8 th sternum (Figs. 47‒48). Larva. The description by Harper & Hynes (1971) may refer either to P. claasseni or P. perfecta. Stark (2017) also provided a partial illustration of the foreleg. Comments. Paranemoura claasseni is distributed in the northeastern Nearctic region (DeWalt et al. 2022)., Published as part of Grubbs, Scott A. & Baumann, Richard W., 2023, The Nemourinae (Insecta, Nemouridae) of the eastern Nearctic, pp. 1-53 in Zootaxa 5306 (1) on page 17, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5306.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/8054287, {"references":["DeWalt, R. E., Maehr, M. D., Hopkins, H. P., Neu-Becker, U. & Stueber, G. (2022) Plecoptera Species File Online. Version 5.0 / 5.0. Available from: http: // Plecoptera. SpeciesFile. org (accessed 3 July 2022)","Harper, P. P. & Hynes, H. B. N. (1971) The nymphs of Nemouridae of eastern Canada (Insecta: Plecoptera). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 49, 1129 - 1142. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / z 71 - 173","Stark, B. P. (2017) Chapter 3 Plecoptera. In: Morse, J. C., McCafferty, W. P., Stark, B. P. & Jacobus, L. M. (Eds.), Larvae of the southeastern USA mayfly, stonefly, and caddisfly species (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera). Biota of South Carolina. Chapter 9. Clemson University Public Service Publishing, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, pp. 161 - 247."]}

16. Soyedina calcarea Grubbs, 2006 Karst Forestfly http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid: Plecoptera.speciesfile.org:TaxonName:6059 (Figs. 7, 109–114) Soyedina calcarea Grubbs 2006:43. Holotype male (Illinois Natural History Survey), small spring-fed stream, 7.5 km NW Bonnieville, Hart Co., Kentucky, USA Soyedina calcarea Grubbs & Baumann, 2019:227 Distribution. USA: KY (DeWalt et al. 2022) Male. Macropterous. Body length 4.8–5.7 mm, forewing length 6.8–7.6 mm (n = 7). Gills absent. Cerci simple and unmodified. Paraprocts with two lobes, inner lobes lightly sclerotized and inconspicuous, outer lobes sclerotized, in basal half bulbous, slightly tapered apically, concave along dorsal margin (Fig. 113). Epiproct asymmetric, typical for genus (Fig. 109); ventral sclerites partially recurved over abdomen, distinctly asymmetric, apically narrowly triangular (Fig. 109); dorsal sclerites distinctly asymmetric, appearing scaly at higher magnifications (Figs. 110‒ 112); open apically, inner member heavily sclerotized, flanged apically, lip asymmetric with apical half longer than basal portion (Figs. 110‒111). Female. Macropterous. Body length 6.1–6.5 mm, forewing length 8.0– 8.9 mm (n = 4). Gills absent. Cerci simple and unmodified. Subgenital plate well-developed, subtriangular in shape; base broad, extending from posterior of seventh sternum entirely over eighth sternum and approximately ¼ over ninth sternum; terminating in broadly-rounded apex (Fig. 114). Larva. Undescribed. Comments. Soyedina calcarea is currently known only from the Mammoth Cave region of central Kentucky, USA (Grubbs & Baumann 2019, McRoberts & Grubbs 2021)., Published as part of Grubbs, Scott A. & Baumann, Richard W., 2023, The Nemourinae (Insecta, Nemouridae) of the eastern Nearctic, pp. 1-53 in Zootaxa 5306 (1) on pages 34-35, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5306.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/8054287, {"references":["Grubbs, S. A. (2006) Soyedina alexandria and S. calcarea (Plecoptera: Nemouridae), new stonefly species from the eastern Nearctic region and notes on the life cycle of S. calcarea. Illiesia, 2, 39 - 49. [http: // illiesia. speciesfile. org / papers / Illiesia 02 - 06. pdf]","Grubbs, S. A. & Baumann, R. W. (2019) Soyedina Ricker, 1952 (Plecoptera: Nemouridae) in the eastern Nearctic: review of species concepts, proposal of morphology-based species groups, and description of a new species. Zootaxa, 4658 (2), 223 - 250. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4658.2.2","DeWalt, R. E., Maehr, M. D., Hopkins, H. P., Neu-Becker, U. & Stueber, G. (2022) Plecoptera Species File Online. Version 5.0 / 5.0. Available from: http: // Plecoptera. SpeciesFile. org (accessed 3 July 2022)","McRoberts, T. C. & Grubbs, S. A. (2021) Effects of stream permanence on stonefly (Insecta, Plecoptera) community structure at Mammoth Cave National Park, Kentucky, USA. Biodiversity Data Journal, 9, e 62242. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / BDJ. 9. e 62242"]}

Dracoleuctra, new genus Type species:. Dracoleuctra siskiyou, new species, by monotypy. Morphology. Adults. Apterous (Fig. 1), head brown, lacking ocelli, antennae elongate, with at least 34 segments, body bearing numerous dark and light clothing hairs, sclerotized parts brown to dark brown, membranous areas pale. Prothoracic tergum with large central pronotum wider than long, central disc brown with dark brown middorsal line, dark brown rugosities lateral to middorsal line (Fig. 1), light brown marginal groove (Claassen, 1931) surrounding central disc; anterior and posterior margins with three shallow longitudinal furrows not reaching central disc, demarking four anterior and four posterior rectangular areas, larger in posterior row. Mesonotal anterior prescutum narrow, transverse, anteriorly curved, projecting slightly under pronotum, separated from scutum by only a shallow groove; scutum widest anteriorly projecting laterally forward of anepisternum, narrowing then widening slightly posteriorly, rugosities lateral to middorsal line; scutellum not apparent; postscutellum widest anteriorly, gradually narrowing posteriorly, middorsal suture line reaching scutum, demarked from scutum by transverse light brown line, suture not apparent. Metanotum similar to mesonotum but smaller and not as narrow posteriorly. Prothoracic basisternum and presternum fused, spade-shaped (Fig. 2), furcasternum narrow mesally, expanded laterally, somewhat bowtie-shaped, separate from basisternum; postfurcasternum large, transversely oval, midventral line membranous. Mesosternal spinasternum 1 with dark oval mesal depression, lateral sclerotized bands shorter than prothoracic furcasternal width; presternum heart-shaped, basisternum large, ray-shaped, ���wings��� extending laterally past the lateral margin of coxae, bearing numerous clothing hairs, with posteromesal depression where furcasternum is embedded, suture lines not apparent; furcasternum round-oval, furcasternal pits short, arms not apparent; spinasternum 2 dark, reaching metathoracic presternum, postfurcasterna oval, separate from spinasternum 2. Metasternal presternum transversely oval, basisternum similar in shape to mesobasisternum but truncate posteriorly where furcasternum is embedded. Male. Length 4.5���6.0 mm, mean length 5.3 mm (n = 8). Abdominal segments sclerotized, dark to light brown. Abdominal segment 9 lacking vesicle (Fig. 10), heavily sclerotized, uniformly dark brown, tergum narrow and widening laterally, sternum broad, cup-shaped then narrowing posteriorly to a dorsally produced subgenital process (we prefer this term to subgenital plate), process apically slightly emarginate; inner portion a membrane lined furrow where the subanal probe lies, membranous layer thick apically (Fig. 5, 11). Segment 10 forming sclerotized band under cerci and articulating with suspensory bars of paraprocts (Fig. 6), tergite with mesal longitudinal membranous line, mesoposterior border slightly produced posteriorly (Figs. 5, 9). Lateral sclerites narrowly contacting tergum 10 anteriorly, bases of cerci laterally, and epiproct sclerite posteromesally (Fig. 7); epiproct