Search

This article traces the approach of moderate southern Senators toward domestic hunger and welfare in the late 1960s and the 1970s. Often overlooked in scholarly accounts, these Senators formed a significant minority of the southern delegation. Their behavior demonstrates both the continued possibilities of a more inclusive southern politics after the mid-1960s and the importance of moderate southerners to the Food Stamp Program's major expansion in the years after 1964. At the same time, however, these politicians opposed guaranteed-income schemes and endorsed “workfare” measures promoted by more conservative southerners that conditioned aid on participation in low-wage employment.

The outpouring of radiation during an X-ray burst can affect the properties of accretion discs around neutron stars: the corona can cool and collapse, the inner regions can be bled away due to enhanced accretion, and the additional heating will lead to changes in the disc height. In this paper, we investigate whether radiation from bursts can cause the disc to distort through a warping instability. Working in the limit of isotropic viscosity and linear growth, we find that bursts are more likely to drive disc warps when they have larger luminosities and longer durations. Therefore, warps will be most probable during intermediate duration bursts (IMDBs) and superbursts with evidence for photospheric radius expansion. Further, the development of warps depends on the disc viscosity with larger values of $\alpha$ increasing the likelihood of warp growth. We perform time-dependent evolution calculations of the development of warps during Type I bursts and IMDBs. Depending on the initial warp prior to the burst, we find the burst produces warps at $r$, Comment: 15 pages, 15 figures, accepted by MNRAS. Movies of calculations available at this https://www.ballantyne.physics.gatech.edu/movies-from-radiation-driven-warping-of-accretion-discs-due-to-x-ray-bursts/

The aim of this study is to explore how relational gatekeepers facilitate the development of relationships between out-group members and in-group members in an intercultural business environment, and to bring to the surface the inter-cultural and inter-networked nuances of guanxi. Based on interviews with managers from China and New Zealand, the workings of Chinese–Western business relationships and the roles of relational gatekeepers are explored. Empirical findings reveal three key gatekeeping roles, namely reciprocal, adaptive and symbolic, used for enabling the development of intercultural business relationships. We offer a structural hole explanation of intercultural gatekeeping in a seemingly contradictory and irreconcilable inter-networked environment. Our study also provides strategic implications of intercultural gatekeeping for foreign outsiders and recommends practical approaches for reaching the decision makers and resource integrators in jealously protected local business networks.

PurposeThis article aims to identify critical aspects of Chinese‐Western intercultural guanxi relationships that have largely been ignored as a domain for study in international business and industrial marketing, and to suggest a way forward.Design/methodology/approachA theme analysis across a range of academic and business journal articles is undertaken to capture major themes involving China‐focused research that relates to international business and industrial marketing, and also to locate critical themes that may have been overlooked.FindingsIntercultural interaction at a personal level is both unavoidable and critical for successfully doing business with China. This study introduces the term guanxi gateway ties to highlight a special class of facilitating relationships that can emerge through interactions between guanxi insiders and guanxi outsiders. Insiders and outsiders can meet and work together in this middle‐cultural territory for the instrumental purpose of obtaining passage through the “gateway”.Research limitations/implicationsInevitably some journal articles of interest may have been missed in the review due to the chosen scanning boundary. Nevertheless the search method provides a sufficient base to reveal recurrent research themes, and also overlooked themes of potential significance.Practical implicationsGuanxi gateway ties assist companies and individual business actors to find a path through the cumbersome Chinese bureaucracy and hierarchical levels by activating personal relationships.Originality/valueThis study reveals a commonly overlooked perspective of guanxi, that is, as a facilitator of culture‐bridging ties. The conventional business perspective of guanxi can be viewed as evolving from a gated community into an intercultural facilitating mechanism.

