18 results on '"Dick, J.T.A."'
Search Results
2. TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL VARIATION IN OTTER LUTRA LUTRA DIET IN NORTHERN IRELAND
- Author
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Preston, S.J., Portig, A.A., Montgomery, W.I., McDonald, R.A., Dick, J.T.A., and Fairley, J.S.
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- 2007
3. RIVERINE HABITAT REQUIREMENTS OF THE WHITE-CLAWED CRAYFISH, AUSTROPOTAMOBIUS PALLIPES
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Gallagher, M.B., Dick, J.T.A., and Elwood, R.W.
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- 2006
4. Probing motivational state during agonistic encounters in animals
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Elwood, R.W., Wood, K.E., Gallagher, M.B., and Dick, J.T.A.
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Animal fighting -- Research ,Hermit-crabs -- Behavior ,Environmental issues ,Science and technology ,Zoology and wildlife conservation - Abstract
Research into the motivational state of animals during the course of a fight has used hermit crabs collected from a shore in Northern Ireland. Particular attention was given to whether relative fighting ability and resource value are evaluated by the animal and, if so, how the information affects motivational state at a specific time in the contest. The relative size ot the combatants did not seem to affect the motivation of the attacker. The temporal pattern of the fight varied with relative size, with fewer raps per bout given to quite large opponents.
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- 1998
5. Aquatic invasive alien species : top issues for their management
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Caffrey, J.M., Gallagher, C., Dick, J.T.A., Lucy, Frances, Inland Fisheries Ireland (IFI), European Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture Advisory Commission (EIFAAC), Fáilte Ireland, and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
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Alien Species ,Environmental Science ITS - Abstract
In November 2014, the European Union (Member Organization) (EU) published a new Regulation to address invasive alien species (IAS) and protect biodiversity. This Regulation entered into force across the EU in January 2015. Its aim is to “prevent the introduction of, control or eradicate alien species which threaten ecosystems, habitats or species”. In an effort to provide focus to the Regulation prior to its publishing and to identify the major issues relating to IAS in Europe (28 countries of the EU and other European countries), the views of invasive species experts from around the world were sought. These were consolidated at an international conference (Freshwater Invasives – Networking for Strategy [FINS]) that was held in Ireland in April 2013. A major outcome from this meeting of experts was the production of the “Top 20” IAS issues that relate primarily to freshwater habitats but are also directly relevant to marine and terrestrial ecosystems. This list will support policy-makers throughout the EU as preparations are made to implement this important piece of legislation. A further outcome from the conference was the formation of an expert IAS advisory group to support EIFAAC in its work on invasive species.
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- 2015
6. Post-mortem examination of a wild muntjac from Northern Ireland
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Dick, J.T.A., McKillen, J., Chapman, N., Collins, Lisa, Provan, Jim, Freeman, M., Hogg, K., and Reid, Neil
- Abstract
1. Deer are of major concern with regards to impacts on biodiversity, forestry and agriculture as well as human health. The invasive Reeves’ muntjac deer Muntiacus reevesi, native to Asia but established in Great Britain, has recently appeared in the wild in Ireland. 2. The first verified record in the wild in Northern Ireland was confirmed during June 2009 as a result of a road traffic accident near Newtownards, Co. Down. The second record was a culled animal shot in the grounds of Mount Stewart, Co. Down during June 2011.3. The current report aimed to perform a detailed investigation of the most recently obtained animal to establish a) its age, b) its genetic relationship with the first animal and c) the threat it might pose in terms of carrying endo- or ecto-parasites or other micro-pathogens, principally viruses and bacteria.4. Analysis of its dentition suggested the culled animal was 56 weeks old (range 55-57 weeks).5. Genetic analysis indicated that there was no possibility of a father-son relationship with the buck killed in 2009. There was a 6.25% probability of both individuals being full-sibs and a 25% probability of a half-sib relationship.6. The deer was free from all the major pathogens. Most significantly, a novel species of Gammaherpesvirus was detected most closely matching type 2 ruminant rhadinovirus (Gammaherpesvirinae) from mule deer. Further sequencing is required to provide a definitive classification. There is no evidence suggesting this virus is pathogenic but its detection is nonetheless of concern. 7. During late 2009 (after the first animal was recovered) and early 2010, there were a number of sightings of muntjac within the vicinity of Mount Stewart. Our results indicate that the animal shot in June 2011 could not have been this same animal, as the shot animal must have been born in spring 2010. Moreover, genetic analysis indicates that the two recovered individuals were highly unlikely to share the same mother and father, suggesting they were the offspring of a minimum of three breeding adults (two fathers and one mother or two mothers and one father). This brings the total number of known individuals to 5 including the two offspring. The location of the breeding adults is unknown and may be either in captivity with subsequent escapees, or deliberate releases, or be free living in the wild. However, a further sighting during early 2012 may suggest a wild origin.