sclerites fused mesally, extending posterolaterally, dorsally projecting epiproct lacking (Figs. 5, 7); setose membranous pad present posterior to epiproct sclerite. Outer lobes of paraproct (suspensory bars) broad basally extending a short distance laterally then directed anteriorly as narrow sclerotized straps that articulate with posterior base of cerci (Fig. 6), lateral portion with large distoposterior knob that articulates with posteroventral portion of segment 10. Basal sclerotization extends mesally along subanal probe as paired sclerotized rods that appear to be unsclerotized on mesal margin, dorsoapical sclerotization acuminate (Figs. 6, 8, 12���13), ventral sclerotization ends subapically in a membranous structure (Fig. 5). Anterior to base of subanal probe is an interior membranous sac, at the mesoanterior end of sac lies the retractoral plate (Figs. 6, 8), a bluntly triangular sclerotized process (flat in lateral view), a pair of sclerotized straps (ducts?) extend from its base and are directed to the base of the subanal probe. Cerci large (Figs. 5, 11), heavily sclerotized, dark brown, horn shaped, directed posteriorly, curving mesally and slightly dorsally, apex acute with a subapical ventral tubercle, mesobasal margin with belt-like extension articulating with suspensory bars of paraproct (Fig. 6). Female. Length 4���7 mm, mean length 5.7 mm (n = 19). Abdominal tergum 1 with large sclerite covering most of tergum; tergum 2 mostly membranous with large central sclerite and a few small sclerites laterally; terga 3���7 membranous with numerous small sclerites scattered over surface (Fig. 3), each sclerite bearing one large dark seta; some sclerites longitudinally elongate and bearing 2���3 dark setae, these appear to be coalesced smaller sclerites. Tergum 8 mostly sclerotized with submesal membranous area wide anteriorly, narrowing posteriorly, bearing few small sclerites; terga 9 and 10 sclerotized. Abdominal sterna 1���6 with mesal sclerite surrounded by membranous area, sclerites increase in size with sternal number; sternum 7 mostly sclerotized, membranous anteriorly at pleural fold; sternum 8 (Figs. 4, 14) with darkly sclerotized subgenital plate about two-thirds width and one-half length of sternite, posterior margin curving anteriorly in a symmetrical gentle arc or with a slight mesal posterior projection, posterior one-half of sternite membranous; sternum 9 sclerotized with a short anteromesal projection; sternum 10 membranous mesally; paraprocts roughly triangular, posterior margin blunt; cerci one segmented, setose. Larva. Unknown. Diagnosis. Morphology. Both males and females of Dracoleuctra can be recognized (even in the field) by the lack of wings and the one-segmented cerci. The following combination of characters are diagnostic for males: segment 9 heavily sclerotized, subgenital process produced dorsally with a membrane���lined interior furrow, inner apical portion with a thick membranous layer, vesicle lacking, heavily sclerotized horn-shaped cerci, lack of a dorsally projecting epiproct but with the lateral sclerites and epiproct sclerite together butterfly-shaped, and the membranous, bluntly cone shaped apex of the subanal probe pressed to inner membranous portion of subgenital process. Females can be recognized by the membranous abdominal tergites bearing numerous small, setose sclerites, and the size and shape of the subgenital plate. Ricker and Ross (1969), Nelson and Hanson (1973), Nelson (1977), and Shepard and Baumann (1995) have proposed phylogenies for Leuctridae. Although we do not propose a possible Leuctridae phylogeny, we have studied these papers and examined leuctrid specimens we have in hand, including the western North American species of the following genera: Calileuctra Shepard & Baumann, 1995, Despaxia Ricker, 