The 3rd Suzaku international Conference "Energetic Cosmos : from Suzaku to ASTRO-H" (June 29-July 2, 2009. Grand Park Otaru Hotel), Otaru, Hokkaido Japan, Over recent years, Suzaku and XMM-Newton observations of neutron star low-mass X-ray binaries have uncovered broad, asymmetric Fe K emission lines in these sources. It is believed that the lines arise from irradiation of the innermost accretion disk. Thus, the line profile is skewed by relativistic effects present there, leading to a measure of the inner disk radius. We summarize our comprehensive analysis of the spectra from 10 neutron star low-mass X-ray binaries here. We not only fit simple phenomenological models to the spectra, but also a more self-consistent approach using a reflection model wherein a blackbody provides the irradiating flux. Such a model is appropriate for these sources where a blackbody dominates the spectrum from around 8 - 20 keV. A realistic geometry for this reflection would involve the boundary layer (the assumed source of blackbody-like emission) irradiating the inner disk. From our modeling, we only find a small range in inner disk radius (6 - 15 GM/c(exp 2) in the majority of cases), and find no obvious trend with luminosity. One particularly interesting source is the accreting millisecond X-ray pulsar SAX J1808.4-3658. The Fe K emission line in this source allows us to estimate the magnetic field strength in this system to be approximately 3 x 10(exp 8) G, broadly consistent with previous independent estimates., Meeting sponsors: The University of Tokyo, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, The Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 資料番号: AA0064574092, レポート番号: JAXA-SP-09-008E

According to Vargo and Lusch (Journal of Marketing, 68:1–17, 2004a, Journal of Service Research, 6:324–335, b), service is the appropriate logic for marketing. For them, service is an interactive process of “doing something for someone” that is valued. More radically, goods also render service and have value-in-use. In this context service becomes the unifying purpose of any business relationship. This marketing world-view involves broadening and reframing what by convention counts as service and stands in opposition to 200 years of mainstream economic logic in explaining productive capacity. In our view they have succeeded in applying their scholarly thinking to old themes with synergistic results. Their thesis challenges marketing orthodoxy, and will in our view support much future innovation in both theoretical and practical terms.

PurposeThis paper aims to explore how the service‐dominant (S‐D) logic of marketing proposed by Vargo and Lusch impacts on business‐to‐business branding concepts and practice.Design/methodology/approachVargo and Lusch argue that service interaction comes from goods‐in‐use as well as from interactions between a buyer and a supplier. Their key concepts are examined and the branding literature critically compared.FindingsGoods become service appliances. Buyer judgments about the value‐in‐use of goods extends the time‐logic of marketing. The exchange concept is no longer transaction bound. Service‐ability (the capability to serve) becomes the essence of a firm's value propositions. Service experience becomes paramount in developing and sustaining the life of a brand.Research limitations/implicationsS‐D logic highlights the need for rigour and clarity in the use of the term “brand”. It also opens up for consideration a variety of previously unexplored contact points in the customer service cycle, expanded to include customer assessments of value‐in‐use.Practical implicationsS‐D logic encourages extending brand strategies into a wider variety of communicative interaction modes.Originality/valueSome of the issues raised are not new but currently compete for attention in the shadow of media‐dominant approaches to branding.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the development, extension and use of the “six markets” model and to outline a framework for analysing stakeholder relationships and planning stakeholder strategy.Design/methodology/approachThe “six markets” stakeholder model is examined. Refinement of the model and improved understanding as a result of field‐based research is described. A stakeholder relationship planning framework is proposed.FindingsThe paper examines the use of the “six markets” model in a wide range of organisational contexts utilizing a range of research approaches. A stakeholder relationship planning model is developed consisting of four inter‐related elements, i.e. stakeholder value propositions, value delivery design, stakeholder relationship marketing plans, and measurement and feedback.Research limitations/implicationsThe article suggests a number of areas for future research, including the development of planning approaches for different classes of stakeholders and more detailed testing of the stakeholder model and planning framework in specific market sectors.Practical implicationsThe research suggests that managers find that the development and implementation of relationship plans for the key stakeholder markets generates valuable new knowledge and insights into stakeholder conditions, constraints and opportunities.Originality/valueThis article contributes to knowledge in the relationship marketing and stakeholder theory areas through the development, refinement and use of a planning model that addresses the complexity of stakeholder relationships and networks. The stakeholder planning approach that is developed represents a means by which managers can achieve greater transparency of stakeholders' interests and improved rigour in planning relationships with stakeholders.

The purpose of this article is to provide an understanding of the methodology of action research, especially its use in a marketing context. A retrospective account of a market‐oriented action research project in which the author was involved is provided in the form of a summative evaluation of the methodology used. The status of research claims for action research in scholarly publications is discussed and found to be problematic. A hermeneutic case research pathway is recommended as a solution. Links between action research as methodology and internal marketing as strategy are made. A conclusion is reached that the basis of market‐oriented action research is “knowledge renewal”. This is achieved through an iterative process of action and learning, facilitated by the relationships formed between those involved.

