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The collapse of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy and the establishment of the independent Czechoslovak state (1918) meant not only a geopolitical change for the territory of Slovakia, but also caused economic changes, which were reflected in the subsequent gradual changes in the legislation in force in the territory of the newly established state. One of the areas that have so far been little explored in detail and comprehensively in a historical context is the area related to the application of real property tax legislation in the territory of Slovakia. After the establishment of Czechoslovakia, the original Austro-Hungarian legal system of real property taxation was adopted in this area, which was subsequently only partially amended until the major reform of direct taxes in 1927. The system thus adopted lasted in principle until the period after the end of World War II, followed by a significant political and economic change, which triggered a fundamental revision of the legal system (including real property taxation) after 1948, but especially after 1952. The established system of socialist conception of taxation was gradually transformed only after 1989. In this study the authors deal with the historical legal development of real property taxation in the period 1918–2005 in the territory of Slovakia in the geopolitical and economic historical context. Using standard scientific methods and available historical sources, the aim of the authors was to identify approaches to the concept of real property taxation in particular historical periods with reflection on legislation then in force. The authors have identified that real property tax legislation in the territory of Slovakia has historically been gradually simplified (unification and elimination of multiplication of tax obligations), concluding that the fundamental changes in the legislation were triggered by a change in the concept of taxation, which was historically linked to the political economic system applied in a particular historical period.

Aim: The period after the First World War was very challenging for countries across the whole of Europe. The health condition and health literacy of inhabitants in the First Czechoslovak Republic were poor. Design: Historical research. Methods: Direct, indirect, and progressive methods were chosen to describe community care and public health care. Archival sources were found in selected archives in the Czech and Slovak republics. Results: It is evident that many changes related to preventing infectious and non-infectious diseases. Ethnic and socioeconomic diversity was a factor that influenced the health condition and knowledge of the population, and the success of preventive measures. Therefore, the involvement of professional and voluntary organizations, and government institutions was essential. Public health care arose from the idea that a healthy population was the basis of the newly-formed republic. Conclusion: The literature and archival sources discovered show the importance of the health condition of the population to the newly-formed Czechoslovak state. To improve the health condition of the population, interventions were realized in cooperation with various organizations. Concurrently, there was an appreciable effort to enhance the health literacy of the population.

Based primarily on printed sources this study examines the building process of educational sector in the first years of Czechoslovakia, with a special emphasis on the issue of the supervisory bodies. Especially primary schools were considered by the so-called nationalist activists, both before and after 1918, strategic for building of the national education. School boards and then school committees played besides others an important role in the school enrolment, a key factor in the rise or fall of individual schools and language communities. Therefore, the process of creation of the school committees in the year 1921 is researched in particular. After the dissolution of the monarchy, a new organization of the school authorities and schools went hand in hand with a new language of the Czechoslovak administration. New laws, role of school boards and later committees, communication between them and teachers from primary schools are researched as well. Through the stenographic records of the Czechoslovak National Assembly and through other sources, the aforementioned points are analysed, on the example of the ethnically or linguistically mixed area of the former Crown land Moravia. The interests of the Czech nationalist activists clashed there with interests of the German nationalist activists. The Czech and German district school boards, as the supervision authorities, were abolished and new school committees were to be established instead. In the linguistically mixed regions they remained separated, which brought political disputes. At the same time, the daily agenda of schools, teachers and pupils' demands could not be hindered. Ministry of Education and National Enlightenment called for speeding up the administrative steps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The submitted study analyses the legislative and organisational-political framework in building up a health system in Czechoslovakia, specifically in the historical lands (Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia) in the first decade of its existence using unpublished and published sources and academic publications. Not only did the Czechoslovak health system build on its predecessor in the Habsburg Monarchy, but in addition almost immediately following the establishment of the new state in 1918, adopted legislation began the construction of a modern and respected healthcare system in terms of both organisation and funding.

