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A mixed-integer programming (MIP) problem contains both constraints and integer restrictions. Integer restrictions divide the feasible region defined by constraints into multiple discontinuous feasible parts. In particular, the number of discontinuous feasible parts will drastically increase with the increase of the number of integer decision variables and/or the size of the candidate set of each integer decision variable. Due to the fact that the optimal solution is located in one of the discontinuous feasible parts, it is a challenging task to solve a MIP problem. This article presents a cutting and repulsion-based evolutionary framework (called CaR) to solve MIP problems. CaR includes two main strategies: 1) the cutting strategy and 2) the repulsion strategy. In the cutting strategy, an additional constraint is constructed based on the objective function value of the best individual found so far, the aim of which is to continuously cut unpromising discontinuous feasible parts. As a result, the probability of the population entering a wrong discontinuous feasible part can be decreased. In addition, in the repulsion strategy, once it has been detected that the population has converged to a discontinuous feasible part, the population will be reinitialized. Moreover, a repulsion function is designed to repulse the previously explored discontinuous feasible parts. Overall, the cutting strategy can significantly reduce the number of discontinuous feasible parts and the repulsion strategy can probe the remaining discontinuous feasible parts. Sixteen test problems developed in this article and two real-world cases are used to verify the effectiveness of CaR. The results demonstrate that CaR performs well in solving MIP problems.

In terms of heterogeneous devices and sensors, man and machine collaborate seamlessly, giving birth to the Internet of People, Internet of Things, and Internet of the Future. Within a short period, 30 billion intelligent devices in the form of smart applications will get connected to make an individual's life smoother, more comfortable, faster and accessible from anywhere at any time. IoT combines the power of IPv6 for network connectivity, sensing and nextgen communication technologies to meet future demands. Due to constraint environment in terms of memory, computation, and energy, this review paper will provide in-depth analysis of different OS'es. Candidate OS and Simulator is selected, keeping in mind various barriers and critical design characteristics. By doing this survey, it is possible for other research communities to make an appropriate choice for OS and making IoT a reality. Finally, the case study is also discussed which provides protocol stack implementation details along with deployable testbed, its size in terms of nodes supported and other security challenges. Critical preference level in terms of programming language and application areas from a developer perspective is also analysed and discussed to provide further research direction. IoT integration with future domains, along with various challenges, is explored at the end.

Banking regulation faces multiple challenges that call for rethinking the way it is designed. In this paper, we argue that regulators should focus more on simple equity requirements instead of elaborating complex rules. Such a constraint in equity is however opposed by the banking industry because of its presumed adverse impact on banks’ performance. Using various techniques (Lasso, Random Forest, Support Vector Regression, Artificial Neural Network) on a large dataset of banks’ balance sheet variables, we show that the equity ratio (equity over total assets) has a clear positive effect on banks’ performance when measured by the return on assets, while the impact of this ratio on the return on equity is most of the time negative. Strong equity requirements do not therefore impede banks’ performance, but do reduce the shareholder value. This may be the reason why the banking industry so fiercely opposes strong equity requirements. In addition, from a methodological perspective, we provide evidence that Random Forest performs better than other techniques at dealing with banks’ balance sheet data. Doing so, we provide avenues for future research dealing with these kind of data.

Surrogate-based-constrained optimization for some optimization problems involving computationally expensive objective functions and constraints is still a great challenge in the optimization field. Its difficulties are of two primary types. One is how to handle the constraints, especially, equality constraints; another is how to sample a good point to improve the prediction of the surrogates in the feasible region. Overcoming these difficulties requires a reliable constraint-handling method and an efficient infill-sampling strategy. To perform inequality- and equality-constrained optimization of expensive black-box systems, this work proposes a hybrid surrogate-based-constrained optimization method (HSBCO), and the main innovation is that a new constraint-handling method is proposed to map the feasible region into the origin of the Euclidean subspace. Thus, if the constraint violation of an infeasible solution is large, then it is far from the origin in the Euclidean subspace. Therefore, all constraints of the problem can be transformed into an equivalent equality constraint, and the distance between an infeasible point and the origin in the Euclidean subspace represents the constraint violation of the infeasible solution. Based on the distance, the objective function of the problem can be penalized by a Gaussian penalty function, and the original constrained optimization problem becomes an unconstrained optimization problem. Thus, the feasible solutions of the original minimization problem always have a lower objective function value than any infeasible solution in the penalized objective space. To improve the optimization performance, kriging-based efficient global optimization (EGO) is used to find a locally optimal solution in the first phase of HSBCO, and starting from this locally optimal solution, RBF-model-based global search and local search strategies are introduced to seek global optimal solutions. Such a hybrid optimization strategy can help the optimization process converge to the global optimal solution within a given maximum number of function evaluations, as demonstrated in the experimental results on 23 test problems. The method is shown to achieve the global optimum more closely and efficiently than other leading methods.

This study examines how diversification in Indian business groups creates multiple forms of agency problems and has performance implications for group-affiliated firms. Departing from prior literature which emphasizes the principal–principal agency conflict in business groups, we argue that business group diversification leads to dual agency problems between controlling and minority shareholders (principal–principal) and shareholders and managers (principal–agent) in affiliated firms. Both these agency problems arise in diversified business groups through cross-subsidization of affiliated firms by inefficient capital investment, continuing presence of affiliated firms in declining industries, tunneling of resources from profitable affiliated firms, lack of attention by business group headquarters to affiliated firms, and affiliated firm managers' sense of perceived security, which negatively impacts affiliated firms’ performance. These agency issues are reduced with the increase in product market competition from exposure to international markets and through concentrated promoter ownership in the affiliated firms. Our hypothesized model finds empirical support in a sample of 828 business group–affiliated firms in India.

Several recent papers introduce different mechanisms to explain why asset bubbles are observed in periods of larger growth. These papers share common assumptions, heterogeneity among traders and credit market imperfection , but differ in the role of the bubble, used to provide liquidities or as collateral in a borrowing constraint. In this paper, we introduce heterogeneous traders by considering an overlapping generations model with households living three periods. Young households cannot invest in capital, while adults have access to investment and face a borrowing constraint. Introducing bubbles in a quite general way, encompassing the different roles they have in the existing literature, we show that the bubble may enhance growth when the borrowing constraint is binding. More significantly, our results do not depend on the-liquidity or collateral-role attributed to the bubble. We finally extend our analysis to a stochas-tic bubble, which may burst with a positive probability. Because credit and bubble are no more perfectly substitutable assets, the liquidity and collateral roles of the bubble are not equivalent. Growth is larger when bubbles play the liquidity role, because the burst of a bubble used for liquidity is less damaging to agents who invest in capital.