1943, Megaleuctra Neave, 1934, Moselia Ricker, 1943, Paraleuctra Hanson, 1941, Perlomyia Banks, 1906, Pomoleuctra Stark & Kyzar, 2001, plus the apterous Leuctra aptera Kaćanski & Zwick, 1970 from Europe and Paraleuctra ambulans Shimizu, 2000 from Japan. With input from Charles Nelson (personal communication, 2020), we feel Dracoleuctra is closest to Paraleuctra and Pomoleuctra based on the general structure of the paraproct and paraproct lobes. Stark and Kyzar (2001) list nine shared features uniting species in Paraleuctra. Two of the features are wing vein characters, so obviously these do not pertain to Dracoleuctra. Additional unshared characters include basisternum and furcasternum of prothorax fused (not fused in Dracoleuctra), epiproct reduced to a small, curved hook (dorsally projecting curved hook lacking in Dracoleuctra), and female subgenital plate usually bilobed (not bilobed in Dracoleuctra and only onehalf length of sternum 8). These Dracoleuctra characters are also not shared with Pomoleuctra. Dracoleuctra also differs from Paraleuctra and Pomoleuctra in the lack of a vesicle, and from Paraleuctra, having a robust sternum 9 with a posteriorly and dorsally produced subgenital process harboring the subanal probe. The western North American Paraleuctra and Pomoleuctra we have examined also have furrows in sternum 9 demarcating the subgenital process, this feature is lacking in Dracoleuctra. Additionally, the female abdominal tergum, membranous but bearing numerous small setose sclerites, appears to be unique to Dracoleuctra. We have avoided using meso-metasternal characters for diagnosis since Zwick (2000) questions how variable flight ability affects use of thoracic sternal characters for generic correlation. Dracoleuctra does have meso-metasternal characters similar to the descriptions and figures of apterous Leuctra from the Caucasus, Georgia (Teslenko et al., 2019). We are not sure if flight ability would affect prosternal sclerites, but we do include prosternal characters in our diagnosis. Type specimens. Holotype male: Oregon, Josephine County, Happy Camp Road, Siskiyou Spring, 42.00162 -123.53785, ~ 1440 m elevation, Klamath-Siskiyou Mountains, 6 May 2020, J. Lee. To be deposited in the entomology collection at California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA, USA (CAS). Paratypes: 4 males, same data as holotype; 9 females, same data as holotype but 1 May 2020. To be deposited at CAS (2 males; 5 females) and the Brigham Young University Collection, Provo, Utah, USA (BYUC) 2 males; 4 females.Additional material: 3 males, 8 females (Jonathan J. Lee Collection); 3 males 8 females (BYUC). Etymology. The prefix of the genus name Draco (Latin for lizard or dragon) was selected because the males had a reptilian quality running across the beating sheet. The suffix name was selected to indicate placement of the genus within the family Leuctridae. Gender of the name is neuter. The trivial name siskiyou was selected because the specimens were collected from Siskiyou Spring in the Siskiyou Mountains subregion of the Klamath Mountains. Biology. Siskiyou Spring is located in the Siskiyou Mountains subregion of the Klamath Mountains and is a headwater tributary of Althouse Creek in the Rogue River drainage. The spring emerges (Fig. 15) at an elevation of about 1450 m on a steep hillside as small creeks and seeps creating a wetted area several meters wide. At least two small creeks flow within the wetted area; between them seeps are moss and forb covered (Figs. 16���17). The longitudinal distance between the springhead and road is Alnus crispa ssp. sinuata) (Figs. 18���20). Adult stoneflies collected with Dracoleuctra were Paraleuctra forcipata (Frison, 1937), Pomoleuctra andersoni (Harper & Wildman, 1985), females of an undescribed apterous