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1. The Podospora anserina lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase PaLPMO9H catalyzes oxidative cleavage of diverse plant cell wall matrix glycans

Author

Jean-Guy Berrin, Harry Brumer, Mathieu Fanuel, Sona Garajova, Nicholas McGregor, David Ropartz, Hélène Rogniaux, Unité de recherche sur les Biopolymères, Interactions Assemblages (BIA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques (BBF), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM), Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia (UBC), Department of Chemistry [Vancouver] (UBC Chemistry), Department of Biochemistry, Department of Botany [Vancouver] (UBC Botany), AMIDEX foundation (Funcopper project) A*M-AAP-EI-13-13-130115-15.37 / MicrobioE project ANR-11-IDEX-0001-02, École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Department of Chemistry [Vancouver], Department of Botany, and Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, [SDV.BIO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biotechnology, mass spectrum analysis, matrice extracellulaire, Glucomannan, Biotechnologies, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, tyrosinase, Polysaccharide, Cleavage (embryo), 01 natural sciences, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Podospora anserina, Cell wall, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, métabolisme oxydatif, lignocellulose, podospora anserina, Polysaccharides, AA9, spectrométrie de masse, 010608 biotechnology, biomasse, Biomass, LPMO, Cellulose, 2. Zero hunger, chemistry.chemical_classification, biology, Mass spectrometry, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, Glycosidic bond, biology.organism_classification, Biorefinery, Xyloglucan, 030104 developmental biology, General Energy, chemistry, Biochemistry, polysaccharide, Lignocellulose, Biotechnology, oxydoréductase
Abstract

The enzymatic conversion of plant biomass has been recently revolutionized by the discovery of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMO) that catalyze oxidative cleavage of polysaccharides. These powerful enzymes are secreted by a large number of fungal saprotrophs and are important components of commercial enzyme cocktails used for industrial biomass conversion. Among the 33 AA9 LPMOs encoded by the genome of Podospora anserina, the PaLPMO9H enzyme catalyzes mixed C1/C4 oxidative cleavage of cellulose and cello-oligosaccharides. Activity of PaLPMO9H on several hemicelluloses has been suggested, but the regioselectivity of the cleavage remained to be determined. In this study, we investigated the activity of PaLPMO9H on mixed-linkage glucans, xyloglucan and glucomannan using tandem mass spectrometry and ion mobility–mass spectrometry. Structural analysis of the released products revealed that PaLPMO9H catalyzes C4 oxidative cleavage of mixed-linkage glucans and mixed C1/C4 oxidative cleavage of glucomannan and xyloglucan. Gem-diols and ketones were produced at the non-reducing end, while aldonic acids were produced at the reducing extremity of the products. The ability of PaLPMO9H to target polysaccharides, differing from cellulose by their linkages, glycosidic composition and/or presence of sidechains, could be advantageous for this coprophilous fungus when catabolizing highly variable polysaccharides and for the development of optimized enzyme cocktails in biorefineries.

Published
2017
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2. Microalgae Synthesize Hydrocarbons from Long-Chain Fatty Acids via a Light-Dependent Pathway

Author

Damien Sorigué, Yonghua Li-Beisson, Pablo Morales, Reinhard Jetter, Bertrand Legeret, Fred Beisson, Geneviève Guedeney, Gilles Peltier, Boris Mirabella, Stéphan Cuiné, Environnement, Bioénergie, Microalgues et Plantes (EBMP), Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies d'Aix-Marseille (ex-IBEB) (BIAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Department of Botany [Vancouver] (UBC Botany), University of British Columbia (UBC), Bioénergie et Microalgues (EBM), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Synthèse et étude de systèmes à intêret biologique (SEESIB), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP), APHIS, International Services, United States Department of Agriculture, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne de la Rhizosphère et d'Environnements Extrêmes (LEMIRE), Biologie et Biotechnologie des Cyanobactéries (B2CYA), Département Microbiologie (Dpt Microbio), Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule (I2BC), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule (I2BC), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Dept Bot

