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A 6-month feeding trial was conducted to compare the effects of extruded pellet (EP) and moist pellet (MP) feed on the growth performance, non-specific immunity, and intestinal microbiota of olive flounder. A total of 60,000 fish with an average weight of 70.8 ± 6.4 g were divided into two groups and fed with one of two experimental diets. At the end of a 6-month feeding trial, the weight gain and specific growth rate of the fish fed with the MP diets were significantly higher than those of fish fed with EP (P < 0.05). However, the EP group exhibited a lower feed conversion rate than the MP group, meaning that the EP diet was more cost-effective. Whole-body proximate compositions and non-specific immune responses (superoxide dismutase, myeloperoxidase, and lysozyme activity) were not significantly different between the two groups. There were no significant differences in the α-diversity of the intestinal bacterial community of the two groups. However, the composition of microorganisms at the phylum to genus level was different between the groups. The EP group was rich in Actinobacteria, Corynebacterium, Bacillus, and Lactobacillus, whereas the MP group was dominated by Proteobacteria, Vibrio, and Edwardsiella. Collectively, the MP diet increased growth performance and pathogen concentration in the gut; whereas EP improved feed conversion and beneficial Bacillus and Lactobacillus proportion in the intestinal microbial community.

An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to determine the optimal dietary protein level for juvenile marbled flounder. Five semi-purified test diets were formulated to contain different protein levels (CP) including 42.7%, 47.4%, 53.3%, 58.8%, and 64.5% (dry matter), named as CP42.7, CP47.4, CP53.3, CP58.8, and CP64.5, respectively. Five hundred and twenty-five juveniles (6.0 ± 0.1 g) were randomly distributed into 15 tanks (300 L tanks), resulting in 35 fish per tank (n = 3 tanks). Fish were fed the test diets 5 times per day until satiation. The CP58.8 resulted in the highest gain in weight and the best efficiency in feed utilization among the tested protein levels (P

A 56-day feeding trial was conducted to determine the effect of dietary supplementation with Bacillus sp. isolated from the intestines of red sea bream on the growth performance, immunity, and gut microbiome composition of red sea bream. Three diets (a control diet and two treatments) were formulated without Bacillus sp. PM8313 or β-glucan (control, CD), 1 × 108 CFU g−1 PM8313 (BSD), and 1 × 108 CFU g−1 PM8313 + 0.1% β-glucan (BGSD). At the end of the experiment, the weight, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, and protein efficiency ratio of the fish in the BSD and BGSD diet groups were significantly improved than those of the control group (P < 0.05). Additionally, amylase and trypsin activities were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in both groups compared to the control. Superoxide dismutase and lysozyme activity, which are serum non-specific immune responses, only increased in the BGSD group. The two treatment groups exhibited a marked difference in the intestinal microbiota composition compared to the control group. Furthermore, the treatment groups exhibited an upregulation of IL-6 and NF-κb, coupled with high survival rates when challenged with Edwardsiella tarda. Therefore, dietary supplementation with PM8313 improved the growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, non-specific immunity, and pathogen resistance of red sea bream, in addition to affecting the composition of its intestinal microflora.

A 56-day feeding trial was conducted to determine the effect of dietary supplementation with

Host-associated probiotics (HAPs) are bacteria originally isolated from rearing water or the host's gastrointestinal tract in order to enhance the host's growth and health. This study investigated the HAP potential of

A 12-week feeding trial was designed to evaluate the potential of mealworm, Tenebrio molitor, meal (MW) as a locally available unconventional alternative source of protein for fish meal (FM) in a practical diet for juvenile black porgy. Five hundred twenty-five healthy fish (initial weight; 6.43 ± 0.00 g) were randomly distributed into five dietary groups in triplicate (35 fish per tank) and each group was hand-fed with one of the experimental diets containing graded level of a MW replacing 0%, 15%, 30%, 45%, and 60% of FM protein designated as MW0, MW15, MW30, MW45, and MW60, respectively. Although replacing 60% of dietary FM protein resulted in lower daily feed intake, juvenile porgies fed the highest level of dietary MW (MW60) still performed as well as control group (MW0). A significant negative trend was detected between fillet lipid content and increasing inclusion levels of MW in the diets. There was a notable reduction in the n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) in the fillets of fish fed the MW containing diets, which became more prominent with greater levels of dietary FM replacement. Serum lysozyme activity improved with increasing inclusion levels of MW in the diet. Furthermore, expression of the antioxidant enzyme-related genes including glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT) were markedly upregulated in liver of the fish fed diets replacing FM with MW when compared to fish fed the MW0 diet. Overall, the efficacy of MW as a promising alternative dietary protein source for juvenile black porgy has been proved not only in relation to weight gain and efficiency of feed utilization, but also the view point of health-promoting effects in fish.