In this article, dialogue is explored as an interactive process of learning together. This process is often spontaneous and unruly but bounded by a serious intent to reach mutual understanding. Also, the concept of relationship specific knowledge is introduced to explain how trust between business counterparts develops through dialogue in iterative cycles of learning. Dialogue also brings opportunities for generating new business knowledge, within the firm and between firms, in the form of creative solutions to marketing and supply problems. In this way, mutual value in buyer‐supplier exchanges is enhanced.

This article explores the structural relationships through which internal marketing can create value for an organisation, its customers and its employees. It is argued that internal marketing requires a relationship‐mediated approach, where planned phases of learning activity in volunteer groups generate new internally valid knowledge critical to the improvement of external market performance. Thus internal marketing is defined as a relationship development strategy for the purpose of knowledge renewal. First, the author presents a typology of knowledge exchange patterns within organisations on which internal marketing is based. Second, a four‐phase internal marketing process grounded in case research is presented. Next, the structure of relationship development for internal marketing is described, one which mediates knowledge transfer between the individuals involved and to their organisation as a whole. Finally, the paper offers five propositional statements in support of a relationship‐mediated theory of internal marketing.

The purpose of this paper is to offer customer relationship insights in what is a fast developing new e-commerce development strategy. We examine the potential synergies between digital social networks (DSN) and e-commerce websites, thus bringing e-commerce and DSN websites into the same relational network orbit. A Delphi dialogical survey among ten DSN experts was arranged (five academics plus five web designers) to draw out from experts the degree of consensus currently existing between them on the strategies, competencies and resources needed for achieving effective DSN-website links. Our literature review allowed us to develop seven key themes, which were presented to our 10 DSN experts. Their evaluations were then obtained on a series of propositions within each of those themes, using a Delphi iterative review process. Convergence of expert opinion (and hence consensus) on each of these propositions emerged across four themes out of the seven presented. Results reveal the importance of firms obtaining good DSN technical expertise. Competencies of an ideal technical expert are defined but opinion diverged on how to find such skilled people in the short term. Thus a necessary but interim step in many firms may be the creation of dual roles for technical expertise and a network community (service) management. We conclude that our findings raise further questions for discussion; nonetheless it is clear that SME organizations can just as easily as large corporate enterprises outsource the development of the technical expertise necessary for the creation of effective DSN-ecommerce relationship links.

We investigate the short-term variability properties and the power spectral density (PSD) of the Broad-Line Radio Galaxy (BLRG) 3C 390.3 using observations made by XMM, RXTE, and Suzaku on several occasions between October 2004 and December 2006. The main aim of this work is to derive model-independent constraints on the origin of the X-ray emission and on the nature of the central engine in 3C 390.3. On timescales of the order of few hours, probed by uninterrupted XMM light curves, the flux of 3C 390.3 is consistent with being constant in all energy bands. On longer timescales, probed by the 2-day RXTE and Suzaku observations, the flux variability becomes significant. The latter observation confirms that the spectral variability behavior of 3C 390.3 is consistent with the spectral evolution observed in radio-quiet Seyfert galaxies: the spectrum softens as the source brightens. The correlated variability between soft and hard X-rays, observed during the Suzaku exposure and between the 2 XMM pointings, taken 1 week apart, argues against scenarios characterized by the presence of two distinct variable components in the 0.5-10 keV X-ray band. A detailed PSD analysis carried out over five decades in frequency suggests the presence of a break at T_br~43 days at a 92% confidence level. This is the second tentative detection of a PSD break in a radio-loud, non-jet dominated AGN, after the BLRG 3C120, and appears to be in general agreement with the relation between T_br, M_BH, and L_bol, followed by Seyfert galaxies. Our results indicate that the X-ray variability properties of 3C 390.3 are broadly consistent with those of radio-quiet AGN, suggesting that the X-ray emission mechanism in 3C 390.3 is similar to that of nearby Seyfert galaxies without any significant contribution from a jet component., Comment: 10 pages, 4 figures, 2 tables, accepted for publication in ApJ

Making judgments about marketing opportunities in the 1990s needs a flexible view, with the emphasis on relationship building. Yet few companies really understand their customers. To make matters worse, even when good research is available, many companies are defeated by the task of converting that research into design plans, or diagnostic work on service defects. To do this means coming to grips with service intangibles. Some of the quality management techniques involved, and the implications for “internal marketing”, are outlined.