Aim: The period after the First World War was very challenging for countries across the whole of Europe. The health condition and health literacy of inhabitants in the First Czechoslovak Republic were poor. Design: Historical research. Methods: Direct, indirect, and progressive methods were chosen to describe community care and public health care. Archival sources were found in selected archives in the Czech and Slovak republics. Results: It is evident that many changes related to preventing infectious and non-infectious diseases. Ethnic and socioeconomic diversity was a factor that influenced the health condition and knowledge of the population, and the success of preventive measures. Therefore, the involvement of professional and voluntary organizations, and government institutions was essential. Public health care arose from the idea that a healthy population was the basis of the newly-formed republic. Conclusion: The literature and archival sources discovered show the importance of the health condition of the population to the newly-formed Czechoslovak state. To improve the health condition of the population, interventions were realized in cooperation with various organizations. Concurrently, there was an appreciable effort to enhance the health literacy of the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ŠVORC, Peter. The formation of Czechoslovakia (1918) and the German population of Spiš. Ideas and reality. Historický časopis, 2022, 70, 5, pp. 887–913, Bratislava. The Germans of Spiš in the Czechoslovak Republic (ČSR). The relationship of Spiš Germans to the ČSR evolved. In the first years of its existence, it was, as a rule, dismissive. Germans had a hard time coming to terms with Slovaks becoming members of city and village councils; they refused to communicate in the new official language and sabotaged many a governmental regulation. In the town Veľká, the local German adherents of the Evangelic faith even refused for Slovak services to be held in their church; they wanted to divide the town of Spišská Belá into a Slovak and a German part, etc. The older, and partially middle, generation of Spiš Germans did not accept the ČSR during the entire interwar period. It was reflected in the activities of the political party Zipser Deutsche Partei. The Czechoslovak Republic was only accepted later on by the young generation, politically engaged in the Karpathendeutsche Partei. This generation, nevertheless, also took a long time to accept Slovaks and Rusyns as equals to the German inhabitants of Spiš.

This paper focuses on the literary representation of Slovakia in selected travelogues by Czech authors. The subject of the research is that of cultural stereotypes, images of the other, and constructions of us and them. The corpus of travelogues covers the period from the 1830s to the end of the 1930s. The methodological framework for analysing travelogues includes several diverse approaches. In addition to literaryhistory classification, the study employs an imagological approach while also taking into account an approach based on postcolonial theories in the context of the interpretation of cultural stereotypes. The material is divided into four historical periods with regard to the form and changing face of Czech-Slovak dialogue. Through the travelogue material under review we can analyse how the image of Slovakia within the Czech cultural myth of Slovakia has been shaped and transformed over the course of a century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ŠVECOVÁ, Adriana – LACLAVÍKOVÁ, Miriam. An illegitimate child – a relic of the times and an example of social and legal humanization in the Slovak legal realities of inter.war Czechoslovakia. Historický časopis, 2022, 70, 2, pp. 243-270, Bratislava. On the threshold of a new historical period, after the establishment of the Czechoslovak Republic, Slovak society became even more interested in marginalized social groups. One of them was the legally and socially ostracized group of illegitimate (“illegal”) children. The value-laden and intriguing debate from the legal point of view on the status of the illegitimate child led to gradual changes in Czechoslovak legislation and jurisprudence. Fundamental legal amendments got adopted to change the centuries-long degraded legal and social status of illegitimate children. They regulated social care, health care, guardianship, family matters, and especially the social and legal protection of illegitimate children. The law gradually granted a certain degree of protection to both illegitimate children and their mothers, even though their social status changed very slowly in the Slovak rural environment. The author presents the developing historical legal and social discourse and social and legal practice related to illegitimate children, which gradually led to the elimination of their unequal status compared to legitimate children.

Copyright of KONTAKT - Journal of Nursing & Social Sciences related to Health & Illness is the property of University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Health & Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper focuses on the literary representations of Bratislava in Czech travelogues and formulates various narratives of those depictions of the city that are related to the establishment of the Czechoslovak Republic in 1918. The paper compares Karel Kálal’s and Ivan Hálek’s travelogues of the so-called pre-coup period – the period before 1918 – with texts of the same genre written during the First Czechoslovak Republic (Jakub Deml, Josef Váchal, Karel Čapek, Marie Majerová, S. K. Neumann). The travelogues drew attention to the traditional culture of Slovaks (represented by Karel Plicka’s photographs) and sought new forms of Czech-Slovak relations in the political atmosphere of the so-called Czechoslovakism. Bratislava, which entered new cultural relations with the establishment of the new republic, occupied a specific place in these. The reconstruction of the image of Bratislava in the analysed texts shows that it did not become the main symbol of the changes that took place after 1918. The travelogues represent it only marginally and Bratislava corresponds to the perspective of the so-called null morpheme. The article employs the theory of imagology and, marginally, also theories of postcolonialism.