Multi-agent navigation systems present opportunities for many applications due to their agility and cooperation. In any multi-agent navigation system, it is critical that actual inter-agent collisions are strictly prevented. In this paper, we present a solution for the 2-D multi-agent navigation problem with collision avoidance. Our solution to this problem is based on a novel extension to Gauss's Principle of Least Constraint (GPLC) in which a fixed set of strict equality constraints are replaced by time-varying sets of active inequality constraints. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first instance that extends GPLC with dynamic incorporation and stabilization of active inequality constraints and with actuator delay and saturation. Herein, the dynamics of a collision-free multi-agent system satisfies the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker conditions. Active inequality constraints enforce collision avoidance, leader following and agglomeration behaviors, and they are stabilized using Baumgarte's error stabilization approach. We show that in dense configurations the positional arrangement of the agents can lead to linearly dependent constraints, and we propose specialized solutions involvin

Recently, Circular Economy (CE) is implemented by the manufacturing industries since it helps the management to reduce waste and increase productivity. Industries are adopting CE because it helps them gain economic, environmental, and social benefits. This study is primarily aimed at the identification and ranking of the drivers and barriers for the implementation of CE in the automobile industry. For this, an integrated approach of interpretive structural modeling (ISM) and decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) is utilized. The results of this study indicate that the share/ benefit and reduction of cost are the most critical drivers while unaware/limited knowledge and cost and financial constraint are the major barriers for the implementation of CE in the automobile industry. This integrated approach will help the decision makers and policy makers to take immediate and effective actions, and focus on the productivity of the company.

This paper investigates the optimal strategies for an economic constrained closed-loop supply chain network. Manufacturers are classified into two categories namely low-emission manufacturers and high-emission manufacturers, and are subject to two greenhouse gas (GHG) emission control policies. Low-emission manufacturers are equipped with green production technologies to achieve ecological goals. All manufacturers are responsible in recycling and remanufacturing processes. New products and remanufactured products are homogeneous, and have the same sales price in the demand markets. Based on the variational inequality (VI) theory, we obtain the control equilibrium conditions of the non-cooperative game theory model for each firm. We further solve the model with the modified projection algorithm, and statically analyze and compare the influence of relevant parameters such as carbon quota, consumers’ low carbon preference and recovery rate on the network state through numerical examples. The results show that the GHG emission constraint may stimulate manufacturers to increase green technology investment level. Moreover, the introduction of reverse channel will promote resource recycling, but impair manufacturers’ profits. The promotion of consumer's environmental protection awareness has positive influence on the operation of supply chain network. In general, there is a conflict between economic goals and ecological ones. However, the developed model proves that economic goals and ecological ones can be realized consistently under certain conditions.

Distributed primal-dual methods have been widely used for solving large-scale constrained optimization problems. The majority of existing results focus on the problems with decoupled constraints. Some recent works have studied the problems subject to separable globally coupled constraints. This paper considers the distributed optimization problems with globally coupled constraints over networks without requiring the separability of the globally coupled constraints. This is made possible by the local estimates of the constraint violations. For solving such a problem, we propose a primal-dual algorithm in the augmented Lagrangian framework, combining the average consensus technique. We first establish a non-ergodic convergence rate of $\mathcal{O}\left(1/k\right)$ in terms of the objective residual for solving a distributed constrained convex optimization problem, where k is the iteration counter. Specifically, the global objective function is the aggregate of the local convex and possibly non-smooth costs, and the coupled constraint is the sum of the local linear equality constraints. The numerical results illustrate the performance of the proposed method.

(1) Problem Definition: In recent years, manufacturing firms in developing economies have made significant efforts to move up the production value chain by adopting foreign technology through licensing. However, there is negligible empirical evidence of the relationship between technology licensing and productivity growth in developing economy manufacturing firms (licensee firms), the focal relationship of interest in this study. We examine whether and how the relationship between technology licensing and productivity growth in the short run is affected by the challenges and constraints inherent in the contexts developing economy firms operate in. We do so by investigating the moderating role of formal workforce training program in a firm, and the corruption level and the infrastructural constraint level in the firm’s external environment. (2) Academic/Practical Relevance: Although the adoption of foreign technology by developing economy manufacturing firms is often driven by the goal to strengthen their capabilities in the long run, prior research provides a limited understanding of the performance consequences of technology licensing in the short run, which is an important business reality. Our study serves to address an important gap in research and practice by shedding light on some of the unique challenges and constraints that licensee firms in developing economies face as a consequence of foreign technology licensing. (3) Methodology: The empirical analyses are conducted using matching and fixed-effects regression on a multi-industry data set from the World Bank comprising detailed firm-level information from over 16,000 manufacturing firms across 25 developing economies in South Asia and East Asia. To strengthen the causal inference of the results and rule out alternative explanations, we use several alternative matching techniques and empirical methods addressing selection bias and unobserved heterogeneity. (4) Results: Our results indicate that the adoption of foreign technology by developing economy manufacturing firms has a substantial short-run disruptive effect on firm operations with productivity growth declining by 4.5 percentage points in these firms relative to comparable firms that do not use foreign technology licensing. Toward mitigating such disruptive effects, we find that formal workforce training programs attenuate the negative relationship between technology licensing and productivity growth. However, infrastructural constraints in the external business environment amplify this negative relationship. Intriguingly, our results suggest that corruption in the firm’s external environment acts as an “efficient grease,” attenuating the negative impact of technology licensing on productivity growth. (5) Managerial Implications: Our results provide compelling evidence on not only the presence of but also the large magnitude of the disruptive effects of technology licensing on productivity growth. The findings offer important insights for manufacturing firms and policymakers in developing economies on how to mitigate these negative effects. The results highlight opportunities for policymakers to (a) encourage firms to have formal workforce training programs, (b) reduce infrastructural constraints in the business environment, and (c) institute regulatory practices that can substitute for the effects of corruption.