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Chloroplasts, Light, Physiology, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Chlorophyceae, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Oleic Acids, Plant Science, Chlorella, Alkenes, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Biosynthesis, Alkanes, Genetics, Microalgae, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Biomass, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Diatoms, biology, Chlamydomonas, Fatty Acids, food and beverages, Articles, biology.organism_classification, Hydrocarbons, Biosynthetic Pathways, Chloroplast, 030104 developmental biology, chemistry, Biochemistry, Biofuels, lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins), Nannochloropsis, Stearic Acids
Abstract

Microalgae are considered a promising platform for the production of lipid-based biofuels. While oil accumulation pathways are intensively researched, the possible existence of a microalgal pathways converting fatty acids into alka(e)nes has received little attention. Here, we provide evidence that such a pathway occurs in several microalgal species from the green and the red lineages. In Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Chlorophyceae), a C17 alkene, n-heptadecene, was detected in the cell pellet and the headspace of liquid cultures. The Chlamydomonas alkene was identified as 7-heptadecene, an isomer likely formed by decarboxylation of cis-vaccenic acid. Accordingly, incubation of intact Chlamydomonas cells with per-deuterated D31-16:0 (palmitic) acid yielded D31-18:0 (stearic) acid, D29-18:1 (oleic and cis-vaccenic) acids, and D29-heptadecene. These findings showed that loss of the carboxyl group of a C18 monounsaturated fatty acid lead to heptadecene formation. Amount of 7-heptadecene varied with growth phase and temperature and was strictly dependent on light but was not affected by an inhibitor of photosystem II. Cell fractionation showed that approximately 80% of the alkene is localized in the chloroplast. Heptadecane, pentadecane, as well as 7- and 8-heptadecene were detected in Chlorella variabilis NC64A (Trebouxiophyceae) and several Nannochloropsis species (Eustigmatophyceae). In contrast, Ostreococcus tauri (Mamiellophyceae) and the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum produced C21 hexaene, without detectable C15-C19 hydrocarbons. Interestingly, no homologs of known hydrocarbon biosynthesis genes were found in the Nannochloropsis, Chlorella, or Chlamydomonas genomes. This work thus demonstrates that microalgae have the ability to convert C16 and C18 fatty acids into alka(e)nes by a new, light-dependent pathway.

Published
2016
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3. Leaf Senescence Is Accompanied by an Early Disruption of the Microtubule Network in Arabidopsis

Author

Catherine Bellini, Steven M. Smith, Per Gardeström, Laurent Gutierrez, Olivier Keech, Abdul Ahad, Edouard Pesquet, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology and Centre of Excellence for Plant Metabolomics, The University of Western Australia (UWA), Umea Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Centre de Ressources Régionales en Biologie Moléculaire, Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV), Umea Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Department of Botany, University of British Columbia (UBC), Biologie des Plantes et Innovation - UR UPJV 3900 (BIOPI), Umea Plant Science Center (UPSC), Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU)-Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Department of Botany [Vancouver] (UBC Botany), Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Transfrontalière BioEcoAgro - UMR 1158 (BioEcoAgro), Université d'Artois (UA)-Université de Liège-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)-Université de Lille-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-JUNIA (JUNIA), Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Université d'Artois (UA)-Université de Liège-Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)-Université de Lille-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-JUNIA (JUNIA), and Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Université catholique de Lille (UCL)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, cortical microtubules, Physiology, small genome, Arabidopsis, Gene Expression, glutamine-synthetase, reference genes, Plant Science, Microtubules, 01 natural sciences, génétique, Tubulin, Génétique des plantes, Arabidopsis thaliana, rna, Cytoskeleton, Genetics, 0303 health sciences, plant-cells, plasma-membrane, tubulin genes, messenger-rna, dynamics, protein, biology, food and beverages, Darkness, Cell biology, protéine, Senescence, Katanin, Environmental Stress and Adaptation to Stress, Plants genetics, [SDV.GEN.GPL]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics/Plants genetics, 03 medical and health sciences, Microtubule, 030304 developmental biology, Epidermis (botany), gène, génome, fungi, biology.organism_classification, Plant Leaves, biology.protein, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