- Published
- 2012
7. Defining the impact of non-native species
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Jeschke, J.M., Bacher, S., Blackburn, T.M., Dick, J.T.A., Essl, F., Evans, T., Gaertner, M., Hulme, P.E., Kühn, Ingolf, Mrugała, A., Pergl, J., Pyšek, P., Rabitsch, W., Ricciardi, A., Richardson, D.M., Sendek, A., Vilà, M., Winter, M., Kumschick, S., Jeschke, J.M., Bacher, S., Blackburn, T.M., Dick, J.T.A., Essl, F., Evans, T., Gaertner, M., Hulme, P.E., Kühn, Ingolf, Mrugała, A., Pergl, J., Pyšek, P., Rabitsch, W., Ricciardi, A., Richardson, D.M., Sendek, A., Vilà, M., Winter, M., and Kumschick, S.
- Abstract
Non-native species cause changes in the ecosystems to which they are introduced. These changes, or some of them, are usually termed impacts; they can be manifold and potentially damaging to ecosystems and biodiversity. However, the impacts of most non-native species are poorly understood, and a synthesis of available information is being hindered because authors often do not clearly define impact. We argue that explicitly defining the impact of non-native species will promote progress toward a better understanding of the implications of changes to biodiversity and ecosystems caused by non-native species; help disentangle which aspects of scientific debates about non-native species are due to disparate definitions and which represent true scientific discord; and improve communication between scientists from different research disciplines and between scientists, managers, and policy makers. For these reasons and based on examples from the literature, we devised seven key questions that fall into 4 categories: directionality, classification and measurement, ecological or socio-economic changes, and scale. These questions should help in formulating clear and practical definitions of impact to suit specific scientific, stakeholder, or legislative contexts.Definiendo el Impacto de las Especies No-NativasResumenLas especies no-nativas pueden causar cambios en los ecosistemas donde son introducidas. Estos cambios, o algunos de ellos, usualmente se denominan como impactos; estos pueden ser variados y potencialmente dañinos para los ecosistemas y la biodiversidad. Sin embargo, los impactos de la mayoría de las especies no-nativas están pobremente entendidos y una síntesis de información disponible se ve obstaculizada porque los autores continuamente no definen claramente impacto. Discutimos que definir explícitamente el impacto de las especies no-nativas promoverá el progreso hacia un mejor entendimiento de las implicaciones de los cambios a la biodiversidad y los eco
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- 2014
8. Ecological impacts of alien species: quantification, scope, caveats, and recommendations
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Kumschick, S., Gaertner, M., Vilà, M., Essl, F., Jeschke, J.M., Pyšek, P., Ricciardi, A., Bacher, S., Blackburn, T.M., Dick, J.T.A., Evans, T., Hulme, P.E., Kühn, Ingolf, Mrugała, A., Pergl, J., Rabitsch, W., Richardson, D.M., Sendek, Agnieszka, Winter, M., Kumschick, S., Gaertner, M., Vilà, M., Essl, F., Jeschke, J.M., Pyšek, P., Ricciardi, A., Bacher, S., Blackburn, T.M., Dick, J.T.A., Evans, T., Hulme, P.E., Kühn, Ingolf, Mrugała, A., Pergl, J., Rabitsch, W., Richardson, D.M., Sendek, Agnieszka, and Winter, M.
