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Establishing the manner of death is one of the most challenging tasks for forensic pathologists. We present the case of a 24-year-old woman found dead in the early morning on a flyover. The body was sitting on the ground with the back leaning against a wall. The neck was encircled by a white phone charger cable knotted to the staircase's handrail. The victim had argued with her boyfriend and tried to jump out of his car while coming home from a wedding party the night before. After that, she left home alone with her phone charger in her hand. Due to self-harm behaviors, the first hypothesis was suicide by hanging. However, the ligature crossed immediately beneath the thyroid cartilage and encircled the neck twice horizontally; the two ends of the cable overlapped, forming a cross-over point in the front-right of the neck. Then, the ligature passed obliquely through the nape, gradually disappearing, forming a gap in the mark. The mark was sharply defined, stiff, yellow, and parchment-like. The investigators performed a three-dimensional scene reconstruction using the Trimble X7 Laser Scanner and the PC-Crash Multibody System. Even though the geometry of the ligature mark in the present case raised doubts about the manner of death, the three-dimensional reconstruction confirmed that the hanging was feasible without any external intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The figure of the junior doctor is defined in different ways depending on age, educational path, and contract terms related to the conditions of the work contract. The issues related to this particular professional figure should be considered one of the greatest tests to which Health Systems have to respond. In this paper, these aspects are discussed together with practical advice that could be tailored to individual working situations in order to adequately address these issues. Cornerstones and common practices of clinical risk management which may be successfully applied in these contexts are also discussed. The application of Risk Management tools can both provide proactive solutions to reduce the risk of litigation, and create an environment based on trust and one in which junior doctors feel encouraged to signal adverse events and to learn from them. This could result in overall growth in the system, also from a cultural perspective, and better healthcare both for staff and patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]