The issue of formation of the civil service in Carpathian Ukraine is considered in the article. The purpose of the article is to study the national composition of civil servants of Carpathian Ukraine at the stage of formation of Ukrainian statehood. The methodological basis of the study is the principles of historicism, which allow an objective approach to the study of social processes, events and facts. The authors used analytical, comparative, systematic and concretehistorical methods. Scientific originality. The act of taking the oath of allegiance to the state by the officials of Subcarpathian Rus and Carpathian Ukraine as a special form of government was considered; cases of abuse of power or official position by Czech officials against the Ukrainian population of Carpathian Ukraine were analysed (based on official documents of Carpathian Ukraine); the reasons for the transfer of Czech and Slovak civil servants from Carpathian Ukraine to the Czechia, Slovakia and Moravia were clarified; the legal regulation of this issue is considered; it was established what was the national composition of officials of Carpathian Ukraine (on the example of the Ministry of Economic Affairs of Carpathian Ukraine). Conclusions. The text of the oath of allegiance to the Czechoslovak Republic, which was taken by civil servants of Subcarpathian Rus, as well as the oath of allegiance of senior government officials and ambassadors to independent Carpathian Ukraine is analyzed for the first time in Ukrainian historiography. It is proved that the oath of allegiance to the Czechoslovak Republic did not presuppose allegiance to the peoples of this state, because the officials very often abused their official position and acted against the interests of the population, which they were supposed to represent. This is evidenced by cases of abuse, harassment and even intimidation of the local Ukrainian population by the Czech officials. The reasons and motivation for the transfer of civil servants of Czech and Slovak nationalities from Carpathian Ukraine to the Czechia, Slovakia or Moravia have been studied. It was possible to establish the national composition of the Ministry of Economic Affairs of Carpathian Ukraine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reasons of foundation and the main kinds of activity of Ukrainian scout organizations abroad and the Union of Ukrainian Plast-Emigrants are described in the article. The author points out the importance of presentation Ukrainian nation by the Union of Ukrainian Plast-Emigrants in the international sphere. Also it is briefly touched upon history of the scout movement in the world and explained interconnection between scout and Plast organizational structure and the peculiarities of their educational system. The author finds out, that Plast was national branch of scout movement.Particular attention is paid to the role of sport for the Plast. Physical training was an important element of scouts’ activity. Participating in the international sports competitions of Plast delegations gave an opportunity to inform the foreign community about the Ukrainian affairs. The network of the Ukrainian scout organizations in Europe in 1920–1939 was analysed and found out, that in view of the favorable conditions (economic and political) in the countries of Central-Eastern Europe, the largest and most active Plast centers were concentrated. Especially we should admit Plsat units in the Czechoslovak Republic. In this country numerous Plast organizations were founded and worked. Besides, in 1930 the Union of Ukrainian Plast-Emigrants was created in Prague. During the interwar period the mentioned Union presented Ukrainian youth emigrants.

In the study, the author tries to explain the socio-political attitudes of the Uhro-Rusins towards the Czechoslovak Republic in the early stages of its origin. The author also attempts to point to several possibilities of co-existence of the Uhro-Rusins in other potential variants, whether as a part of Hungary, independent Ukraine or Russia. One of the variants was also the establishing of an independent state of Uhro-Rusins. Since the American Rusins have played a significant role in this process, the author also deals extensively with the importance and role of the American National Council of Uhro-Rusins and G. I. Žatkovič, who later became the first governor of the Sub-Carpathian Rus. The study is primary based on the historical texts of the main actors of the American National Council of Uhro-Rusins (in particular G. I. Žatkovič, J. G. Gardoš and A. Pop), and secondary on the papers of renowned historians such as P. R. Magocsi, P. Švorc, I. Pop, S. Konečný and others.

