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1. The European carbon balance. Part 2: croplands

Author

Ciais, P., Wattenbach, M., Vuichard, N., Smith, P., Piao, S., Don, A., Luyssaert, S., Janssens, I. A., Bondeau, Alberte, Dechow, R., Leip, A., Smith, P. C., Beer, C., van Der Werf, G., Gervois, S., van Oost, K., Tomelleri, E., Freibauer, A., Schulze, E., Reichstein, M., Jung, M., Carvalhais, N., Rodenbeck, C., Arain, M., Baldocchi, D., Bonan, G., Cescatti, A., Lasslop, G., Lindroth, A., Lomas, M., Margolis, H., Oleson, K., Roupsard, O., Veenendaal, E., Viovy, N., Williams, C., Woodward, F., Papale, D., Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Free University of Berlin (FU), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University [Beijing], Laboratoire Bordelais de Recherche en Informatique (LaBRI), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut méditerranéen de biodiversité et d'écologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Avignon Université (AU)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), European Commission, Department of Oceanography [Honolulu], University of Hawai‘i [Mānoa] (UHM), Department of Biogeochemical Integration [Jena], Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft-Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences [Amsterdam] (FALW), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Département de Géographie, Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Johann Heinrich von Thünen-Institut, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia = School of Science & Technology (FCT NOVA), Universidade Nova de Lisboa = NOVA University Lisbon (NOVA), Max-Planck-Institut für Biogeochemie (MPI-BGC), Biometeorology lab [Berkeley], Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management [Berkeley] (ESPM), University of California [Berkeley] (UC Berkeley), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC)-University of California [Berkeley] (UC Berkeley), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science [Lund], Lund University [Lund], Centre for Terrestrial Carbon Dynamics: National Centre for Earth Observation (CTCD), University of Sheffield [Sheffield], Fonctionnement et pilotage des écosystèmes de plantations (UPR Ecosystèmes de plantations), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Department of Forest Environment and Resources, Università degli studi della Tuscia [Viterbo], Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Avignon Université (AU), University of California [Berkeley], University of California-University of California-University of California [Berkeley], University of California-University of California, University of Tuscia, Carboeurope Synthesis Team, and Hydrology and Geo-environmental sciences

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Biome, Climate change, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Agricultural land, SDG 13 - Climate Action, Environmental Chemistry, SDG 2 - Zero Hunger, Biology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, 2. Zero hunger, Hydrology, Global and Planetary Change, Ecology, Primary production, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Soil carbon, 15. Life on land, 13. Climate action, Greenhouse gas, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, Terrestrial ecosystem, Arable land
Abstract

We estimated the long-term carbon balance [net biome production (NBP)] of European (EU-25) croplands and its component fluxes, over the last two decades. Net primary production (NPP) estimates, from different data sources ranged between 490 and 846 gC m−2 yr−1, and mostly reflect uncertainties in allocation, and in cropland area when using yield statistics. Inventories of soil C change over arable lands may be the most reliable source of information on NBP, but inventories lack full and harmonized coverage of EU-25. From a compilation of inventories we infer a mean loss of soil C amounting to 17 g m−2 yr−1. In addition, three process-based models, driven by historical climate and evolving agricultural technology, estimate a small sink of 15 g C m−2 yr−1 or a small source of 7.6 g C m−2 yr−1. Neither the soil C inventory data, nor the process model results support the previous European-scale NBP estimate by Janssens and colleagues of a large soil C loss of 90 ± 50 gC m−2 yr−1. Discrepancy between measured and modeled NBP is caused by erosion which is not inventoried, and the burning of harvest residues which is not modeled. When correcting the inventory NBP for the erosion flux, and the modeled NBP for agricultural fire losses, the discrepancy is reduced, and cropland NBP ranges between −8.3 ± 13 and −13 ± 33 g C m−2 yr−1 from the mean of the models and inventories, respectively. The mean nitrous oxide (N2O) flux estimates ranges between 32 and 37 g C Eq m−2 yr−1, which nearly doubles the CO2 losses. European croplands act as small CH4 sink of 3.3 g C Eq m−2 yr−1. Considering ecosystem CO2, N2O and CH4 fluxes provides for the net greenhouse gas balance a net source of 4247 g C Eq m−2 yr−1. Intensifying agriculture in Eastern Europe to the same level Western Europe amounts is expected to result in a near doubling of the N2O emissions in Eastern Europe. N2O emissions will then become the main source of concern for the impact of European agriculture on climate.