본 연구는 아동학대행위자 및 학대피해아동 특성에 따라 유형화하고 학대재발생 및 유형 간관계를 설명하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 우리나라 국가아동학대정보시스템에 기록된 2012년- 2016년 간 학대사례 26,605건을 대상으로 분석하였다. 분석결과 학대행위자는 ‘양육문제’ 집단(40.2%), ‘양육문제+스트레스+가정폭력’ 집단(15.6%), ‘가정폭력’ 집단(22.7%), ‘낮은 위험요인’ 집단(21.5%)과 같이 4개 집단으로 구분되었다. 학대피해아동은 ‘낮은 문제행동’ 집단(74.3%), ‘외현화 문제’ 집단(8.1%), ‘내재화 문제’ 집단(10.3%), ‘비행+학교부적응’ 집단(7.3%)으로 구분되었다. 이와 같이 구분된 학대행위자 및 학대피해아동 집단에 따라 학대 재발생 분포는 다르게 나타났다. 학대행위자가 복합적인 문제를 경험하고 있거나 학대피해아동이 외현화 문제가 있는 경우 학대 재발생 가능성이 높았다. 한편, 학대행위자가 ‘양육문제’ 집단이나 ‘양육문제+스트레스+ 가정폭력’ 집단에 속해 있는 경우 학대피해아동은 ‘내재화 문제’, ‘외현화 문제’ 집단으로 분류될 가능성이 높았다. 이러한 연구의 결과를 근거로 하여 아동보호서비스에 대한 실천적 제안을 하였다.

Biofilms facilitate communication among microorganisms for nutrients and protect them from predators and harmful chemicals such as antibiotics and detergents. Biofilms can also act as cores for the development of clogs in many agricultural irrigation systems and in porous media. In this study, we deployed glass units at a depth of 20 m below the ground surface in the groundwater-surface water mixing zone, and retrieved them after 4 months to investigate the potential colonization of indigenous microbial community and possible mineral-microbe assemblages. We observed the periodic formation of microbial colonies by fluorescence dye staining and microscopy, and analyzed the composition of the microbial community in both the mineralmicrobe aggregates and groundwater, by next generation sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene amplicons using MiSeq platform. During the course of incubation, we observed an increase in both the mineral-microbe aggregates and content of extracellular polymeric substances. Interestingly, the microbial community from the aggregates featured a high abundance of iron redox-related microorganisms such as Geobacter sp., Comamonadaceae sp., and Burkholderiales incertae sedis. Therefore, these microorganisms can potentially produce iron-minerals within the sediment-microbeassociated aggregates, and induce biofilm formation within the groundwater borehole and porous media.

Background High demand and low supply of fishmeal due to overexploitation of fisheries resources have resulted in a dramatic increase in the price of this ingredient. Olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) commercial feed contains approximately 60% fishmeal and limited success has been achieved in identifying sustainable alternative protein sources for this species. Methods An on-farm feeding trial was conducted to compare a basal diet containing 65% as the control (CONT) with two experimental diets replacing 10% of fishmeal by animal protein (AP10) or 20% of fishmeal by animal and plant protein (APP20). Sub-adult olive flounder averaging 327 ± 9.3 g (mean±SD) were fed one of the three diets in triplicate groups for 16 weeks. Results Weight gain, specific growth rate, feed efficiency, protein efficiency ratio, and survival were not significantly different among fish fed all the experimental diets (P > 0.05). Also, non-specific immune responses (superoxide dismutase and lysozyme activity), serum biochemical parameters, and intestinal villi length were not significantly different among fish fed all the experimental diets (P > 0.05). Conclusions Therefore, based on growth performance, non-specific immune responses, serum biochemical parameters, and intestinal histology, dietary animal and plant protein mixtures could replace up to 20% of fishmeal in the diet of sub-adult olive flounder.