The paper focuses on the literary representations of Bratislava in Czech travelogues and formulates various narratives of those depictions of the city that are related to the establishment of the Czechoslovak Republic in 1918. The paper compares Karel Kálal's and Ivan Hálek's travelogues of the so-called pre-coup period -- the period before 1918 -- with texts of the same genre written during the First Czechoslovak Republic (Jakub Deml, Josef Váchal, Karel Čapek, Marie Majerová, S. K. Neumann). The travelogues drew attention to the traditional culture of Slovaks (represented by Karel Plicka's photographs) and sought new forms of Czech-Slovak relations in the political atmosphere of the so-called Czechoslovakism. Bratislava, which entered new cultural relations with the establishment of the new republic, occupied a specific place in these. The reconstruction of the image of Bratislava in the analysed texts shows that it did not become the main symbol of the changes that took place after 1918. The travelogues represent it only marginally and Bratislava corresponds to the perspective of the socalled null morpheme. The article employs the theory of imagology and, marginally, also theories of postcolonialism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sceintific review of Zavorotna N. Scholars in Exile: The Ukrainian Intellectual World in Interwar Czechoslovakia

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With the exception of Leoš Janáček, composers from the generation of the so-called Czech Modern Music scarcely succeeded in presenting their work abroad in the first years of the new Czechoslovak Republic. The foreign interest in composers was indicated especially by contracts concluded with prominent publishing houses, such as the Universal Edition in Vienna, progressively developing since 1901. While in 1909–1910 the publishing house discovers Josef Bohuslav Foerster, Josef Suk, and Vítězslav Novák, and invests in their work with the prospect of certain profit, after the First World War it focuses its attention on the new generation of composers and the previously unnoticed avant-garde Second Viennese School, as well as on Leoš Janáček. Foerster, who returns to his homeland after the quarter century spent outside the Czech country, has to accept the local environment which makes it difficult to stay in touch with prominent personalities of the European culture.

75 years ago, on August 29, 1944, we made a significant contribution to European history. Active resistance to the established regime and the desire for the reconstruction of the Czechoslovak Republic led the Slovak nation to participate in an armed conflict. The present article illustrates how the situation in the Slovak State developed (before, during and after the outbreak of the Slovak National Uprising). We will focus not only on individual events, but also on changes in the organization of public administration. The methods used in his work were mainly analysis, synthesis, literature search and study of historical sources, which as a basis of research contributed to achieving the set goal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Historická Sociologie is the property of Charles University Prague, Karolinum Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

With the exception of Leoš Janáček, composers from the generation of the so-called Czech Modern Music scarcely succeeded in presenting their work abroad in the first years of the new Czechoslovak Republic. The foreign interest in composers was indicated especially by contracts concluded with prominent publishing houses, such as the Universal Edition in Vienna, progressively developing since 1901. While in 1909–1910 the publishing house discovers Josef Bohuslav Foerster, Josef Suk, and Vítězslav Novák, and invests in their work with the prospect of certain profit, after the First World War it focuses its attention on the new generation of composers and the previously unnoticed avant-garde Second Viennese School, as well as on Leoš Janáček. Foerster, who returns to his homeland after the quarter century spent outside the Czech country, has to accept the local environment which makes it difficult to stay in touch with prominent personalities of the European culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The political system of First Czechoslovak Republic was characterized by the large number of political parties organized on ideological, religious and ethnic grounds. Besides Czechs and Slovaks, which constituted a majority of the population, Germans, Hungarians, Ruthenians and members of other ethnic minorities lived in Czechoslovakia. The multi-ethnic composition of Czechoslovakia resulted in the creation of a number of political parties which represented the ethnic minorities. In Slovakia one of the opposition political parties representing the Hungarian community was the Land Christian Socialist Party (Orságos Kerestényszocialista Párt). Though the Land Christian Socialist Party (LCHSP) endeavored to represent as well as Hungarians also a segment of Slovaks, Jews and Ruthenias who were magyarized by the pre-War Hungarian regime, this aim had only marginal success, and the LCHSP was primarily a political party representing Hungarians. In regard to the Czechoslovak Republic, during its existence it assumed a strictly oppositional attitude. The main aim of the political strategy of LCHSP was to constitute an alliance of "historic" inhabitants of Slovakia; that is Slovaks, Hungarians, Germans, Ruthenians and others who would be united in their resistance against the Czechs, who were perceived as occupants of Slovakia to the detriment of all others ethnic communities. This aim, however, was not successful, not only in regard to non-Hungarian communities living in Slovakia but also in regard to the Hungarian community as a whole. Besides the left-oriented Hungarians who joined the Communist Party, political opposition was not the exclusive domain of LCHSP. A large segment of Hungarians were adherents to the influential Hungarian opposition party, the Hungarian National Party (Magyar Nemzety Párt), which pursued a relatively moderate approach to the Czechoslovak political establishment, and therefore differed and competed with the LCHSP. Relations between both parties were frequently tense and conflicting, and only in 1936, when they succumbed to the pressure of Hungary, were the Land Christian Socialist Party and Land Christian Socialist Party united. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is a reflection of civil defence training as a basic element of education. The research focuses on the period after the Czechoslovak Republic in 1918 to the time before World War II in 1939. The aim of the research is to explore the basic approaches to the implementation of civil defence training in terms of the creation of a new state and in relation to civil defence education in Czechoslovakia. A comparative historical analysis forms the basis of the research into the issue of statehood through education. The comparative historical analysis method is used as a specific tool for qualitative research. This is a procedure which can be applied to the basic elements of the statehood issue in education, through which it is possible to learn more about this phenomenon and subsequently explain it. Perceptions and ideas about the tasks of the state have gradually changed and evolved. This includes the creation and development of the legal order, and the provision of security and public order within the state. Civil defence training was targeted in such a way as to create an environment in which every citizen, irrespective of their nationality, religion, political opinion and social environment, had the physical and mental ability and willingness to enthusiastically and faithfully fulfil their civic duties.

The past of an individual, nation, or state can not be changed, influenced or reversed. It is a solid part of our being, so it is extremely important not to forget. This can be achieved by creating a space for remembering these historical acts and by trying to understand and learn from it. This is many times the privilege to Slovak citizens. In the mid-2018s, several significant historical milestones are revealed. Among the most significant are the 100th anniversary of the Czechoslovak Republic and the adoption of the Martin Declaration, the 50th anniversary of the occupation of Czechoslovakia by the Warsaw Treaty troops, or the 25th anniversary of the independent, sovereign, democratic and legal state - the Slovak Republic. It is necessary to draw the attention towards these facts. However, due to the limitations, the aim of the article presented by the above mentioned authors becomes the understanding of the dimension of the Czechoslovak state, which is historically determined as a social phenomenon, closely tied to the past. This goal can be achieved by looking at selected historical milestones and pointing to their link. For this reason, the authors allow not only to present a brief overview of the most important events affecting the history of the First Republic but also a brief overview of their impact on the character of the state apparatus to the reader of this article. The authors used a number of scientific-research methods, drawing on a study of professional scientific work that enriched their own observations and findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents pedagogical and socio-upbringing activity of the Boy-Upbringing Institution in Hradec Králové in the interwar period. The study focuses on founding of the Institution in 1910 in context of the so-called "pedagogical efforts". The main part of the article points out the socio-pedagogical activities of teachers in the Boy-Upbringing Institution and their efforts to teach and prepare the students in their care to become self-reliant and independent. The article also relays the important role of director Josef Pelikán in running and maintaining the Institution as well as his views and understanding of socio-pedagogical care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first half of the 20th century was in the Czech countries determinative period for midwifery consolidation. Even though the education as well as the status of midwives was not ideal, they were incorporated into a professional medical staff - midwifery was included in legislation to control medical practice, certified by the Act No. 200 from 1928. During the early 1930s the new forms of midwives' education were then codified. This paper focuses on the period from 1919 to 1949; it analysis, besides other things, the forms of education at the National Institute for Midwives' Education in Ostrava. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alojz Zbavitel worked in 1919-1933 in Slovakia as a teacher and school inspector, but also in the field of public enlightment activities. During this period, he founded the Sokol Unity, elaborated the theoretical foundations of the public enlightment activities, encouraged the foundation of local education commissions, organized courses and congresses of public enlightment workers, as well as the first nationwide monthly public enlightment boarding school. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study highlights the key relationships and the impact of Vladimir Helfert's ideas on Slovakia. A particular focus lies on the years of the joint Czechoslovak state when authentic music with unique Slovak features starts to formulate itself in the Slovak territory. The key authors reflecting on Vladimír Helfert differ in their interpretation regarding the amount of interest placed on Slovakia. According to Bohumír Štědroň, it is high with a strong impact on the music criticism of that era as suggested by Hrčková or not having a major impact on Slovak musical modernism as argued by Pečman. The study offers another point of view through the personality of Ivan Ballo who was not only influenced by Vladimír Helfert but participated in the creation of the image of the Czechoslovak relations. The correspondence between Ivan Ballo and Vladimír Helfert is of particular value as it significantly contributed to the characterization of new conditions and provides an analysis of the key work Fate and ideal (Osud a ideál) by Ján Levoslav Bella.