Published
2010
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2. Productivity, Respiration, and Light-Response Parameters of World Grassland and Agro-Ecosystems Derived From Flux-Tower Measurements

Author

Gilmanov Tagir, G., Allard, V., Baldocchi, D., Béziat, Pierre, Ceschia, Eric, Cellier, Pierre, Soussana, J.F., Department of Biology and microbiology, Department of Biology, Unité de recherche d'Agronomie (UA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Biometeorology lab [Berkeley], Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management [Berkeley] (ESPM), University of California [Berkeley], University of California-University of California-University of California [Berkeley], University of California-University of California, Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Environnement et Grandes Cultures (EGC), AgroParisTech-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR 0874 Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial (UREP)-Ecologie des Forêts, Prairies et milieux Aquatiques (EFPA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech, Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial (UREP), University of California [Berkeley] (UC Berkeley), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC)-University of California [Berkeley] (UC Berkeley), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)

Subjects
[SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, ecosystem respiration, grasslands, light-response functions method, gross primary production, croplands, net CO2 flux partitioning
Abstract

Grasslands and agroecosystems occupy nearly a third of the land surface area, but their quantitative contribution to the global carbon cycle remains uncertain. We used a set of 316 site-years of year-round net CO2 exchange (Fc) measurements to quantitatively analyze gross primary productivity, ecosystem respiration, and light-response parameters of extensively and intensively managed grasslands, shrublands/savanna, wetlands, and cropland ecosystems worldwide. Analyzed data set included data from 72 flux-tower sites worldwide partitioned into gross photosynthesis (Pg) and ecosystem respiration (Re) components using the light-response functions method (Gilmanov et al. 2003, Bas. Appl. Ecol. 4:167-183) from the RANGEFLUX and WorldGrassAgriflux data sets supplemented by data from 46 sites partitioned using the temperature-response method (Reichstein et al. 2005, Gl. Change. Biol. 11:1424-1439) from the FLUXNET La Thuile data set. Maximum values of the apparent quantum yield (α = 75 mmol mol-1), photosynthetic capacity (Amax = 3.4 mg CO2 m-2 s-1), maximum daily gross photosynthesis (Pg,max = 116 g CO2 m-2 d-1), and gross ecological light-use efficiency (εecol = 59 mmol mol-1) of intensively managed grasslands and high-productive croplands exceed those for forest ecosystems, indicating high potential of non-forest ecosystems for uptake and sequestration of atmospheric CO2. Maximum values of annual gross primary production (8600 g CO2 m-2 yr-1), total ecosystem respiration (7900 g CO2 m-2 yr-1), and net CO2 exchange (2400 g CO2 m-2 yr-1) for non-forest ecosystems are observed in intensively managed grasslands and high-yield crops, and are comparable or higher than in forest ecosystems (excluding tropical forests). On the average, 80% of the non-forest sites were sinks for atmospheric CO2, with mean annual net CO2 uptake 848 g CO2 m-2 yr-1 for intensively managed grasslands and 933 g CO2 m-2 yr-1 for croplands. The new flux-tower data indicate the need to revise substantially previous views of grassland and agricultural ecosystems as being predominantly a source of carbon, or having a neutral role, in the regional and continental carbon budgets.