PurposeThis article investigates the relationship between family ownership and export performance in the context of SMEs while also considering the moderating role of the financial dimension and, in particular, financial constraints and financial flexibility.Design/methodology/approachWe select a sample of 1,132 Italian SMEs to examine through an econometric analysis the role and impact of family ownership and the financial moderating variables being used on their export performance.FindingsThe results indicate that there is a U-shaped relationship between family ownership and export performance: the highest levels of export performance correspond to the lowest and highest family ownership levels, whereas when a mixture of family and nonfamily ownership exists, the performance suffers because of “conflicting voices” dominating strategic visions and approaches, harming the firm's export commitment. Moreover, the findings show that lower financial constraints and/or stronger financial flexibility improve the relationship between family ownership and export performance.Research limitations/implicationsOur findings show that the ownership structure is important for export performance; in particular, firms should avoid a mixture between family and nonfamily ownership because it is detrimental to export performance. Moreover, Italian SMEs need to develop sources of financing other than the banking channel, and policy makers should favour this process to overcome financial constraint problems and improve financial flexibility. Limitations concern the use of other econometric approaches and measurement variables to further investigate the connection between family ownership and export performance.Originality/valueThe present study enhances the comprehension of the complex relationship between family ownership and export performance by documenting the relevance of the level of family ownership and considering the moderating role of financial constraints and flexibility.

The simulation of global and regional energy system transition and its potential mitigation cost could intuitively reflect the need for earlier climate mitigation actions. To explore the possible transitions of global and regional energy system, this study applied a 14-region energy system model (GTIMES) with scenarios designed using Shared Socio-economic Pathways (SSPs) with Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs), and detailed depicts the quantification of SSPs trajectories into GTIMES model. Modeling results show that: 1) Global energy-related CO2 emissions will reach 37–74 Gt by 2050 under reference scenarios, while they will decrease to 12–14 Gt under higher possibility pathways to reach 2 °C target, with ratios of non-fossil fuel round to 42%–46%. 2) Electrification level has to increase noticeably in regional transition with a global average level of about 44% to achieve significant emission reduction. 3) Higher level of mitigation cost would happen with the constraint mitigation target, as well as social and economic trajectories chosen. Therefore, following trajectories of sustainable development is necessary.

Diverse physical features of urban areas alongside socio-demographic characteristics affect car ownership, and hence the daily mobility choices. As a case of sustainable mobility, we explore how various urban environments and socio-demographics associate with the spatial and social distribution of household car ownership and carlessness in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area, Finland. Three urban fabrics characterizing the study area are established based on the transportation mode (walking, public transportation, or automobile) the physical urban environment primarily supports. The national level Monitoring System of Spatial Structure and Urban Form database, and the National Travel Survey (2016) are utilized to further include spatial and socio-demographic variables into our analysis across these fabrics. Our results show that households with and without cars differ in terms of residential distance to the city center, neighborhood density, house type, and socio-demographic profiles. Single pensioners and students are most likely to be carless, whereas families represent the opposite. Within the carless households the differences are also evident between different groups. For the more affluent households residing in dense and well-connected areas, and mostly possessing driver’s licenses, carlessness is presumably a choice. Contrarily, many other carless households represent the less affluent often located in the more distant, low-density, and less accessible areas, while also possessing less driver’s licenses, making carlessness more of a constraint, as the local urban fabric does not support such lifestyle. Consequently, carless households should be increasingly recognized as a focus group in sustainable urban planning in terms of identifiable best practices and potential vulnerability.

The adoption of new and high yielding pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) varieties can be boosted if they correspond to farmers’ preferences and answer the constraints prevailing in the production environments. Therefore, the focus of this study was to assess production constraints, farmers’ preferences and choices of varieties among pearl millet cultivating farmers using participatory rural appraisal (PRA) in the guinea savanna agro-ecological zone of Ghana where the crop is grown. Data collection was through mixed methods of focus group discussion (FGD) and individual interviews with 295 (45 for FGD and 250 for individual interviews) farmers covering 45 communities. Results indicated that the major constraints of production included low yields, bird damage, poor soils, erratic rainfall, downy mildew disease, head insects, and early maturity. Majority of pearl millet farmers depend on own seed source due to lack of access to and low knowledge of improved seeds. Breeding for high grain yield, earliness, resistance to downy mildew disease and bird attack varieties were the leading traits of preference that research should focus on. It is therefore anticipated that breeding program would integrate the product profiling proposed in this work for enhance adoption of new pearl millet varieties in Ghana. Key words: Participatory rural appraisal, constraint, pearl millet Guinea savanna, Ghana.

The initial optimism on the revival of civic activism in Turkey following the Gezi protests in 2013 was short-lived. The deteriorating legal and political environment has considerably narrowed the ...

Joining a conversation about menstruation and the law, this Essay interprets “law” to mean regulation––a source of burden, constraint, and interference justified by reason. The object of my regulatory agenda is a substance perceived by Western thinkers at least since Aristotle as the superior counterpart to menstrual fluid.1 Traditions that celebrate semen as vital or affirmative, while recoiling from and controlling the other gendered emission that hurts no one, get reality backward. Law as burden, constraint, and interference ought to regulate semen and leave menstrual fluid alone. Contrast the two substances. One of them started out with the potentially useful function of building a uterine lining. That possibility concluded, menstrual fluid is benign. The other effluvium started out with the potentially useful function of launching a pregnancy. Pregnancy is a good thing when it is desired by the person who has to live with the bulk of pregnancy’s detriments. Along with its capacity to do an important job, semen causes quite the array of harms. A statute on point for this purpose, the Federal Hazardous Substances Act, regulates material that “may cause substantial personal injury or substantial illness during or as a proximate result of any customary or reasonably foreseeable handling or use.”2 Because semen “has the capacity to produce personal injury or illness to man through ingestion, inhalation, or absorption through any body surface,” it also aligns with the definition of “toxic” in the statute.3 Judges, policymakers, litigants, and ordinary people can all learn from well-established legal labels to understand semen as a stark example of an externality. Nothing in this statute impedes the characterization I propose: The FHSA lists substances that lie outside its purview,4 and semen is not among them. Labeling, containment, and emergency protocols—splash protection, if you like—are the hazardous-substance safety impositions I would apply to semen.