Capniidae, Soyedina nevadensis (Claassen, 1923), S. producta (Claassen, 1923), and Zapada cordillera (Baumann & Gaufin, 1971). Adult Trichoptera collected were Goeracea genota (Ross, 1941) (Goeridae) and Moselyana comosa Denning, 1949 (Apataniidae). Plecoptera larvae collected were Moselia, Yoraperla Ricker, 1952, Sasquaperla hoopa Stark & Baumann, 2001, Sweltsa pr. fidelis (Banks, 1920), Chernokrilus misnomus (Claassen, 1936), and Isoperla laucki Baumann & Lee, 2009. We have not visited the spring in late summer but presume it is perennial. Initially, only females were caught by beating low vegetation next to running water. Some males were caught in low vegetation near the springhead, but it was later discovered that males were more easily caught by beating the vertical branches of Sitka Alder> 2 m high in the upper section of the spring creek. Anecdotally, a small female was found on the beating sheet with a male. We are guessing that the females higher up in the vegetation were virgins while many of the females caught nearer the ground were larger and probably gravid. We hypothesize that the males climb up the branches in search of virgin females. Apterism in the Klamath Mountains Region. Relatively few apterous stoneflies are known from North America compared to other parts of the world, such as regions in Europe and Japan. Outside of the Klamath Mountains region, fully apterous North American Plecoptera include Allocapnia harperi Kirchner, 1980 and A. vivipara (Claassen, 1924) in the eastern United States; Capnia lacustra Jewett, 1963, from Lake Tahoe, California; Mesocapnia bergi (Ricker, 1965), known from the lower Yukon River, Alaska; Paracapnia disala (Jewett, 1962), known from California and Oregon, P. ensicala (Jewett, 1962), known from Oregon and Washington; and Utacapnia tahoensis (Nebeker & Gaufin, 1965), Lake Tahoe, California. Although the environmental processes leading to apterism are not well established in the literature, isolation in a stable environment over time has been suggested. Brinck (1949) states that ���species with both sexes micropterous or apterous exist only in regions that have changed little during a long period of time.��� Illies (1968) echoed Brinck. Loskutova & Zhiltzova (2016) also suggested that short wingedness is associated with populations being isolated over a long period of time. Stability of a region over a long period of time may explain the degree of apterism in the Klamath Mountains, however, it might not be a predictive cause in other regions. The Klamath Mountains region is known for its great biological diversity containing more than 3,500 plant species, more than 200 of which are endemic (Sawyer 2007). Sawyer (2007) also notes that a large portion of the Klamath Mountains have been above sea level for 65 million years, with no records of volcanic deposits, and no glaciers were regionally extensive. This region is also isolated with poor access, particularly during winter months. Several species of apterous capniids are known from the Klamath Mountains of southern Oregon (OR) and northern California (CA), including Capnia fialai Nelson & Baumann, 1990, known from one perennial headwater creek in Humboldt Co., CA; Paracapnia disala, known from several headwater sites in southwestern OR and northwestern CA; the ��� California Paracapnia ��� (very probably a true phylogenetic lineage, David Mur��nyi, unpublished), P. boris Stark & Baumann, 2004, known from perennial and perhaps seasonal creeks in Colusa, Shasta and Trinity counties, CA, P. humboldta Baumann & Lee, 2007, known from two seasonal creeks in Humboldt Co., CA, P. baumanni Kondratieff & Lee, 2010, known from seasonal creeks in Shasta and Trinity counties, CA; and Mesocapnia aptera Lee & Baumann, 2011, known from one seasonal creek in Mendocino Co., CA. The addition