In the drive for total quality, the interdependence of staff motivation, performance measurement, and rewards will be stressed. Turning the wheel of quality improvement – continuously – involves designing a good fit for these elements within the change processes and, more, reassessing the historic role of managers in the planning, organising and controlling processes.

Ionized reflection is one of the possible mechanisms proposed to explain the small short-timescale variability of the MCG-6-30-15 Fe K line. In this contribution, we show fits of the Ross & Fabian ionized reflection models to the 325 ks XMM-Newton observation of MCG--6-30-15. It is found that the spectrum above 2.5 keV can be fitted with a combination of an ionized reflector from 5 r_g and a neutral reprocessor beyond about 70 r_g. The ionization parameter of the inner reflector increases as the source brightens., 2 pages, 1 figure. To be published in "Active Galactic Nuclei: from Central Engine to Host Galaxy", ed. S. Collin, F. Combes, and I. Shlosman

Relationship marketing is based on the idea that the existence of a relationship between customer and supplier creates value for both parties, in addition to the value of the products or services provided. In this special issue edition entitled “Pathways less traveled to value creation: interaction, dialogue and knowledge generation” articles are submitted from five sets of authors, giving different perspectives of marketing and the knowledge generation and communication aspects surrounding it.

International audience; Les approches du management de la qualité de service ont fortement évolué ces dernières années. Partant du concept d’écart de qualité pour continuer avec les notions de chaîne de valeur du client et d’attentes du client, cet article souligne le rôle des clients et fournisseurs internes. De nouvelles approches du management du processus de service sont nécessaires pour contrôler la qualité de service. C’est ce que cet article met en évidence et il ouvre des perspectives sur le management de la qualité dans l’avenir.

Objective —To examine the effect of prolonged high intensity exercise training on total ischaemic burden in men with chronic stable angina pectoris. Design —A randomised controlled trial based on 24 hour ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring of patients on two occasions a year apart. Setting —Cardiology department of a large general hospital. Subjects —40 men under 60 years of age with chronic stable angina pectoris and no previous myocardial infarction. Results —After training the exercise group showed a 30% reduction in frequency of ST segment depression. There were significant reductions in painful episodes of ischaemia and those triggered by changes in heart rate. There was also a trend towards a reduction in silent ischaemia and episodes not triggered by changes in heart rate. The duration of ischaemic episodes was also reduced. No significant change in frequency or severity of dysrhythmia was shown. Conclusions —Exercise training reduces total ischaemic burden in patients with angina pectoris by reducing the frequency and duration of all types of ischaemic episode.

Objectives —To determine the effects of aerobic and power exercise training on haemostatic factors after coronary artery surgery and to compare the effect of the two exercise programmes. Design —A prospective randomised controlled study of six months aerobic and power exercise training in men after coronary artery surgery. Setting —Exercise rehabilitation classes in a teaching hospital in Glasgow. Patients —55 men within 12 months of coronary artery surgery recruited from surgical centres and medical clinics and asked to participate in the study. Interventions —Assessments, including a treadmill test, measurements of haemoglobin, platelet, fibrinogen, factor VIIc, and fibrinopeptide A concentrations, and packed cell volume, done at baseline, three months, and six months. Patients in the two exercise groups attended training sessions three times weekly for six months. Control patients had no formal exercise training but continued with their leisure time activities. Main outcome measures —Exercise performance on a treadmill, haematology, and haemostatic factor assays at baseline, three months, and six months. Results —In the aerobic trained group exercise performance increased significantly over baseline at three months (interval change 146·7, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 52·5 to 240·9 s, p = 0·003) and was maintained at six months (interval change 172·1, 95% CI 63·3 to 280·9 s, p = 0·002). In the power trained groups significant improvement in exercise performance was delayed until six months (interval change 99·9 s, 95% CI 20·3 to 170·5 s, p = 0·01). Exercise performance in the control did not change significantly. Haemoglobin, concentration, packed cell volume, and platelet counts did not change significantly at any time. Fibrinogen concentration was significantly lower in the aerobic group than the other two groups at three months (2·96 g/dl compared with 3·3 g/dl and 3·87 g/dl in the power and control groups, p = 0·01). The power group had a lower fibrinogen concentration than the control group (p = 0·04). The lower fibrinogen concentration in the aerobic group was maintained at six months. There was a gradual rise in factor VIIc concentrations in the aerobic and control groups compared with a small fall in the power group. Fibrinopeptide A concentrations showed no consistent changes. Conclusions —Aerobic exercise training after coronary artery surgery causes an early favourable change in treadmill performance and in fibrinogen concentrations, that is maintained with further training. Power exercise training causes delayed benefit in treadmill performance. It also causes a small fall in fibrinogen concentrations. These changes may be relevant in reducing cardiovascular morbidity from graft failure and occurrence of myocardial infarction after coronary artery surgery.