An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to determine the optimal dietary protein level for juvenile marbled flounder. Five semi-purified test diets were formulated to contain different protein levels (CP) including 42.7%, 47.4%, 53.3%, 58.8%, and 64.5% (dry matter), named as CP42.7, CP47.4, CP53.3, CP58.8, and CP64.5, respectively. Five hundred and twenty-five juveniles (6.0 ± 0.1 g) were randomly distributed into 15 tanks (300 L tanks), resulting in 35 fish per tank (n = 3 tanks). Fish were fed the test diets 5 times per day until satiation. The CP58.8 resulted in the highest gain in weight and the best efficiency in feed utilization among the tested protein levels (P

Mercury isotope ratios in fish tissues have been used to infer sources and biogeochemical processes of mercury in aquatic ecosystems. More experimental studies are however needed to understand the internal dynamics of mercury isotopes and to further assess the feasibility of using fish mercury isotope ratios as a monitoring tool. We exposed Olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) to food pellets spiked with varying concentrations (400, 1600 ng/g) of methylmercury (MeHg) and inorganic mercury (IHg) for 10 weeks. Total mercury (THg), MeHg concentrations, and mercury isotope ratios (δ202Hg, Δ199Hg, Δ200Hg) were measured in the muscle, liver, kidney, and intestine of fish. Fish fed mercury unamended food pellets and MeHg amended food pellets showed absence of internal δ202Hg and Δ199Hg fractionation in all tissue type. For fish fed IHg food pellets, the δ202Hg and Δ199Hg values of intestine equilibrated to those of the IHg food pellets. Kidney, muscle, and liver exhibited varying degrees of isotopic mixing toward the IHg food pellets, consistent with the degree of IHg bioaccumulation. Liver showed additional positive δ202Hg shifts (∼0.63‰) from the binary mixing line between the unamended food pellets and IHg food pellets, which we attribute to redistribution or biliary excretion of liver IHg with a lower δ202Hg to other tissues. Significant δ202Hg fractionation in the liver and incomplete isotopic equilibration in the muscle indicate that these tissues may not be suitable for source monitoring at sites heavily polluted by IHg. Instead, fish intestine appears to be a more suitable proxy for identifying IHg sources. The results from our study are essential for determining the appropriate fish tissues for monitoring environmental sources of IHg and MeHg.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate Bacillus sp. SJ-10, isolated from traditional Korean seafood, as a probiotic. Strain SJ-10 was demonstrated to be safe, on the basis of in vitro tests confirming the absence of cytotoxicity, hemolysis, and genes with toxigenic potential, and was susceptible to antibiotics. It met the probiotic prerequisites of a spore count that remained almost constant, acid and bile tolerance under simulated gastrointestinal conditions, and significant adhesion to Caco-2 cells. Moreover, SJ-10 demonstrated beneficial properties as a probiotic: broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, hydroxyl radical, antioxidant activity, production of functional enzymes such as β-galactosidase and phytase, and selective growth via β-glucan fermentation. The fish-feeding trial demonstrated that olive flounder fed diets containing SJ-10 alone or in combination with β-glucan exhibited significantly higher growth performance and pathogenic disease resistance compared with those fed diets containing β-glucan alone, indicating that SJ-10 diets exerted a beneficial effect as an antibiotic replacer in terms of growth performance and disease resistance in olive flounder.