of Dracoleuctra and an undescribed apterous capniid (known only from females and early instar larvae that DNA sequence analysis places near C. fialai) suggests that the region is a relative hotbed for apterous stoneflies. Future collecting may continue to produce surprising finds. Epilogue. The 2020 Slater Fire in northern California and southern Oregon burned through the entire area where Siskiyou Spring occurs. Hazardous tree removal has kept Happy Camp Road (the access road) closed at least into February 2022. Fire has probably burned through the area many times in the past and we expect that the Dracoleuctra population has survived this recent fire., Published as part of Lee, Jonathan J. & Baumann, Richard W., 2022, Dracoleuctra, a new wingless stonefly genus from southern Oregon, U. S. A. (Plecoptera: Leuctridae), pp. 258-266 in Zootaxa 5115 (2) on pages 258-265, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5115.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/6352402, {"references":["Claassen, P. W. (1931) Plecoptera nymphs of America (north of Mexico). Entomological Society of America, Thomas Say Foundation, 3, 1 - 199.","Ricker, W. E. & Ross, H. H. (1969) The genus Zealeuctra and its position in the family Leuctridae (Plecoptera, Insecta). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 47, 1113 - 1127. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / z 69 - 175","Nelson, C. H. & Hanson, J. F. (1973) The genus Perlomyia (Plecoptera: Leuctridae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 46, 187 - 199.","Nelson, C. H. (1977) Position of \" Leuctra \" divisa Hitchcock within the family Leuctridae (Plecoptera). Entomological News, 88, 235 - 240.","Shepard, W. D. & Baumann, R. W. (1995) Calileuctra, a new genus, and two new species of stoneflies from California (Plecoptera: Leuctridae). Great Basin Naturalist, 55, 124 - 134. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. part. 22805","Stark, B. P. & Kyzar, J. W. (2001) Systematics of Nearctic Paraleuctra with description of a new genus (Plecoptera: Leuctridae). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 144, 119 - 135. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 22119434 - 99900060","Kacanski, D. & Zwick, P. (1970) Neue und wenig bekannte Plecopteren aus Jugoslawien. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen entomologischen Gesellschaft, 43, 1 - 16.","Shimizu, T. (2000) Paraleuctra (Insecta: Plecoptera: Leuctridae) from Japan, with taxonomic notes on the Japanese Leuctridae. Species Diversity, 5, 285 - 303. https: // doi. org / 10.12782 / specdiv. 5.285","Zwick, P. (2000) Phylogenetic system and zoogeography of the Plecoptera. Annual Review of Entomology, 45, 709 - 746. https: // doi. org / 10.1146 / annurev. ento. 45.1.709","Teslenko, V. A., Palatov, D. M. & Semenchenko, A. A. (2019) Description of new apterous winter species of Leuctra (Plecoptera: Leuctridae) based morphology and DNA barcoding and further records to stonefly fauna of the Caucasus, Georgia. Zootaxa, 4585 (3), 546 - 560. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4585.3.9","Brinck, P. (1949) Studies on Swedish stoneflies. Opuscula Entomologica Supplementum, XI, 1 - 250.","Illies, J. (1968) The first wingless stonefly from Australia. Psyche. A Journal of Entomology, 75, 328 - 333. https: // doi. org / 10.1155 / 1968 / 905824","Loskutova, O. A. & Zhiltzova, L. A. (2016) Wing and body size polymorphism in populations of the stonefly Arcynopteryx dichroa McL. (Plecoptera: Perlodidae) in the Ural Mountains, Russia. Polar Research, 35, 26596. https: // doi. org / 10.3402 / polar. v 35.26596","Sawyer, J. O. (2007) Why are the Klamath Mountains and adjacent north coast floristically diverse? Fremontia, 35, 3 - 11."]}