Ambulatory electrocardiography was carried out in 21 healthy, fit, male squash players (aged 23-43 years) before, during, and after match play. Resulting electrocardiograms were analysed with respect to heart rate and changes in rhythm. The results indicate that squash increases the heart rate to 80% of an individual's predicted maximum heart rate for the duration of a game. Ventricular arrhythmias were detected in seven of the subjects during play and in seven in the immediate post-exercise period, an incidence which was not reproduced on subsequent maximal treadmill exercise testing. This study indicates that squash is a physiologically demanding sport which places a severe strain on the myocardium for considerable periods of time and is capable of generating cardiac arrhythmias. These findings are particularly important for an individual already at risk of sudden death from coronary artery disease or structural cardiovascular abnormalities. Medical advice before participation in the game will identify those at high risk of cardiovascular disease. Subjects in this study who developed arrhythmias were not, however, identified by history, examination, or exercise electrocardiography. Thus, it seems unwise to begin playing squash after the age of 40 years. Whether subjects in this age group already participating in the game should continue to play remains a matter for individual judgment.

Twenty male veteran endurance runners and 20 controls underwent resting, exercise, and ambulatory electrocardiography. Four athletes and three controls satisfied voltage criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy. The PR interval was longer in the athletes and they had longer mean (SD) treadmill exercise times (19 (4) v 16 (2) min) than the controls. Four athletes but no controls had greater than 2 mm downsloping ST segment depression during exercise. During 48 hour ambulatory electrocardiography the athletes had a consistently lower heart rate but maintained a circadian variation. Profound bradycardia (less than 35 beats/min) occurred in eight athletes but only one control. Eight athletes and two controls had asystolic pauses ranging from 1.8 to 15 seconds. Six athletes had first degree heart block, four had Mobitz II second degree block, and three had complete heart block. Most conduction abnormalities occurred at night and resolved during exercise. Ventricular ectopic activity was not significantly different between the groups. Thus heart block patterns and profound bradycardia are more frequent in older athletes than their youthful counterparts.

Etude de la frequence des morts subites liees au sport. Causes: cardiopathies coronariennes, anomalies anatomiques cardiovasculaires, autres causes. Prevention : controle medical avant les activites, interdiction des efforts excessifs, reconnaissance des prodromes, prevention du choc thermique, abstention du tabac

The ionized disc reflection model of Ross & Fabian is applied to a sample of five Seyfert 1 galaxies observed by BeppoSAX. Good fits were obtained for all the objects in the sample. NGC 4051 and Mkn 335 (usually classified as NLSy 1s) show evidence of a highly ionized accretion disc (xi ~ 350 erg cm s^{-1} and xi \~ 800 erg cm s^{-1}). While NGC 3783 seems to be a ``pure Sy 1'' characterized by a highly ionized accretion disc (xi ~ 500 erg cm s^{-1}). All the sources are consistent with having a face-on disc. The accurate determination of the continuum emission allows us to investigate the spectral variability in the case of Mkn 509., 4 pages, 1 colour figures. To appear in the Proceedings of the Symposium on `New Visions of the X-ray Universe in the XMM-Newton and Chandra Era', 26-30 November 2001, ESTEC, The Netherlands

The High-Energy X-ray Probe (HEX-P) is a next-generation high-energy X-ray observatory with broadband (2-200 keV) response that has 40 times the sensitivity of any previous mission in the 10-80 keV band and >100 times the sensitivity of any previous mission in the 80-200 keV band.

We review recent progress on the modeling and use of reflection spectra from irradiated and ionized accretion discs. On the computational side, calculations of reflection spectra from discs with non-uniform density structure have shown that thermal instabilities can effect the predictions. Ionized reflection spectra have been used effectively in fitting data of Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 galaxies, and have placed constraints on the strength and shape of soft X-ray emission lines., Comment: 4 pages, 4 figs. To appear in 'X-ray Spectroscopy of AGN with Chandra and XMM-Newton', held in Garching, December 3-6, 2001, eds. Th. Boller et al