L'article original est publié par The American Society of Plant Biologists; The dynamic assembly and disassembly of microtubules (MTs) is essential for cell function. Although leaf senescence is a well-documented process, the role of the MT cytoskeleton during senescence in plants remains unknown. Here, we show that both natural leaf senescence and senescence of individually darkened Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leaves are accompanied by early degradation of the MT network in epidermis and mesophyll cells, whereas guard cells, which do not senesce, retain their MT network. Similarly, entirely darkened plants, which do not senesce, retain their MT network. While genes encoding the tubulin subunits and the bundling/stabilizing MT-associated proteins (MAPs) MAP65 and MAP70-1 were repressed in both natural senescence and dark-induced senescence, we found strong induction of the gene encoding the MT-destabilizing protein MAP18. However, induction of MAP18 gene expression was also observed in leaves from entirely darkened plants, showing that its expression is not sufficient to induce MT disassembly and is more likely to be part of a Ca(2+)-dependent signaling mechanism. Similarly, genes encoding the MT-severing protein katanin p60 and two of the four putative regulatory katanin p80s were repressed in the dark, but their expression did not correlate with degradation of the MT network during leaf senescence. Taken together, these results highlight the earliness of the degradation of the cortical MT array during leaf senescence and lead us to propose a model in which suppression of tubulin and MAP genes together with induction of MAP18 play key roles in MT disassembly during senescence.

Published
2010
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4. N-terminal modifications contribute to flowering time and immune response regulations

Author

Fang Xu, Paul Kapos, Carmela Giglione, Xin Li, Thierry Meinnel, Michael Smith Laboratories and Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia ( UBC ), Department of Botany, Maturation des proteines, destinée cellulaire et thérapeutique ( PROMTI ), Département Biologie des Génomes ( DBG ), Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule ( I2BC ), Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ) -Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ) -Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ) -Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ) -Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule ( I2BC ), Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ) -Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ) -Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ) -Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ), University of British Columbia (UBC), Department of Botany [Vancouver] (UBC Botany), Maturation des proteines, destinée cellulaire et thérapeutique (PROMTI), Département Biologie des Génomes (DBG), Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule (I2BC), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule (I2BC), and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Short Communication, Mutant, Arabidopsis, Plant Development, Pseudomonas syringae, N-end rule, Plant Science, Immune receptor, N-terminal myristoylation, Flowers, Gene Expression Regulation, Plant, protein regulation, Acetyltransferase complex, Plant Immunity, N-Terminal Acetyltransferase B, N-Terminal Acetyltransferase A, N-end Rule, Genetics, biology, [ SDV ] Life Sciences [q-bio], N-terminal acetylation, Arabidopsis Proteins, fungi, Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern Molecules, NMT, food and beverages, Acetylation, Methyltransferases, NPR1, biology.organism_classification, Elicitor, Phenotype, Mutation, Nat, Acyltransferases, Protein Modification, Translational
Abstract

International audience; A variety of N-terminal co-translational modifications play crucial roles in many cellular processes across eukaryotic organisms. Recently, N-terminal acetylation has been proposed as a regulatory mechanism for the control of plant immunity. Analysis of an N-terminal acetyltransferase complex A (NatA) mutant, naa15-1, revealed that NatA controls the stability of immune receptor Suppressor of NPR1, Constitutive 1 (SNC1) in an antagonistic fashion with NatB. Here, we further report on an antagonistic regulation of flowering time by NatA and NatB, where naa15-1 plants exhibit late flowering, opposite of the early flowering phenotype previously observed in natB mutants. In addition, we provide evidence for the involvement of another N-terminal modification, N-myristoylation, in controlling pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) triggered immunity (PTI) through the characterization of N-myristoyltransferase 1 (NMT1) defective mutants, which express a low level of NMT1 protein. The mutant line lacks induced production of reactive oxygen species and MAP kinase phosphorylation in response to treatment with the known immune elicitor flg22. NMT1 deficient plants also exhibit increased susceptibility to Pst hrcC, a non-pathogenic Pseudomonas syringae tomato strain lacking a functional type-III secretion system. The potential for the NatA-NatB antagonistic relationship to exist outside of the regulation of SNC1 as well as the disclosing of NMT1s role in PTI further supports the significant contribution of N-terminal co-translational modifications in the regulation of biological processes in plants, and present interesting areas for further exploration.