The early twenty-first century in Latin America was characterized by a “pink tide”, in which a reorientation of national policies produced positive social outcomes and changed both the regional order and the role of regional integration in the different countries. Alongside this process, the international economy provided relief from the external constraint, which meant that growth paths were not interrupted by balance-of-payments crises. Nonetheless, the progress made in regional integration falls well short of political intentions. This article posits that major transformations occurring at the centre of the international economy prevented the region’s production structure from becoming more diversified. Unfortunately, as existing production structures were reproduced (or reprimarized), external engagement outside the region became deeper and Latin American integration remained constrained and confined to a secondary role.

The COVID-19 pandemic has heavily hit international economy giving a particular setback to the tourism sector. Between March and May 2020, during the first lockdown, and between October and December of the same year, during the second lockdown, a questionnaire was administrated in Italy, Greece and Great Britain. Through the questionnaire, people’s feelings and expectations of their desire to take a vacation were collected regarding the period of constraint due to the new coronavirus and the possible end of the pandemic, or the first government approved travel openings. In particular, the question of how long it would take to decide on a holiday, the type and duration, after the period of constriction due to the coronavirus was over, was asked. Both surveys, in the two different lockdown periods, showed the potential desire of tourists to leave relatively quickly, and to take forms of domestic tourism, characterized by small and short-lived trips. The favorite destination being the seaside.

The economically optimal dry period length (DPL) of dairy cows remains a topic of interest. Increasing daily milk production and improved management of the transition period require frequent evaluation of the optimal DPL. The economically optimal DPL also depends on the most limiting farm resource such as milking capacity, housing capacity, or fat quota. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine economically optimal DPL under farm constraints on milking capacity, housing capacity, and fat quota given variations in 12 input factor levels. We developed a deterministic whole herd simulation model, including a nonlinear optimizer of the DPL in the first 3 parities. The model included estimates of milk, fat, and protein yield deviations in the subsequent parity and hazard ratios of culling risk and pregnancy rates as functions of the DPL in the current parity. The DPL could vary between 20 and 90 d with step size of 1 d. In addition to a one-factor-at-a-time analysis, we used a definitive screening design and a space-filling design with Latin hypercube sampling to determine important linear and curvature effects of input factors and their interactions. Results indicated that the economically optimal DPL were typically between 35 and 50 d under a large variation in input factor levels. The opportunity costs of equal DPL in all parities were small compared with optimal policies where the DPL were allowed to vary between parities. The DPL under the parlor constraint were generally less than 5 d longer than the optimal DPL under the housing constraint. The optimal DPL under the quota constraint were between those under the parlor and housing constraints. Opportunity costs compared with 50 d dry were often small, but in some cases large. A formal global sensitivity analysis revealed important interactions of input factors that were not discovered with one-factor-at-a-time analyses. In conclusion, economically optimal DPL were often shorter than typically are recommended. Adding uncertainty about the date of calving at the date of dry-off might extend these optimal DPL by some days depending on the risk attitude of the decision maker.

In this paper, the decentralized energy management of a community of prosumers is studied. The coordination of the prosumers participating in the community is cast as a mixed-integer linear program (MILP) with local and global coupling constraints. A dual decomposition method with a tightening of the coupling constraints is applied to solve the problem in a decentralized way. The resulting tightened problem provides feasibility guarantees for the obtained solutions. A receding horizon approach that exploits the structure of the problem is proposed to divide the problem in subproblems and solve them sequentially. The proposed approach ensures that the tightened problem is feasible under realistic conditions, whereas the existing methods may result in infeasible problems. Moreover, it may reduce the necessary constraint tightening compared to existing methods. Two setups are evaluated for the organizational structure of the community, one with a community coordinator and one without. Moreover, three different structures of the communication graph are analyzed for the setup without a coordinator. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method results in feasible problems that can be solved due to the reduced constraint tightening when other methods are not feasible. In the case of feasible problems, the optimality gap is comparable to that achieved with existing methods and even smaller for communities with a small number of participating prosumers.

Village-owned enterprises (BUMDes) in Indonesia, as village economic institutions can drive village potential, by the Central Maluku communities BUMDes is called as a BUMNeg which have the same meaning. BUMNeg becomes village income (Village Law, No. 6 of 2014). Objectives of the study: (1) Knowing the Role and Development of Village-Owned Enterprises that have been intervened through capital participation from the Village Fund, (2) Understanding the potential and capacity of villages constraint factors and main supporters in supporting the activities of Village-Owned Enterprises, (3) Obtaining a management model of Village-Owned Enterprises that is in accordance with the local conditions of the village community. The study used a qualitative approach. The results of the study illustrate (1) the role of BUMDes in the sample villages having different results. In Waai Villlage the existence of the BUMDes has been carried out in accordance with the functions of the BUMDes, namely carrying out economic functions. Whereas the existence of BUMDes in Tulehu Village was not carried out, village funds were only embedded in goods purchased, and only functioned socially, not functioned to generate village income. (2) Obstacles and main supporters of the BUMDes are: (a) The existence of potential natural resources, but not yet managed, (b) Potential Number of residents not managed as a business unit management market in Tulehu Village, (c) Custom institutions do not function, (d) Village funds are not managed according to their functions in Tulehu Village, in Waai village according to function, (e) Location of Waai Village is very strategic with potential villages. (3) BUMDes Strengthening Model in Tulehu village will exist through three stages: activation, implementation and development. Strengthening the BUMDes in Waai village, namely: building a network with the village’s government / king to continue to maintain trust relations and build networks with other parties as a reinforcement of BUMDes development

In recent years, We Media’s chaotic behavior has emerged one after another. How to properly supervise We Media and effectively manage its violations has become an urgent problem in the process of national governance system and governance capacity building. From the three aspects of opportunity, motivation, and control methods, this paper analyzes the relevant stakeholders and their relationships in the process of We Media information dissemination. It constructs a tripartite evolutionary game model of government, We Media, and public participation, which focuses on the analysis of the equilibrium point of the game model and carries out simulation experiments to explore the influence of government responsibility constraints on the evolution results. The research results show that government regulation plays an important role in restricting We Media’s information release. When the government's willingness to regulate increases, We Media will be punished more if it violates rules. In order to reduce the cost of punishment and other factors, We Media will reduce the willingness to violate the rules. After the occurrence of social hot events, the public is more willing to be guided by positive information from We Media, prompting the government to choose strict supervision strategies, effectively reducing the violations of We Media and achieving the Pareto optimum. According to the research results, this paper puts forward reasonable countermeasures to realize the comprehensive governance pattern of noncompliance of We Media and correct guidance of public emotional cognitive behavior under responsibility constraints. The research results provide theoretical support and decision-making basis for We Media information management and control.