To identify and quantify the effects of a combination of dietary 1 × 108 CFU/g Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis I2 (LI2) and 0.1% β-glucooligosaccharides (BGO) on the growth and immunity of olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus), a feeding experiment was conducted. Flounder (14 ± 0.5 g) were divided into two groups and fed control and synbiotic feeds for 8 weeks. Investigations were carried out on growth and feed utilization, innate immunity, serum biochemical parameters, intestinal lactic acid bacterial (LAB) viability, microvillus length, and changes in the expression levels of genes encoding pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α, interleukin [IL]-1β, and IL-6). Results demonstrated the synbiotic diet had significantly better (p < 0.05) responses in terms of weight gain and specific growth rate, three innate immune parameters (respiratory burst, serum lysozyme, and superoxide dismutase), intestinal LAB viability, and the relative TNF-α expression level (p < 0.05). Moreover, after challenge with Streptococcus iniae (1 × 108 CFU/ml), the synbiotically fed group exhibited significantly higher (p < 0.05) protection against streptococcosis, validating the observed changes in immune parameters and induction of the cytokine-encoding gene. Therefore, according to the results of the present study, synbiotic feed (LI2 + BGO) increased growth, modulated innate immune parameters and protected olive flounder against streptococcosis.

The water curtain (WC) system has been applied to the greenhouse agricultural practice as an additional heat source during the cold season in South Korea. Thus, heavy groundwater extraction induces a drawdown of the groundwater level and an influx of adjacent surface water into the aquifers. Along with many reports on physicochemical transitions caused by groundwater–surface water mixing, not much knowledge exists about the resulting possible shifts and/or transitions of the subsurface and/or groundwater microbial community structures. Here, we studied a WC system's active site during a winter season to evaluate potential shifts of microbial community structures across the groundwater and surface water by next generation sequencing in combination with conventional physicochemical monitoring of groundwater. We found that there were shifts of groundwater microbial communities at groundwater (WJ-1 and WJ-2) near the adjacent stream, but there was a relatively delayed response of the community in the groundwater (WJ-3) located at some distance from surface water despite proximity to the wells of heavy groundwater extraction.

Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae (BSFL) are rich in protein and have the potential to be used in animal feed. The aim of the present study was to determine the immunoprophylactic effect of BSFL against Salmonella Gallinarum in broiler chicks as an alternative feed additive. Results showed that BSFL improved body weight gain and increased frequency of CD4+ T lymphocyte, serum lysozyme activity, and spleen lymphocyte proliferation. Moreover, BSFL reinforced bacterial clearance and increased survivability of broiler chicks against S. Gallinarum. These data suggested that BSFL has prophylactic properties with stimulating non-specific immune responses, as well as reduced bacterial burden against S. Gallinarum.

Agricultural demands continuously increased use of groundwater, causing drawdown of water table and need of artificial recharge using adjacent stream waters. River water intrusion into groundwater can alter the geochemical and microbiological characteristics in the aquifer and subsurface. In an effort to investigate the subsurface biogeochemical activities before operation of artificial recharge at the test site, established at the bank of Nakdong River, Changwon, South Korea, organic carbon transported from river water to groundwater was mimicked and the effect on the indigenous microbial communities was investigated with the microcosm incubations of the groundwater and subsurface sediments. Laboratory incubations indicated microbial reduction of Fe(III) and sulfate. Next-generation Illumina MiSeq sequences of V4 region of 16S rRNA gene provided that the shifts of microbial taxa to Fe(III)-reducing and/or sulfate-reducing microorganisms such as Geobacter, Albidiferax, Desulfocapsa, Desulfuromonas, and Desulfovibrio were in good correlation with the sequential flourishment of microbial reduction of Fe(III) and sulfate as the incubations progressed. This suggests the potential role of dissolved organic carbons migrated with the river water into groundwater in the managed aquifer recharge system on the indigenous microbial community composition and following alterations of subsurface biogeochemistry and microbial metabolic activities.

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of dietary supplementation of taurine for juvenile olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) at low water temperature (16.4 ± 0.36 °C). Fish meal (FM)-based diet was used as the control diet. Four other experimental diets were prepared by adding taurine to FM-based diet at 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, and 1.50% (T1, T2, T3, and T4, respectively). Each experimental diet was fed to triplicate groups of fish (initial mean body weight, 19.5 g) for 10 weeks. At the end of the feeding trial, growth performance and feed utilization, hematological parameters, non-specific immune responses, whole-body proximate composition, and liver mRNA expression of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) were investigated. Feed conversion ratio was significantly reduced while protein efficiency ratio was significantly increased in taurine-supplemented groups. Hematocrit and hemoglobin were also significantly increased while plasma cholesterol levels were decreased in taurine-supplemented groups than those in the control group. Nitro-blue-tetrazolium, myeloperoxidase and lysozyme activities, and plasma immunoglobulin level were significantly increased by taurine supplementation. These results suggest that dietary taurine supplementation is effective in improving growth performances, feed utilization, and innate immunity of olive flounder in low water temperature season.