Published
2015
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5. Two N-terminal acetyltransferases antagonistically regulate the stability of a nod-like receptor in Arabidopsis

Author

Willy V. Bienvenut, Xin Li, Markus Wirtz, Fang Xu, Paul Kapos, Yuelin Zhang, Carmela Giglione, She Chen, Monika Huber, Patrick Gannon, Rüdiger Hell, Yan Huang, Lin Li, Thierry Meinnel, Bogdan Polevoda, Eric Linster, Michael Smith Laboratories and Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia ( UBC ), Shanghai Jiao Tong University [Shanghai], College of Agriculture, Hebei University of Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Centre for Organismal Studies, Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg], Maturation des proteines, destinée cellulaire et thérapeutique ( PROMTI ), Département Biologie des Génomes ( DBG ), Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule ( I2BC ), Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ) -Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ) -Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ) -Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ) -Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule ( I2BC ), Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ) -Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ) -Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ) -Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ), Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ) -Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ), University of Rochester [USA], Department of Botany, National Institute of Biological Sciences, University of British Columbia (UBC), Maturation des proteines, destinée cellulaire et thérapeutique (PROMTI), Département Biologie des Génomes (DBG), Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule (I2BC), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule (I2BC), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Botany [Vancouver] (UBC Botany), and Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg] = Heidelberg University

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Molecular Sequence Data, Arabidopsis, Plant Science, Biology, 01 natural sciences, Models, Biological, N-end rule, N-Terminal Acetyltransferases, 03 medical and health sciences, Tobacco, Arabidopsis thaliana, Acetyltransferase complex, Amino Acid Sequence, Cloning, Molecular, Spotlight, Receptor, Research Articles, 030304 developmental biology, 0303 health sciences, [ SDV ] Life Sciences [q-bio], Arabidopsis Proteins, Protein Stability, N-terminal acetylation, drought stress, fungi, NOD-like receptor, Chromosome Mapping, Acetylation, Cell Biology, NPR1, biology.organism_classification, Biochemistry, Seedlings, Acetyltransferase, Mutation, protein degradation, abscisic acid (ABA), plant immunity, Sequence Alignment, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

International audience; Nod-like receptors (NLRs) serve as immune receptors in plants and animals. The stability of NLRs is tightly regulated, though its mechanism is not well understood. Here, we show the crucial impact of N-terminal acetylation on the turnover of one plant NLR, Suppressor of NPR1, Constitutive 1 (SNC1), in Arabidopsis thaliana. Genetic and biochemical analyses of SNC1 uncovered its multilayered regulation by different N-terminal acetyltransferase (Nat) complexes. SNC1 exhibits a few distinct N-terminal isoforms generated through alternative initiation and N-terminal acetylation. Its first Met is acetylated by N-terminal acetyltransferase complex A (NatA), while the second Met is acetylated by N-terminal acetyltransferase complex B (NatB). Unexpectedly, the NatA-mediated acetylation serves as a degradation signal, while NatB-mediated acetylation stabilizes the NLR protein, thus revealing antagonistic N-terminal acetylation of a single protein substrate. Moreover, NatA also contributes to the turnover of another NLR, RESISTANCE TO P. syringae pv maculicola 1. The intricate regulation of protein stability by Nats is speculated to provide flexibility for the target protein in maintaining its homeostasis.

Published
2015
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6. Identification of plant-like galactolipids in Chromera velia, a photosynthetic relative of malaria parasites

Author

Cyrille Y. Botté, Jan Janouškovec, Thusita Rupasinghe, Eric Maréchal, Geoffrey I. McFadden, Ross L. Coppel, Paul K. Crellin, Patrick J. Keeling, Yoshiki Yamaryo-Botté, Malcolm J. McConville, Laboratoire de physiologie cellulaire végétale (LPCV), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), School of Botany [Melbourne], Faculty of Science [Melbourne], University of Melbourne-University of Melbourne, Department of Microbiology [Monash University, Australia], School of Biomedical Sciences [Monash University, Clayton], Monash University [Clayton]-Monash University [Clayton], Botany Department, University of British Columbia (UBC), University of Melbourne, Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Department of Botany [Vancouver] (UBC Botany), European Research Council, National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia, CNRS, Agence Nationale de la Recherche, and Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Plasmodium, Plastid localization, Plastid Evolution, Protozoan Proteins, Chromera velia, MESH: Amino Acid Sequence, photosynthetic eukaryotes, 01 natural sciences, Biochemistry, MGDG, Plastids, MESH: Protozoan Proteins, MESH: Evolution, Molecular, 0303 health sciences, biology, Endosymbiosis, food and beverages, Galactolipids, MESH: Plastids, Lipids, Chromera, 3. Good health, apicomplexa, galactosyltransferase, galactolipid, Toxoplasma, DGDG, Evolution, Molecular Sequence Data, MESH: Apicomplexa, Galactolipid/Galactosyltransferase, malaria, human parasite, Chloroplast, Models, Biological, Glycerolipid, Evolution, Molecular, Apicomplexa, Membrane Lipids, 03 medical and health sciences, Mass Spectrometry (MS), lipid, digalactosyldiacylglycerol, Apicoplast, plastid localization, parasitic diseases, SDV:BBM, [SDV.BBM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Amino Acid Sequence, Plastid, Molecular Biology, 030304 developmental biology, MESH: Molecular Sequence Data, fungi, MESH: Models, Biological, Plasmodium falciparum, Cell Biology, monogalactosyldiacyglycerol, biology.organism_classification, enzyme, MESH: Galactolipids, biosynthesis, Molecular, Models, Biological, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