Aiming at the problems of poor system throughput and poor performance appraisal indicators in traditional enterprise employee performance appraisal management systems, a corporate employee performance appraisal management system based on the CS architecture was designed. Firstly, the system architecture of performance appraisal system is built, the system logical architecture design is determined, and the functional modules of the appraisal management system are analyzed. Then, the influencing factors of employee performance appraisal management system are analyzed through the evaluation constraint parameters, and the quantitative regression analysis model of enterprise employee performance appraisal management is constructed to realize the design of enterprise employee performance management software. Finally, the evaluation management system database was built to realize the enterprise employee performance evaluation system’s design based on CS architecture. The experimental results show that this system can improve the throughput of the employee performance appraisal management system and the rationality of enterprise employee appraisal standards. It plays an important role in enterprise employee performance appraisal management.

This paper aims to examine the rule of law regarding law violations by motorcycle gangs, to examine the role of the Brimob Police Corps and the obstacles faced in overcoming law violations by motorcycle gangs. The problem is focused on how the law rules regarding law violations by motorcycle gangs, what is the role of the Brimob Police Corps and the obstacles faced in overcoming law violations by motorcycle gangs. To approach this problem, Soerjono Soekanto's role theory is used. The data were collected through interview guidelines and analyzed qualitatively. This study concludes that the criminal act of violating the law by motorcycle gangs is contrary to Article 170 regarding crimes against public order, Article 351, Article 352, Article 368 regarding persecution and Article 510 and Article 511 regarding violations of public order in the Criminal Code, contrary to Article 106 and Article 115 in the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 22 of 2009 concerning Road Traffic and Transportation. The role of the Brimob Police Corps in overcoming violations of the law by motorcycle gangs can be seen by using Soerjono Soekanto's theory based on aspects of role as a norm, role as an individual/norm, and role in the social structure of society. The constraint factors faced by Brimob are that the perpetrators of violations are minors, the lack of parental supervision of their children and the actions of motorcycle gangs usually involve a large number of people.

Background: The use of physical constraint in pediatric dentistry is highly controversial. Papoose boards in particular, which envelop and immobilize children during treatment procedures, have been described as barbaric devices even though their goal is to protect the patient. In this debate, the voice of parents is important but still missing in the scientific literature. Aim: To understand how parents or caregivers experienced physical constraint and the use of the papoose board on their children during regular dental treatment. Design: We conducted qualitative research rooted in interpretive phenomenology. Accordingly, we performed in-depth individual interviews with a purposive sample of 7 parents or caregivers. The interviews took place in Montréal, Canada, after the children had been treated with a papoose board for nonemergency dental treatments. The discussions were audio recorded, transcribed, and thematically analyzed. Results: Two perspectives emerged among participants. Some explained that the papoose board calmed their children, helped the dentist to complete the procedures, and made their experience less stressful. For others, the papoose board was a horrible and traumatizing experience, leading to feelings of guilt toward their children. They expressed anger toward the dentists for not allowing them enough time to decide and for imposing use of the device. Conclusion Our study raises serious ethical concerns about this practice. We believe that using a papoose board should remain an extraordinary measure and, more generally, that dental professionals should reflect on the place of children and their families in clinical encounters. Knowledge Transfer Statement: The findings of this study should encourage policy makers, dental professionals and ethicists to consider the following points: 1) the traumatizing experiences described by parents raise serious ethical concerns about the use of papoose boards; 2) the dental profession should reflect on the place of children and their families in the clinical encounter and grapple with the importance of consent and how to ensure consent in encounters involving children and their parents.

The ‘limits of markets’ debate broadly concerns the question of when it is (im)permissible to have a market in some good. Markets can be of tremendous benefit to society, but many have felt that certain goods should not be for sale (e.g., sex, kidneys, bombs). Their sale is argued to be corrupting, exploitative, or to express a form of disrespect. In Markets without Limits, Jason Brennan and Peter Jaworski have recently argued to the contrary: For any good, as long as it is permissible to give it for free, then it is permissible to give it for money. Their thesis has led to a number of engaging objections, and I leverage recent work on the nature of feasibility within political philosophy to offer a new challenge.I argue that feasibility offers a constraint on which markets can be permissibly implemented. Though it may be possible to create a morally acceptable version of an otherwise repugnant market, some of these markets may be infeasible, and so we are not permitted to implement them. After laying out this challenge, I consider several replies. They concern the relevance of feasibility, and whether any markets really are infeasible. This provides an opportunity to explore the dangers of pursuing the infeasible and with markets generally. I conclude by considering what might lead us to pursue these markets despite their infeasibility, or how knowledge of infeasibility may prove useful regardless.

In developing countries, little information is available about solid-waste characteristics, determinants for adoption and performance-evaluation of municipal-waste management systems in Municipals. This study aimed: to characterize the municipal solid-wastes, collection, dumping and evaluate the efficiency and reliability of Municipal solid-waste management system. A total of 200 households were randomly sampled and interviewed. Data was analysed using Binary-Logistic Regression model to determine factors influencing collection and dumping of solid wastes. Results showed that biodegradable/organic wastes comprise a major fraction of solid-wastes produced. Factors that influenced solid-waste collection and dumping included: household-age, unavailability of solid-waste containers, inadequate collection/dumping space and weak legal-enforcement against poor-dumping. The waste system is constrained by inadequate transport facilities, inadequate space for temporal dumping; and lack of legal enforcement in matters of solid-waste poor handling. These have made the systems ineffective and unreliable. This study recommends involvement of all stakeholders in innovative approaches to uphold sustainable municipal sanity.

This paper aims to find an efficient method to assign different projects to several regions seeking an equitable distribution of the expected revenue of projects. The solutions to this problem are discussed in this paper. This problem is NP-hard. For this work, the constraint is to suppose that all regions have the same socio-economic proprieties. Given a set of regions and a set of projects. Each project is expected to elaborate a fixed revenue. The goal of this paper is to minimize the summation of the total difference between the total revenues of each region and the minimum total revenue assigned to regions. An appropriate schedule of projects is the schedule that ensures an equitable distribution of the total revenues between regions. In this paper, we give a mathematical formulation of the objective function and propose several algorithms to solve the studied problem. An experimental result is presented to discuss the comparison between all implemented algorithms.