This study was conducted to investigate the long‐term effect of a low fish meal (FM) diet comprising plant‐based protein sources (PPS) on changes of gut microbial diversity in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) over the course of life. Two experimental diets were prepared to contain 74% FM (control) or 52% FM with 22% PPS (30% FM replacement, FM30). Fish were fed one of the two experimental diets for 8 months, and we collected the midgut contents to analyze the gut bacterial community by Illumina MiSeq based on the metagenomic sequences in the V3–V4 regions of 16S rRNA. We found that there were nine dominant phyla, which in turn presented Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria as the three major phyla in the gut microbiota of the flounder. At genus level, the dominant genera were Delftia, Prevotella, and Chthoniobacter at the juvenile stage (below 100 g/fish); Chthoniobacter, Bacillus, and Bradyrhizobium at the grower stage (400 g/fish); Chthoniobacter, Bacillus, and Delftia at the subadult stage (800 g/fish); and Lactobacillus and Prevotella at the adult stage (over 1,000 g/fish). The microbial diversity in olive flounders arched from the juvenile and subadult stage and reached a plateau thereafter. The fish fed the FM30 diet significantly had an increased abundance of Lactobacillus and Photobacterium and had less abundance of Prevotella and Paraprevotella than the control. However, the effect of dietary PPS was not significant on total microbial richness, indicating no negative effect as feed sources on the intestinal microbiota in olive flounder. These results indicate that the life stage of olive flounder is more important in modulating intestinal microbiota than is the diet. It could also be concluded that dietary PPS might be used as a potential fish meal alternative without any compromising effects on microbial diversity of olive flounder for long‐term feeding., This study was conducted to investigate the long‐term effect of a low fish meal diet FM30 comprising plant‐based protein sources (PPS) on changes of gut microbial diversity in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) over the course of life. The data indicate that the life stage is more important in modulating intestinal microbiota than is the diet. The dietary PPS might be used as a potential fish meal alternative without any compromising effects on microbial diversity of olive flounder for long‐term feeding.

BackgroundTaurine is a conditional essential amino acid for fish. A study was conducted to investigate the compensating effect of supplemental taurine in diets for red seabream (Pagrus major) on impaired growth performance by fish meal (FM) replacement with soybean meal (SM) at low water temperature (14.15 ± 1.95 °C).MethodsA FM-based diet was considered as a high FM diet and three other experimental diets were formulated to replace FM with SM by 20, 35, or 50% (HFM, SM20, SM35, or SM50, respectively) without taurine and other four diets were formulated by adding 1% taurine to the diets (HFM-T, SM20-T, SM35-T, or SM50-T, respectively). Triplicate groups of fish (108.9 ± 1.58 g/fish) were distributed into 24 polyvinyl circular tanks (215 L) with 20 fish per tank and fed one of the diets to satiation for 20 weeks.ResultsGrowth performance and feed utilization of red seabream were significantly improved by the dietary taurine supplementation. SM20-T and SM35-T diets increased fish growth that are comparable to HFM diet. Feed intake, feed conversion ratio, and protein efficiency ratio of fish fed SM20-T and SM35-T diets were not significantly different from those of HFM group. Dietary taurine supplementation in each FM replaced group numerically increased innate immunity of the fish. Lysozyme and superoxide dismutase activities were significantly decreased in fish fed SM35, SM50, and SM50-T diets compared to those of fish fed HFM diet while they were not significantly lower in SM20, SM20-T, SM35, and SM35-T groups. Glutathione peroxidase activity was significantly lower in fish group fed SM50 diet while SM50-T group did not significantly lower compared to that of HFM group. The relative expression level of hepatic IGF-1 mRNA was improved in fish fed taurine-supplemented diets compared to their respective SM diets.ConclusionsGrowth performance and feed utilization of red seabream can be accelerated or restored by 1% taurine supplementation when they are fed high level of SM up to 35% in diets during low water temperature season.