International audience; Apicomplexa are protist parasites that include Plasmodium spp., the causative agents of malaria, and Toxoplasma gondii, responsible for toxoplasmosis. Most Apicomplexa possess a relict plastid, the apicoplast, which was acquired by secondary endosymbiosis of a red alga. Despite being nonphotosynthetic, the apicoplast is otherwise metabolically similar to algal and plant plastids and is essential for parasite survival. Previous studies of Toxoplasma gondii identified membrane lipids with some structural features of plastid galactolipids, the major plastid lipid class. However, direct evidence for the plant-like enzymes responsible for galactolipid synthesis in Apicomplexan parasites has not been obtained. Chromera velia is an Apicomplexan relative recently discovered in Australian corals. C. velia retains a photosynthetic plastid, providing a unique model to study the evolution of the apicoplast. Here, we report the unambiguous presence of plant-like monogalactosyldiacylglycerol and digalactosyldiacylglycerol in C. velia and localize digalactosyldiacylglycerol to the plastid. We also provide evidence for a plant-like biosynthesis pathway and identify candidate galactosyltranferases responsible for galactolipid synthesis. Our study provides new insights in the evolution of these important enzymes in plastid-containing eukaryotes and will help reconstruct the evolution of glycerolipid metabolism in important parasites such as Plasmodium and Toxoplasma.

Published
2011
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7. Plant ABC proteins--a unified nomenclature and updated inventory

Author

Lacey Samuels, Bo Burla, Youngsook Lee, P. J. Verrier, Philip A. Rea, Markus Geisler, Elie Dassa, Enrico Martinoia, Kazufumi Yazaki, David Bird, Angus S. Murphy, Burkhard Schulz, Markus Klein, Edgar P. Spalding, Cyrille Forestier, Frederica L. Theodoulou, Üner Kolukisaoglu, Biomathematics and Bioinformatics Department, Rothamsted Research, Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC)-Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC), Department of Biological Sciences [Winnipeg], University of Manitoba [Winnipeg], Zurich Basel Plant Science Center, Universität Zürich [Zürich] = University of Zurich (UZH)-University of Basel (Unibas), Membranes bactériennes, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire des Echanges Membranaires et Signalisation (LEMS), Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille 2-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Center of Life Science Automation, University of Rostock, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Department of Horticulture, Purdue University [West Lafayette], Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania-Plant Science Institute, Department of Botany [Vancouver] (UBC Botany), University of British Columbia (UBC), Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Laboratory of Plant Gene Expression, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere (RISH), Kyoto University-Kyoto University, Biological Chemistry Department, University of Zurich, Verrier, P J, University of Basel (Unibas)-Universität Zürich [Zürich] = University of Zurich (UZH), Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Pennsylvania [Philadelphia]-Plant Science Institute, and Kyoto University [Kyoto]-Kyoto University [Kyoto]

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, MESH: Genome, Plant, Arabidopsis, ATP-binding cassette transporter, Plant Science, Computational biology, 580 Plants (Botany), Biology, 01 natural sciences, Genome, 03 medical and health sciences, 10126 Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Phylogenetics, 1110 Plant Science, Botany, MESH: Arabidopsis, [SDV.BBM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, MESH: Phylogeny, Nomenclature, Gene, Phylogeny, Plant Proteins, 030304 developmental biology, 2. Zero hunger, 0303 health sciences, MESH: Plant Proteins, food and beverages, Oryza, MESH: Oryza sativa, biology.organism_classification, Reverse genetics, MESH: ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters, ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters, Heterologous expression, Genome, Plant, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