Published
2009

3. A comparison of scavenging and deposition processes in global models: results from the WCRP Cambridge Workshop of 1995

Author

Prasad S. Kasibhatla, David Stevenson, Leonard A. Barrie, Mark Lawrence, Christophe Genthon, Mark A. Kritz, Martyn P. Chipperfield, Christos Giannakopoulos, Erik Kjellström, Stephen E. Schwartz, Jos Lelieveld, David L. Roberts, Kevin J. Noone, Takashi Maki, Natalie M. Mahowald, Yves Balkanski, Philip J. Rasch, Hiram Levy, Robert B. Chatfield, Georgiy L. Stenchikov, Michael J. Prather, Dennis D. Baldocchi, David L. Williamson, Chris J. Walcek, Peter H. McMurry, John H. Seinfeld, H. N. Lee, S. Taguchi, Johann Feichter, Z. Stockwell, K. S. Law, Dorothy Koch, Joyce E. Penner, Carmen M. Benkovitz, Geert-Jan Roelofs, National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Department of Chemistry [Cambridge, UK], University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California [Santa Barbara] (UCSB), University of California-University of California, Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences [Ann Arbor] (AOSS), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System-University of Michigan System, Brookhaven National Laboratory [Upton, NY] (BNL), U.S. Department of Energy [Washington] (DOE)-UT-Battelle, LLC-Stony Brook University [SUNY] (SBU), State University of New York (SUNY)-State University of New York (SUNY), Laboratoire de glaciologie et géophysique de l'environnement (LGGE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Duke University [Durham], NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), Department of Earth System Science [Irvine] (ESS), University of California [Irvine] (UCI), Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research [Utrecht] (IMAU), Utrecht University [Utrecht], National Centre for Atmospheric Science [Leeds] (NCAS), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Biometeorology lab [Berkeley], Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management [Berkeley] (ESPM), University of California [Berkeley], University of California-University of California-University of California [Berkeley], Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modelling the Earth Response to Multiple Anthropogenic Interactions and Dynamics (MERMAID), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), NASA Ames Research Center (ARC), Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI), Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie (MPIC), Department of Meteorology [Stockholm] (MISU), Stockholm University, University of Maryland [College Park], University of Maryland System, Atmospheric Sciences Research Center (ASRC), University at Albany [SUNY], University of California [Santa Barbara] (UC Santa Barbara), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), UT-Battelle, LLC-Stony Brook University [SUNY] (SBU), State University of New York (SUNY)-State University of New York (SUNY)-U.S. Department of Energy [Washington] (DOE), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of California [Irvine] (UC Irvine), University of California [Berkeley] (UC Berkeley), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC)-University of California [Berkeley] (UC Berkeley), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], atmospheric chemistry, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, Chemistry, atmospheric circulation, atmospheric deposition, atmospheric modeling, scavenging, 010501 environmental sciences, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Atmosphere, Troposphere, Deposition (aerosol physics), troposphere, 13. Climate action, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Scavenging, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

We report on results from a World Climate Research Program workshop on representations ofscavenging and deposition processes in global transport models of the atmosphere. 15 modelswere evaluated by comparing simulations of radon, lead, sulfur dioxide, and sulfate against eachother, and against observations of these constituents. This paper provides a survey on the simulationdifferences between models. It identifies circumstances where models are consistent withobservations or with each other, and where they differ from observations or with each other. Thecomparison shows that most models are able to simulate seasonal species concentrations nearthe surface over continental sites to within a factor of 2 over many regions of the globe. Modelstend to agree more closely over source (continental ) regions than for remote (polar and oceanic)regions. Model simulations differ most strongly in the upper troposphere for species undergoingwet scavenging processes. There are not a sufficient number of observations to characterize theclimatology ( long-term average) of species undergoing wet scavenging in the upper troposphere.This highlights the need for either a different strategy for model evaluation (e.g., comparisons onan event by event basis) or many more observations of a few carefully chosen constituents.DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.2000.00980.x

Published
2000
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