Children’s material well-being, and the levels of wealth and inequality in societies within which children live, are important factors in determining outcomes. However, less is known about the extent to which these factors have an impact children’s subjective well-being, especially in an internationally comparative context. This study draws on data from the Children’s Worlds survey, an international study of child subjective well-being, to explore links between national level indicators of wealth and inequality (GDP and Gini coefficients), individual indicators of material well-being (the material resources children report having access to), and subjective well-being. The survey covers 15 diverse countries covering the continents of Europe, Asia, Africa and South America, with samples of at least 3,000 per country, ages 8, 10 and 12. Analysis takes the form of a multilevel, varying intercepts and slopes model, examining the association between financial and material resources and inequality and subjective well-being across and between countries. Findings suggest that material resources that children report are significantly associated with subjective well-being, while indicators of financial resources and inequality at the national level are not. While a significant association between material resources and subjective well-being is found across the whole sample, the magnitude of this association, and the association between school- and country-level material resources, varies markedly. Within different countries, the strongest material resources-related predictor of overall subjective well-being may be either at the individual, school or country level.

A 3×2 factorial experiment was conducted to investigate effects of water temperature and feeding rate on growth and body composition of olive flounder. Triplicate groups of fish (initial body weight of 118 g) fed a extruded pellet (55% protein and 4708 ㎈/g) to satiation and at restricted feeding rates of 0.25 and 0.4% body weight per day (BW/d) at the different water temperatures (13 and 18℃) for 9 weeks. Weight gain increased significantly with increase in feeding rates at each temperature. Weight gain of fish fed to satiation was significantly higher at 18 than 13℃, whereas, that of fish fed at 0.25 and 0.4% BW/d were significantly or slightly lower at 18 than 13℃. Feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio of fish fed to satiation were not significantly different between 13 and 18℃, but those of fish fed at 0.25 and 0.4% BW/d were significantly higher at 13 than 18℃. The major finding of this study is that satiation feeding is efficient for optimal growth and feed efficiency of grower oliver flounder (116-164 g) in suboptimal water temperatures. The maintenance feeding ration which is zero growth performance, were 0.30 and 0.41% BW/day at 13 and 18℃, respectively. In the restricted feeding regime, compromised growth of fish were worsen in higher water temperature (18℃ vs. 13℃). It might be related to high metabolic rate of fish that spend more energy for maintenance metabolism. Based on these results, we suggest that a satiation feeding regime is recommended for a productive growth of grower olive flounder in the suboptimal temperature.

Mercury (Hg) is known as a highly toxic heavy metal, and its toxicity varies depending on its form due to different toxicokinetics between inorganic and organic Hg. Limited information on comparison of Hg toxicity concerning its chemical form by oral exposure is currently available in cultured fishes. Therefore, we conducted a comparative study to have a better understanding of distinct toxic effects between mercuric chloride (HgCl2) and methylmercury chloride (CH3HgCl) in Korean rockfish. The 12-weeks dietary exposure of HgCl2 and CH3HgCl with its graded levels (0.4–6.4 ppm) (2 × 5 factorial design) in the young-of-the-year rockfish (initial weight: 82 ± 0.3 g) resulted in neither interactive nor main effects on whole-organism responses, including growth, feed utilization, and survival. However, the distinct pattern of Hg accumulation between the two forms in dorsal muscle, brain, liver and kidney tissues was observed, showing that the rockfish fed the CH3HgCl-contained diets exhibited the dose-dependent accumulation throughout the sampling points (1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks post feeding), whereas those fed the HgCl2-contained diets did not show such response. The CH3HgCl exposure induced higher oxidative stress and immunotoxicity, reflected by the elevated plasma superoxide dismutase and lysozyme activities, respectively. In addition, the CH3HgCl-induced alteration in plasma measurements, including the plasma aspartate transaminase activity and total protein level was found. Taken together, the dietary exposure of methylmercury chloride had more pronounced toxic effects than mercuric chloride in the young-of-year rockfish, needed to be taken into consideration for regulation of maximum allowed levels for Hg by its chemical form.