A district heating network has generally more than one production unit, and then there are different ways to fulfill the energy demand of the network. This paper deals with the planning problem which is a problem of optimization under constraints. The production units are modeled using MINLP (mixed integer non-linear programming), in particular the following technical aspects are considered: storage capacity (for municipal wastes and biomass), allowable operating range, allowable variation of power over time, partial load performances, minimum working time when a unit runs, and minimum waiting time when it is in stand-by mode. The environmental constraint is the annual share of renewable energies in the global energy mix (for example, at least 50% over a year). The model aims to minimize the operating cost of the network. The problem cannot be solved by a one-shot optimization, so the paper proposes a sequential approach: first, a target of renewable share is calculated for each month of the year; secondly, the planning production is determined each day according to the calculated target. The results of a case study show that the planning strategy that only aims to minimize the operating cost violates the environmental constraint. Using the developed planning model raises a little bit the cost (4.5%) but fulfills the heat demand and environmental constraint at the same time. Considering a reduced VAT eligible in France when the constraint on renewable share is met, the proposed planning is even better in term of the total cost (10% lower).

We assess whether imperfect knowledge of labor regulation hinders job creation at small and medium-sized firms. We partner with a labor law expert organization that provides information about labor regulation via newsletters and access to a specialized website. We randomly assign 1,800 firms to get access to this service for a 21-week period. Six months later, the average employment level at treatment firms was 12 percent higher than at control firms. The intervention decreased the perception that labor regulation is a constraint to hiring and increased optimal employment level. (JEL D22, D83, J63, L25, K31, O15)

Many organizations have adapted flexible working arrangements during COVID19 pandemic because of restrictions on the number of employees required on site at any time. Unfortunately, current employee scheduling methods are more suited for compressed working arrangements. The problem of automating compressed employee scheduling has been studied by many researchers and is widely adopted by many organizations in an attempt to achieve high quality scheduling. During process of employee scheduling many constraints may have to be considered and may require negotiating a large dimension of constraints like in flexible working. These constraints make scheduling a challenging task in these working arrangements. Most scheduling algorithms are modeled as constraint optimization problems and suited for compressed work but for flexible working with large constraint dimensions, achieving accurate scheduling is even more challenging. In this research, we propose a machine learning approach that takes advantage of mining user-defined constraints or soft constraints and transform employee scheduling into a classification problem. We propose automatically extracting employee personal schedules like calendars in order to extract their availability. We then show how to use the extracted knowledge in a multi-label classification approach in order to generate a schedule for faculty staff in a University that supports flexible working. We show that the results of this approach are comparable to that of a constraint satisfaction and optimization method that is commonly used in literature. Results show that our approach achieved accuracy of 93.1% of satisfying constraints as compared to 92.7% of a common constraint programming approach.

A consumer is considered as a person or a group of people who uses purchased goods, products, or services only for personal use, and not for manufacturing or resale. Consumers usually purchase valuable and useful commodities or goods by spending all or partial of their income. The property of a commodity that enables it to satisfy human wants is called utility. Producers must be conscious to increase the utility among the consumers. This study has considered the maximization of utility problem of consumers of Bangladesh subject to two constraints; namely, budget constraint and coupon constraint. Consequently, in the study two Lagrange multipliers are used and interpreted these with mathematical analysis. Prediction of consumer behavior will help both producers and consumers to take decision of their future economic productions and consumptions, respectively. This article is ornamented with sufficient theorems and economic analyses. So that all the readers find interest when go through the economic analysis of utility maximization.

More than half of Indian population were engaged in agricultural sector but the available technology doesn’t ensure food security of the country. Hence, to diffuse new agricultural invention and innovation in the farming community, there arises a need for effective medium for transfer of technology. Thus, KVK bridges the gap between the technology generation and dissemination. The present study was proposed to understand the impact of KVK in doubling farmers income to formulate suitable programmes. For the study, descriptive research design was adopted. 120 respondents from Biswan taluk of Sitapur district of Uttar Pradesh were selected as respondents. Primary data collected from respondents and secondary data from available literatures. The findings revealed that majority of the respondents were middle aged, illiterate, upto 5 members in their family, medium level of annual income, possesses their own land, agriculture as their main occupation, medium level of mass media exposure, office bearer in one organization, high level of extension contact. Meanwhile, more than half of the respondents had reported medium level of impact towards the activities carried out by KVK, beneficiary selection is not unbiased is a major constraint suggested that maximum emphasis should be given on learning by doing. View Article DOI: 10.47856/ijaast.2021.v08i9.011

In india Panchayati Raj now functions as a system of governance in which Gram Panchayats are the basic units of local administration. The system has three levels: Gram Panchayat (village level), Mandal Parishad or Block Samiti or Panchayat Samiti (block level), and Zila Parishad (district level). Panchayat Raj has come to be related with two broad images. First, it is a government by itself and second it is an agency of the state government. In the integrated exercise of planning for social and economic development, co-ordinate roles, the present set up is a three-tier representative structure of government where the administrators, elected leaders and local population participate in the developmental effort. In this regard the members of Panchyat faced many problems there this study confront the constrains faced by members and suggestions to overcome them with 120 sample unit of Ujjain district. The major finding was obtained in this study that the most serious constraint perceived by the Gram Panchayat Members during agriculture development programmes was Insufficient use of communication media (85.83%) as it was perceived to the highest extent by gram Panchayat Members with major suggestion of them Properly and timely use of communication media. View Article DOI: 10.47856/ijaast.2021.v08i9.019

This research focus to investigate the effect of audit quality and financial constraint on the complementary level of financial and tax reporting aggressiveness. This research uses binary logistic regression to investigate the effect of audit quality and financial constraint on the complementary level of financial and tax reporting aggressiveness with a sample of 147 manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) in 2017-2019. This research found that companies with good audit quality have a complementary level of financial and tax reporting aggressiveness that tends to be below. Also, companies that face financial constraints have a higher complementary level of financial reporting and tax aggressiveness. This study presents empirical evidence that supports the view of audit quality and financial constraint’s impact on the complementary level of financial and tax aggressiveness. Although there are many studies that discuss the relationship between financial and tax aggressiveness, there are still few studies that contribute to examine the determinants of the complementary level of financial and tax reporting aggressiveness in Indonesia.