The paper is devoted to the status of the Hungarian minority's teachers in Slovakia after the establishment of the Czechoslovakian Republic (CSR) at the end of 1918. The CSR was a state including several ethnic minorities. Hungarians were the most numerous ethnic minority in the Slovak parts. After the foundation of the CSR, the economic, political, social and ideological situation in the country changed radically. Some of the changes affected inhabitants of Slovakia only indirectly, others interfered with their way of life to a significant degree. One of the areas which underwent a substantial change was education in all types of schools. Practically all aspects of life for inhabitants of Slovakia differed from Czechs; this was a result of their cultural and historic development within the Austro-Hungarian Empire. This to a great extent was true in the sphere of education. Whereas the Czech language as a teaching medium was already being used actively in schools before 1918 in the Czech lands and Moravia, in Slovakia, with the exception of some elementary schools run by the Church where education was carried out in the Slovak language, the Hungarian language was exclusively used in all schools. After 1918 education in Slovakia underwent a profound change. In regions with a Slovak majority and also in ethnically mixed areas, schools were "Slovakized"; that is, the Slovak language as a teaching medium was gradually implemented. This measure inevitably impacted negatively on the Hungarian teachers. To operate as a teacher in the CSR required the teachers to adapt to the new situation. It was not only a requirement to be proficient in the Slovak language, but also radically change their ideological attitude. Instead of Hungarian patriotism, which was a necessary condition for being accepted as a teacher in Hungary, teachers, regardless of their nationality, were required to exhibit a positive attitude to the Czechoslovak Republic. Suddenly, Hungarian patriotism was classified by the Czechoslovak state authorities as a hostile ideology and was punished by loss of job. Hungarian pedagogues, who constituted a significant part of the Hungarian intelligentsia, were deeply traumatized by this change. As a professional community whose living was based on the Hungarian language, their very professional existence was threatened. The new school administration, represented by the Ministry of Schools and National Enlightenment in Prague and by the Department of Schools in Bratislava, were fully aware of the ideological influence of teachers upon forming the attitudes of their pupils and students; and in that sense their relationship towards the CSR. Therefore, a hostile attitude to the Republic was not tolerated. The Minister Plenipotentiary for Slovakia repeatedly declared that the forming of the political and civic attitude of the young generation was in the hands of teachers and consequently also the future of the country, and therefore the process of hiring pedagogues had to be paid great attention to. According to the Law no. 64/1918 Zb. z. a n. adopted on December 10th 1918, teachers of state schools of the Hungarian Kingdom, as with other government employees, were retained in their positions on condition of performing a "promise of loyalty" to the Czechoslovak Republic. The teachers and professors were informed that if they were fluent in the Slovak language and performed the required Loyalty Promise to the CSR, they would be allowed to continue to teach. It was classified by the state authorities as a proof of allegiance to the Republic. The requirement of the Loyalty Promise to the CSR was, however, judged by many Hungarian teachers as illegal because the territory of Slovakia was according to international law still a part of Hungary. They were not willing to accept the existing situation and the inclusion of Slovakia into the CSR was considered as temporary; with the hope that the geopolitical situation would reverse back to a status quo ante. As a result many Hungarian teachers remained passive or refused outright to perform the Loyalty Promise to the CSR. The leading exponents of the Ministry of Schools and National Enlightenment in Prague and the Department of Schools in Bratislava were convinced that the functioning of Slovak schools would be possible only in the ideological framework of Czechoslovak patriotism and this could not be realized with the Hungarian teachers. Hungarian pedagogues were judged by government authorities as a priori untrustworthy. This resulted in mass dismissals of Hungarian pedagogues from schools in Slovakia, especially during the first months after the establishment of the CSR. According to records made by the Department of Schools and National Enlightenment in Bratislava, which was authorized to carry out the dismissals, in April 1919, 1,100 Hungarian teachers were dismissed. As well as this, before March 1919 approximately 300 teachers had already been dismissed with no warning. The total numbers of Hungarian teachers dismissed during the period from the end of 1918 till September 21st 1921 reached 2, 397 persons. 