Eurekapnia maculata (Jewett, 1954), New combination http://lsid.speciesfile.org/urn:lsid: Plecoptera.speciesfile.org: TaxonName:505895 (Figs. 35-54) Capnia maculata Jewett, 1954:174. Holotype ♂ (California Academy of Sciences Collection), Marsh Creek, Contra Costa County, California Capnia (Bolshecapnia) maculata: Ricker, 1965:479 Bolshecapnia maculata: Stewart et al., 1991:202 Distribution. UNITED STATES: CA (DeWalt et al. 2018). Material examined. UNITED STATES: California: Alameda Co., Arroyo Mocho, hills behind Livermore, 24 February 1956, 1♂, 1♀ (USNM). Arroyo Mocho, S of Livermore, 14 March 1957, S.W. Hitchcock, 3♂, 1♀ (USNM). Arroyo Mocho, 20 miles S of Livermore, 19 March 1985, R.W. Baumann, C.R. Nelson, 2♂, 1♀ (BYU). Amador Co., Little Indian Creek, Old Sacramento Road, 3 mi W Plymouth, 16 February 1989, R.L. Bottorff, 2♂, 1♀ (RLBC). Little Indian Creek, W of Plymouth, 16 February 1989, R.L. Bottorff, 2♂, 1♀. Butte Co., Campbell Creek, North Table Mountain Ecological Preserve, 2 February 2007, A.B. Richards, J.B. Sandberg, 2♂, 2♀ (BYU). Campbell Creek and tributary, North Table Mountain Ecological Preserve, 5 mi S Cherokee, 39.59779 N, - 121.54646 W, 2 February 2007, J.B. Sandberg, J.P. Slusark, A.B. Richards, 1♂ (JBSC). Same site, 1 March 2008, J.B. Sandberg, 1♂, 1♀ (JBSC). Little Chico Creek. Chico, Hwy 32, 15 February 1985, R.W. Baumann, C.R. Nelson, 1♂, 5♀ (BYU). Oregon Gulch, Red Bridge, Oregon City, 39.59369 N, - 121.52996 W, 23 February 2008, J.B. Sandberg, D.P. Pickard, 1♂, 1♀ (JBSC). Colusa Co., Bear Creek, Bear Valley Road near Hwy 20, 17 February 2012, J.J. Lee, 1♀ (BYU). Tributary South Fork Stony Creek, Fout Springs Road, 8 February 2016, C.J. Verdone, M. Fairchild, 2♂ (CSUIC). Contra Costa Co., Back Creek, 37° 54’ 55. 9” N, - 121°55’ 52.9” W, 14 January 2010, L.E. Serpa, 18♂, 3♀ (LESC). El Dorado Co., Knickerbocker Creek, 3 mi NW Pilot Hill, 6 February 1988, R.L. Bottorff, 22♂, 8♀ (RLBC). Ringgold Creek, 3 mi S Placerville, 4 March 1988, R.L. Bottorff, 20♂ (RLBC). Seep near Martinez Creek, near El Dorado, 16 February 1989, R.L. Bottorff, 2♂, 1♀ (USNM). Fresno Co., Mill Creek, 3 miles E Piedra, 20 February 1982, R.F. Gill, 1♀ (BYU). Watts Creek, 6 mi NW Trimmer, near Pine Flat Lake, 28 November 1981, R.F. Gill, 6♂, 2♀ (BYU). Lake Co., small stream parallel to Hwy 53, S jct. with Hwy 20, 22 January 1955, S.W. Hitchcock, 10♂, 1♀ (USNM). South Fork Scotts Creek, 38° 59’ 24.4” N, - 122° 58’ 4.3” W, 5 March 2012, L.E. Serpa, 1♀ (LESC). Marin Co., Potread Meadows, Mount Tamalpais, 2 January 1955, S.W. Hitchcock, 2♂, 5 larvae (USNM). Mendocino Co., Long Valley Creek, Hwy 101, S Laytonville, 39.62529 N, - 123.46301 W, 17 January 2011, J. Lee, 3♂, 4♀ (JJLC). Spring, Upper Burger Creek, Dos Rios Road, 17 January 2011, J. Lee, 22♂, 3♀ (JJLC, BYU). Napa Co., Capell Creek, 2.6 mi NW Hwy 128, Hwy 121 junction, 2 February 1993, T. Eichlin, F. Andrews, 2♂ (BYU). Knoxville Creek, Knoxville-Berryessa Road, 27 January 1992, R.W. Baumann, J. Zenger, 12♂, 5♀ (BYU). Wragg Creek, Hwy 128, 2 February 1993, T. Eichlin, F. Andrews, 2♂ (BYU). Wragg Creek, Hwy 128, 0.2 mi E Gordon Valley Road, 38.43090 N, - 122.15925 W, 26 February 2007, J.B. Sandberg, 1♂ (JBSC). Sacramento Co., Cosumnes River, Michigan Bar, Ruman Ranch Bridge, 27 January 1982, R.L. Bottorff, 11♂, 3♀ (RLBC). Cosumnes River, Sloughhouse, 16 January 1983, R.L. Bottorff, 1♂, 1♀ (RLBC). San Benito Co., Chalone Creek, Pinnacles National Monument, 25 February 1955, S.W. Hitchcock, 1♂, 2♀ (USNM). Same site, 25 February 1955, S.W. Hitchcock, 1 ♂ (CNC). Chalone Creek, W Pinnacles National Monument, 7 January 1983, W.D. Shepard, 10♀ (CAS). San Luis Obispo Co., Rocky Creek, Cypress Mountain Road, 22 January 1989, T. Eichlin, F. Andrews, 1♂ (BYU). Santa Rita Creek, 5.2 mi W Templeton, 22 January 1989, T. Eichlin, F. Andrews, 1♂ (BYU). Santa Clara Co., Arroyo Mocho, 20 mi S