The ABC superfamily comprises both membrane-bound transporters and soluble proteins involved in a broad range of processes, many of which are of considerable agricultural, biotechnological and medical potential. Completion of the Arabidopsis and rice genome sequences has revealed a particularly large and diverse complement of plant ABC proteins in comparison with other organisms. Forward and reverse genetics, together with heterologous expression, have uncovered many novel roles for plant ABC proteins, but this progress has been accompanied by a confusing proliferation of names for plant ABC genes and their products. A consolidated nomenclature will provide much-needed clarity and a framework for future research.

Published
2008
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8. Positive interactions among alpine plants increase with stress

Author

Erik T. Aschehoug, Francisco I. Pugnaire, Beth A. Newingham, Zaal Kikvidze, Richard Michalet, David Kikodze, Philippe Choler, Robin W. Brooker, Cristina Armas, Leonardo Paolini, Bradley J. Cook, Christopher J. Lortie, Ragan M. Callaway, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (NERC), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry]), Station alpine Joseph Fourier - UMS 3370 (SAJF), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF), Institute of Botany [Tbilisi], Georgian National Academy of Sciences (GNAS), Department of Botany [Vancouver] (UBC Botany), University of British Columbia (UBC), Laboratorio de Investigaciones Ecológicas de las Yungas, Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), and The Nature Conservancy

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Alpine plant, media_common.quotation_subject, Otras Ciencias de la Tierra y relacionadas con el Medio Ambiente, Cushion plant, Biodiversity, PLANT INTERACTIONS, Plant Development, [SDV.BID]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Competition (biology), Ciencias de la Tierra y relacionadas con el Medio Ambiente, field experiments, Species Specificity, GLOBAL EXPERIMENT, Continuum concept, Biomass, climate, Ecosystem, Plant Physiological Phenomena, media_common, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, Herbivore, Biomass (ecology), Multidisciplinary, model, Geography, biology, Ecology, Reproduction, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, fungi, Temperature, food and beverages, Plant community, balance, Interspecific competition, ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, communities, ALPINE, Atmospheric Pressure, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, CIENCIAS NATURALES Y EXACTAS
Abstract

Plants can have positive effects on each other. For example, the accumulation of nutrients, provision of shade, amelioration of disturbance, or protection from herbivores by some species can enhance the performance of neighbouring species. Thus the notion that the distributions and abundances of plant species are independent of other species may be inadequate as a theoretical underpinning for understanding species coexistence and diversity. But there have been no large-scale experiments designed to examine the generality of positive interactions in plant communities and their importance relative to competition. Here we show that the biomass, growth and reproduction of alpine plant species are higher when other plants are nearby. In an experiment conducted in subalpine and alpine plant communities with 115 species in 11 different mountain ranges, we find that competition generally, but not exclusively, dominates interactions at lower elevations where conditions are less physically stressful. In contrast, at high elevations where abiotic stress is high the interactions among plants are predominantly positive. Furthermore, across all high and low sites positive interactions are more important at sites with low temperatures in the early summer, but competition prevails at warmer sites. Fil: Callaway, Ragan M.. University of Montana; Estados Unidos Fil: Brooker, Robert W.. CEH Banchory Research Station; Reino Unido Fil: Choler, Philippe. University Joseph Fourier; Francia Fil: Kikvidze, Zaal. Georgian Academy of Sciences; Georgia Fil: Lortie, Christopher J.. University of British Columbia; Canadá Fil: Michalet, Richard. University Joseph Fourier; Francia Fil: Paolini, Leonardo. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo. Laboratorio de Investigaciones Ecológicas de las Yungas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán; Argentina Fil: Pugnaire, Francisco I.. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; España Fil: Newingham, Beth. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; España Fil: Aschehoug, Erik T.. University of Montana; Estados Unidos Fil: Armas, Cristina. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; España Fil: Kikodze, David. Georgian Academy of Sciences; Georgia Fil: Cook, Bradley J.. University of Montana; Estados Unidos

Published
2002
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