The research is focused on the role of two related key concepts, namely variables and data, in the impact evaluations of public projects. A difficult task of the evaluators and researchers is to select the appropriate variables to ensure the best model of reality and satisfy the evaluation methods' needs. Therefore, the paper aims to look at the current knowledge and discuss how variables and data could be best used to connect the evaluation models, the particularities of the intervention with the potential of the advanced quantitative assessment methods. The results emphasise that evaluations operate with data with different levels of granularity, as required by the intervention logic. Structuring data in clusters and categories, performing evaluability assessments are useful in assessing data quality and limitations and improving them. In line with the existing literature, we demonstrate that data accessibility is a key constraint and imposes adjustment of the desired evaluation model to a feasible one. While Big Data and Open Data systems significantly improved data quality in evaluations in recent years, blockchain, as a ledger technology with default features related to decentralisation and security, is expected to bring large benefits to evaluation. For evaluators and policymakers, blockchain potential is an area of further research looking for additional advantages that could enhance the use of quantitative methods.

This paper aims to describe the supervision of the Central Kalimantan regional head election during the pandemic. The problem is focused on how the description of election supervision by Election Supervisory Agency? and what constraint are faced and their solutions in the context of local wisdom?. The research type is descriptive qualitative. Data Collecting through interviews, observation, and literature study. The data obtained were analyzed descriptively using the Mile and Huberman model. This study shows several things: First, the implementation of supervision is more on tasks outside the crucial task of Bawaslu, namely the supervision of the pandemic health protocols as an additional task burden. Second, the obstacles faced by Bawaslu starting from the preparation, voting, and post-voting. Namely: Updating and determining the voter list was constrained by the Work From Home and Large-Scale Social Restrictions policies; Procurement and distribution of logistics whose suppliers had not yet recovered from the impact of the pandemic; Some officials were reluctant and resigned because of the rapid test rules; distorted ballot papers; The officers' lack of compliance with the working mechanism that had been determined. Third, The context of local wisdom in the supervision of Pilkada in Central Kalimantan, namely: Balanga, Huma Betang, Ma'mapas Lewu, Isen mulang, and Dayak Greetings: Tabe salamat lingu nalatai, Salam Sujud Karendem malempang, Adil ka’ Talino bacura’mi ka’ Saruga, Basengat kajubata.

The comprehensive utilization of distributed power sources can effectively reduce the consumption of fossil energy and reduce carbon emissions. Based on the situational awareness technology, this paper proposes a distributed power optimization dispatching technology, with the least carbon emission as the optimization goal and meeting the grid load demand as the constraint condition. First, in the situation awareness stage, collect information such as the operation status of the power grid; second, use the data collected by situation awareness to simulate the operation of the power grid in the situation understanding stage to achieve in-depth perception of the power grid; finally, consider the grid operating load in the situation guidance stage Demand adjustment and optimization strategy to realize flexible dispatch and control of the power grid in a favorable direction. This paper takes the IEEE 30-bus system as an example for simulation analysis, and the simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.

The paper aims to investigate the existence of a trade-off between financial market confidence and national government budget dynamics in the Eurozone. By comparing two indexes, the hypothesis of the existence of a constraint between credit default swaps and public deficits from 2009:I to 2014:I is tested. The results support the conclusion that – during the period of the Euro crisis – fiscal discipline was associated with decreasing confidence, and vice versa. The estimates identify a phenomenon whose prior is not set, suggesting that the decrease in financial market confidence comes with fiscal retrenchments, but also that fiscal retrenchments combine, other things being equal, with financial distress. The inability of financial markets to determine coherent behaviour in regard to fiscal stance provides grounds for thought on the need for common policy actions in the Eurozone.

This research sought to analyze the Service Performance of BP4 (The Board of Marriage Development and Preservation) in the field of Muslim Guidance at the Ministry of Religion of Hulu Sungai Tengah Regency and to identify the existing constraint factors. This research employed a case study method with a research approach. Data collection techniques used in this research were interview, observation, and documentation. The research results revealed that: 1) the service performance of BP4 in the field of Islamic Guidance at the Ministry of Religion of Hulu Sungai Tengah Regency on the performance indicators of quality, quantity, timeliness, cost effectiveness, need for supervision, and interpersonal impact is quite good and 2) the existing constraint factors are the timeliness during service process where service users are not present during mediation process and the occasional difficulties faced when extracting service user data.

This paper augments a relatively standard dynamic general equilibrium model with financial frictions in order to quantify the macroeconomic effects of the credit deepening process observed in many Latin American (LA) countries in the last decade, most notably in Brazil. In the model, a stylized banking sector intermediates credit from patient households to impatient households and firms. The key novelty of the paper, motivated by the Brazilian experience, is to model the credit constraint faced by (impatient) households as a function of future labor income. In the calibrated model, credit deepening generates only modest abovetrend growth in consumption, investment, and GDP. Since Brazil has experienced one of the most intense credit deepening processes in Latin America, it is argued that the quantitative effects for other LA economies are unlikely to be sizeable.

Economic theories of residential location suggest that households tend to live in neighbourhoods with similar households. Yet in England we have seen increasing evidence of better off households moving to live in more deprived areas, especially since the financial crisis. Here we ask whether these household decisions are more a matter of choice or constraint. Our results suggest that household attributes are consistently important in decision making but household behaviour also relates closely both to the extent of market tension and to individual financial constraints - with households in pressured areas particularly affected by worsening affordability. Supply policy, which has tended to concentrate new building in deprived areas has helped facilitate such moves. A particularly important issue in a rapidly changing housing environment is the extent to which tenure and location appear often to be joint decisions - with many better-off households choosing to buy in more deprived areas. Those who move to or within more deprived areas as owner-occupiers are positive about both their housing and tenure choice but not about their location; private tenants on the other hand appear relatively unhappy with their dwelling, their neighbourhood and their tenure - in both cases reflecting trade-offs and constraints.

We estimate the relationship between GDP per capita growth and the growth rate of the national saving rate using a panel of 130 countries over the period 1960–2017. We find that GDP per capita growth increases (decreases) the growth rate of the national saving rate in poor countries (rich countries), and a higher credit-to-GDP ratio decreases the national saving rate as well as the income elasticity of the national saving rate. We develop a model with a credit constraint to explain the growth-saving relationship by the saving behavior of entrepreneurs at both the intensive and extensive margins. We further present supporting evidence for our theoretical findings by utilizing cross-country time series data of the number of new businesses registered and the corporate saving rate.