Livermore at Santa Clara Co., line, J. Herring, 33♂, 5♀ (USNM). Coyote Creek, 37° 6’ 7.5” N, - 121° 28’ 21.7” W, 16 February 2010, L.E. Serpa, 3♂, 3♀ (LESC). Hunting Hollow Creek, 37° 4’ 30.9” N, - 121° 27’ 44.7” W, 16 February 2010, L.E. Serpa, 9♂, 5♀ (LESC). Isabel Creek, 5 km ENE Lick Observatory (UC Berkeley), San Antonio Valley Rd, 37.3563 N, - 121.5887 W, 19 February 2007, R.E. DeWalt, W.D. Shepard, 23♂ (INHS). Jumpoff Creek, 37° 19’ 15.2” N, - 121° 28’ 0.8” W, 18 January 2006, L.E. Serpa, 4♂ reared (LESC). Smith Creek, 37°, 19.6’ 1” N, - 121° 39’ 13” W, 7 February 2003, L.E. Serpa, 3♀ (LESC). 20 mi S Livermore, March 1956, J. Herring, 2♂ (USNM). 1 mi E junction Del Puerto Road and Mines Road, 18 March 1958, S.W. Hitchcock, 1♀ (USNM). Solano Co., Cold Creek, Cold Canyon, Hwy 128, 0.8 mi W Winters, 38.50798 N, - 122.097738 W, 28 February 2008, J.B. Sandberg, D.P. Pickard, 1♂ (BYU). Cold Creek, Monticello Dam, Stebbins Preserve above Hwy 128, 17 March 1992, A.W. Knight, 6♂, 2♀ (RLBC). Sonoma Co., Dry Creek, 38° 20’ 38.3” N, - 122° 35’ 39.7” W, 2 February 1982, L.E. Serpa, 1♂ (LESC). Stanislaus Co., Del Puerto Creek, Frank Raines Park, 20 February 1985, R.W. Baumann, C.R. Nelson, 1♂ (BYU). Del Puerto Creek, 37° 24’ 42.2” N, - 121° 24’ 42.2” W, 7 April 2008, L.E. Serpa, 1♀ (LESC). Orestimba Creek, 37° 17’ 24.7” N, - 121° 11’ 37.1” W, 23 January 2003, L.E. Serpa, 1♂, 2♀ (LESC). Tehama Co., Cottonwood Truck Scale, 2 February 1995, R.E. Hill, 1♂ (BYU). Male epiproct (n = 10). Length 569-775 μm, width at midlength 88-100 μm, basal width 128-145 μm. Epiproct elongate, nearly parallel-sided for most of length beyond base. Dorsal sclerite longitudinally divided for entire length by a groove, wide at base and in apical third (Figs. 37, 39-40). Epiproct recurved over abdomen in lateral aspect, its apical third lying between a pair of dorsal tubercles on the anterior margin of tergum 9 (Fig. 38); posterior curved section with a short concave notch in dorsal margin. Epiproct apex may be everted partially (Figs. 43-44), completely (Figs. 41-42), or not at all (Figs. 37, 49-53), to expose membranous spongy tissue. Tergal process. (n = 8) A pair of conical processes located on the anteromedian margin of tergum 9, separated by the width of the epiproct (Figs. 37-38, 40, 43, 45)). Vesicle (n = 1). Densely hairy over most of surface, outline almost circular, but with a short anterior pedicel (Figs. 47-48). Female subgenital plate (n = 2). The plate is apically rounded and projects slightly beyond the posterior margin of sternum 8; lateral margins narrowed basally (Fig. 35-36). Larva. Undescribed., Published as part of Broome, Hannah Jean, Stark, Bill P. & Baumann, Richard W., 2019, A Review Of The Genus Bolshecapnia Ricker, 1965 (Plecoptera: Capniidae), And Recognition Of Two New Nearctic Capniid Genera, pp. 1-26 in Illiesia 15 (1) on pages 16-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4761256, {"references":["Jewett, S. G., Jr. 1954. New stoneflies from California and Oregon. Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 30: 167 - 179.","Ricker, W. E. 1965. New records and descriptions of Plecoptera (Class Insecta). Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 22: 475 - 501. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / f 65 - 045","Stewart, K. W., R. L. Bottorff, A. W. Knight, & J. B. Moring. 1991. Drumming of four North American euholognathan stonefly species, and a new complex signal pattern in Nemoura spiniloba Jewett (Plecoptera: Nemouridae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 84: 201 - 206. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 84.2029","DeWalt, R. E., M. D. Maehr, U. Neu-Becker & G. Stueber. 2018. Plecoptera Species File Online. Version 5.0 / 5.0. [Accessed 19 April 2018]. http: // Plecoptera. SpeciesFile. org"]}