129 (5.38 %) teachers were subsequently re-hired. The reasons for the dismissal of Hungarian pedagogues according to the Czechoslovak authorities were: the absence of knowledge of the Slovak language, a reluctance to perform the promise of loyalty and a hostile attitude towards the Czechoslovak Republic. Many Hungarian teachers did not wait to be dismissed and left their posts at schools "voluntarily". At the beginning of the 1920s, at all schools levels pedagogues were teaching who, regardless of their ethnic extraction, had received or were receiving their education in Hungarian educational institutions. Some of them were able to communicate in Slovak language, but few were proficient in Slovak to such an extent as to be able teach in this language. In that regard Hungarian teachers were at a great disadvantage. At the time of the establishment of the Czechoslovak Republic there was a huge lack of teachers able to teach in the Slovak language. The authorities tried to solve the then situation through inviting Czech pedagogues to Slovakia. However, the arrival of Czech teachers was not always welcomed by the Slovak population and largely, and more especially, the Hungarian minority. The Czech teachers were perceived as intruders who had come to Slovakia to rob Hungarian teachers of their jobs, whereas Hungarian teachers were deemed by state authorities as essentially foreigners from the previous empire. Those pedagogues who were members of Hungarian opposition political parties were especially viewed suspiciously by the authorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historical and legal examination of financial provision for the clergy from traditional and state-recognized churches and religious societies in Slovakia brings with it not only the historical dimension of its descriptive and analytical significance, but provides a specific social-security law and labour law basis for the current material status of the clergy, which is in many cases at an undignified and sociallydeprived level due to current legislation. Substantive law, even after 28 years since the political regime change in November 1989, comes from the time of real socialism, and despite a number of cosmetic changes the several times amended Act from 1949 (!) has not escaped the framework of state supervision and paternalism, as well as social levelling of Churches, at least in the case of clerical remuneration. The aim of this study was to use short, recapitulating sketches to focus historical-legal attention on the employment basis of remuneration regulation for the clergy (i.e. its basis in the form of state support called "congruence") in different constitutional phases of the Czechoslovak Republic in two diametrically-opposed political regimes: firstly the democratic 1st Czechoslovak Republic and then the post-war People's Czechoslovak Republic, led and controlled by the Communists after their take-over in 1948. In conclusion, we analyse the current legal regulation of clerical remuneration in the Slovak Republic as one of the legal successors of the defunct Czechoslovak Federal Republic, and we describe the current major problems that we see as rooted in past legislation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study examines the multiple problem of teacher education in the Reformed Church after the first world war. There were several teacher training colleges in the Austro- Hungarian Empire, where Reformed teachers studied, too. Of course the Reformed Church had its own teacher training colleges as well. On that score the supply of Reformed teachers in the Church was guaranteed. However, at the end of 1910, the General Convent of Hungarian Reformed Church reported the lack of teachers, especially on the northern part of the country. In the 1920's Pálóczi Czinke István wrote a Memorandum to the prime minister. In that Memorandum he depicted all the thwarting in the Reformed Church, which were caused by Treaty of Trianon. Additionally, he submitted all the rightful demands of the Reformed Church in Czechoslovak Republic. One of these demands was the need of a Reformed teacher training college. Pálóczi Czinke István further subjected to the prime minister the necessity of the grant-in-aid from the government for Church institutions. The very first supporter of the teacher training college was Károly Patay, the chairman of the educational commission of the Convent. In 1922, on the seating of General Convent in Pozsony, the Convent decided that the teacher training college should be established in Komárom. At that time nobody would ever presumed that the Congregation of Komárom had to emulate for the college with the Congregation of Érsekújvár, then with the Congregation of Rimaszombat, and finally, in 1938 with the Congregation of Léva. Finally, Komárom got the right of establishment of the Reformed teacher training college. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Štefan Krčméry was a Slovak poet, literary historian and critic, publicist and translator. He served as a Secretary of Matica slovenská and renewed the publishing of Slovenské pohľady. Krčméry contributed to the improvement of Matica slovenská’s enlightening, cultural, educational, scientific, and literary activities through his organizational, editorial, scientific and literary endeavours. Štefan Krčméry was one of the signatories of Martinská Declaration adopted on 30 October 1918. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study highlights the key relationships and the impact of Vladimir Helfert's ideas on Slovakia. A particular focus lies on the years of the joint Czechoslovak state when authentic music with unique Slovak features starts to formulate itself in the Slovak territory. The key authors reflecting on Vladimír Helfert differ in their interpretation regarding the amount of interest placed on Slovakia. According to Bohumír Štědroň, it is high with a strong impact on the music criticism of that era as suggested by Hrčková or not having a major impact on Slovak musical modernism as argued by Pečman. The study offers another point of view through the personality of Ivan Ballo who was not only influenced by Vladimír Helfert but participated in the creation of the image of the Czechoslovak relations. The correspondence between Ivan Ballo and Vladimír Helfert is of particular value as it significantly contributed to the characterization of new conditions and provides an analysis of the key work Fate and ideal (Osud a ideál) by Ján Levoslav Bella. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is focuses on the German state reformed secondary school in the 20s and 30s of the 20th century from its inception to the completion of its activities. This example shows the development of the German education during the first Czechoslovak Republic. The focus is not only on teachers, pupils and the structure of curricula, but also on extra-curricular activities of students and the closely related issue of German Scouts movement. In this regard, the contribution deals also with the formation, organization and development of the German Scout Association "Verein der Pfadfinder in der Slowakei" in the Spis, which was founded in 1932 by the group of students of the German grammar school in Levoča. Attention is paid to the principles of this association (for example, the principle of racial purity) which were contrary to the principles of civil society in Czechoslovakia. In addition, this contribution approaches also the provocative behaviour of the German youth in the Spis at the beginning of the thirties and the incompatibility between the members of the association and the students who did not belong to the association. Part of the paper is devoted to a change in perception of the German youth as a result of Hitler's influence on the movement. Association of "Verein der Pfadfinder in der Slowakei" affected in many ways the civil relations in Levoča during the third decade of the 20th century. Particularly, it was the affirmation of the principles that were contrary to the principles of democratic society, as well as the negative attitude and bullying of students of Jewish religious community by members of the Pfadfinderverein at the state German reformed secondary school in Levoča. This resulted in transfer of many Jewish children to other secondary schools. Prohibition of activities of Pfadfinderverein and subsequent investigation and prosecution of many of its members were proof that the social climate in Levoča was not in favour of developing similar extreme ideologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the theory of cleavages and its application on the interwar Czechoslovak Republic, especially from the perspectives of Slovak interwar political parties. Therefore it points out the needed theories, which are important in definition of cleavages in the given country. The paper focuses on all relevant cleavages, which are characteristic for the interwar Czechoslovak Republic, and tries to present a more transparent picture of the situation in the country in terms of the party system and political parties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The year 1989 marked a new stage in the Slovak historiography which allowed a new reinterpretation of the previous research and opened up topics which were considered taboo until then. This article discusses the results of scientific research in the field of Rusyns' history in the twenties of the last century. This later research showed that it was a crucial period for them. On the one hand, in this period began divergent development that separated Rusyns of eastern Slovakia from their countrymen in Ruthenia. On the other hand, while this development was initially perceived negatively, it is argued that of the entire homeland of Rusyns in the Carpathian Mountains, Rusyns in eastern Slovakia have probably the best prospects for their further national development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]