An increasing number of States has adopted new or revised existing laws that establish foreign direct investment (FDI) screening mechanisms on grounds of national security. Comparing FDI screening in Germany and China as a case study, this article identifies three regulatory hurdles to investors related to such mechanisms, namely unpredictability, procedural uncertainty, and the lack of transparency in practice. Adopting the theory of induced reciprocity, this article argues that these regulatory hurdles could be reduced if symmetry constraint on national FDI screening schemes can be established between sovereign States in an international agreement. To achieve induced reciprocity between the European Union and China regarding FDI screening on grounds of national security, the EU-China Comprehensive Agreement on Investment could incorporate certain fundamental principles and regulatory objectives of EU Regulation 2019/452 Establishing a Framework for the Screening of Foreign Direct Investments into the Union as a starting point and a way forward.

How should we understand proliferating government bailouts of financial firms in successive crises since the 1970s and the rise of neoliberal norms opposing such discretionary public assistance? We argue that the relationship between bailouts and neoliberalism is one of mutually reinforcing coexistence. First, a new “bailout coalition” including much of the middle class has emerged in many countries over the past century, pushing governments to deliver extensive bailouts in crises. Second, many actors, including some within the bailout coalition, view neoliberal policy norms as a useful constraint on public assistance to other groups. This is especially visible during foreign crises. Third, governments often manage these conflicting pressures via a strategy of institutional “conversion,” adapting institutions and rules associated with neoliberalism to new purposes. This has generated rising costs, including declining policy coherence, increasing financial fragility, and rising distributional and identity conflict.

It's one thing to do the right thing. It's another to be creditable for doing the right thing. Being creditable for doing the right thing requires that one does the right thing out of a morally laudable motive and that there is a non-accidental fit between those two elements. This paper argues that the two main views of morally creditable action – the Right Making Features View and the Rightness Itself View – fail to capture that non-accidentality constraint: the first because it morally credits agents who make heavy-duty moral mistakes; the second because it fails to generalise and is too conservative – a point which this paper gives renewed defence. The paper then goes on to defend and develop an alternative according to which moral worth is mediated by the agent's knowing how to respond to the reasons of the type which make acting in that way right. It's argued that this view avoids the problems for the alternatives, and it's shown that in order for the view to avoid collapsing into a problematic form of Reliabilism we'll have to think of states of knowing how as essentially successful in character.

This study presents agroforestry practices by farmers in Mount Bamboutos, why they adopt agroforestry practices and main constraints towards adoption as well as the relationship between agroforestry practices and household food security. A purposive sampling technique was used to administer 195 questionnaires. Data collected were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The demographic information analyzed showed that the majority of respondents were males (76%) and all were literate with a majority using fuel wood as their main source of energy. The major agroforestry practices were, planting of fodder, fertilizer, fruit and timber trees, compost manure and farm yard manure preparation. The highest year of adoption of agroforestry practices was in 2019. Most (50%) of the respondents adopted agroforestry practices for better crop yields. However, the main constraints to agroforestry adoption were lack of training, lack of seeds and much labour involved. Lack of training was the greatest constraint cited by respondents. 39% of the respondents were food secure and apart from compost manure practice that was negatively associated with food security, all the other agroforestry practices were positively associated with food security. Based on findings of this study, it is recommended that extension agents and other stakeholders should intensify efforts to educate and train more farmers on the practice and advantages of agroforestry. This will go a long way to increase adoption rate while ensuring food security.

We extend the Annually Recalculated Virtual Annuity (ARVA) spending rule for retirement savings decumulation to include a cap and a floor on withdrawals. With a minimum withdrawal constraint, the ARVA strategy runs the risk of depleting the investment portfolio. We determine the dynamic asset allocation strategy which maximizes a weighted combination of expected total withdrawals (EW) and expected shortfall (ES), defined as the average of the worst five per cent of the outcomes of real terminal wealth. We compare the performance of our dynamic strategy to simpler alternatives which maintain constant asset allocation weights over time accompanied by either our same modified ARVA spending rule or withdrawals that are constant over time in real terms. Tests are carried out using both a parametric model of historical asset returns as well as bootstrap resampling of historical data. Consistent with previous literature that has used different measures of reward and risk than EW and ES, we find that allowing some variability in withdrawals leads to large improvements in efficiency. However, unlike the prior literature, we also demonstrate that further significant enhancements are possible through incorporating a dynamic asset allocation strategy rather than simply keeping asset allocation weights constant throughout retirement., 31 pages, 8 figures

This paper examines the barriers and adaptation strategies of smallholder farmers in the Northern Development Authority (NDR) zone of Ghana to climate change. The study also investigates the effect of the socio-economic and institutional factors on the on-farm adaptation strategies to climate change of smallholder farmers. The study employs descriptive statistics to analyse the barriers and adaptation techniques of a sample of 125 smallholder farmers in the NDR zone of Ghana. The binary logit model was employed to analyse the effect of the socio-economic and institutional factors on the on-farm adaptation strategies to climate change. The results show that households face considerable availability and liquidity constraints in adapting to climate change. The lack of capacity building program is the major availability constraint, while the lack of funds to purchase fertiliser is the major liquidity constraint. Most farmers do not apply any adaptation technique, while the few farmers who adapt to the changing climate frequently use soil and water conservation and grow different crop varieties and diversification of the crop produced. A number of socio-economic characteristics and institutional factors (particularly governmental extension services), and the longitudinal temperature and rainfall significantly affect the on-farm adaptation strategies of households. Though smallholder farmers in the NDR zone of Ghana apply a multiplicity of on-farm and non-farm adaptation strategies, this research is limited to on-farm adaptation strategies of smallholder farmers. The study recommends that policies aimed at helping smallholder farmers adapt to climate change should greatly emphasise on capacity-building programs. Also, investment in extension services to support rural farm households is highly recommended due to the great impact it has on adapting to climate change. This paper contributes to the empirical literature by first using the farm-level survey data from wider geographical areas in the NDR zone of Ghana to analyse the climate change adaptation strategies of smallholder farmers. This paper also focusses on only the on-farm climate change adaptation strategies of households in the NDR zone of Ghana.