- Abstract
Despite intensive research during the past decade on the effects of alien species, invasion science still lacks the capacity to accurately predict the impacts of those species and, therefore, to provide timely advice to managers on where limited resources should be allocated. This capacity has been limited partly by the context-dependent nature of ecological impacts, research highly skewed toward certain taxa and habitat types, and the lack of standardized methods for detecting and quantifying impacts. We review different strategies, including specific experimental and observational approaches, for detecting and quantifying the ecological impacts of alien species. These include a four-way experimental plot design for comparing impact studies of different organisms. Furthermore, we identify hypothesis-driven parameters that should be measured at invaded sites to maximize insights into the nature of the impact. We also present strategies for recognizing high-impact species. Our recommendations provide a foundation for developing systematic quantitative measurements to allow comparisons of impacts across alien species, sites, and time.
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- 2014
9. Defining the impact of non-native species
- Author
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Jeschke, Jonathan M., Bacher, Sven, Blackburn, T.M., Dick, J.T.A., Essl, Franz, Evans, T., Gaertner, Miguel Ángel, Hulme, Philip E., Kühn, Ingolf, Mrugala, Agata, Pergl, Jan, Pyšek, Petr, Rabitsch, W., Ricciardi, A., Richardson, David M., Sendek, A., Vilà, Montserrat, Winter, M., Kumschick, S., Jeschke, Jonathan M., Bacher, Sven, Blackburn, T.M., Dick, J.T.A., Essl, Franz, Evans, T., Gaertner, Miguel Ángel, Hulme, Philip E., Kühn, Ingolf, Mrugala, Agata, Pergl, Jan, Pyšek, Petr, Rabitsch, W., Ricciardi, A., Richardson, David M., Sendek, A., Vilà, Montserrat, Winter, M., and Kumschick, S.
- Abstract
Non-native species cause changes in the ecosystems to which they are introduced. These changes, or some of them, are usually termed impacts; they can be manifold and potentially damaging to ecosystems and biodiversity. However, the impacts of most non-native species are poorly understood, and a synthesis of available information is being hindered because authors often do not clearly define impact. We argue that explicitly defining the impact of non-native species will promote progress toward a better understanding of the implications of changes to biodiversity and ecosystems caused by non-native species; help disentangle which aspects of scientific debates about non-native species are due to disparate definitions and which represent true scientific discord; and improve communication between scientists from different research disciplines and between scientists, managers, and policy makers. For these reasons and based on examples from the literature, we devised seven key questions that fall into 4 categories: directionality, classification and measurement, ecological or socio-economic changes, and scale. These questions should help in formulating clear and practical definitions of impact to suit specific scientific, stakeholder, or legislative contexts.
- Published
- 2014
10. Role of behaviour in biological invasions and species distributions; lessons from interactions between the invasive Gammarus pulex and the native G. duebeni (Crustacea: Amphipoda)
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Dick, J.T.A. and Naturalis journals & series
- Subjects
species distributions ,amphipods ,interspecific competition ,animal behaviour ,Gammarus ,intraguild predation ,invasive species - Abstract
In attempting to understand the distributions of both introduced species and the native species on which they impact, there is a growing trend to integrate studies of behaviour with more traditional life history/ecological approaches. The question of what mechanisms drive the displacement of the freshwater amphipod Gammarus duebeni by the often introduced G. pulex is presented as a case study. Patterns of displacement are well documented throughout Europe, but the speed and direction of displacement between these species can be varied. From early studies proposing interspecific competition as causal in these patterns, I review research progress to date. I show there has been no evidence for interspecific competition operating, other than the field patterns themselves, a somewhat tautological argument. Rather, the increased recognition of behavioural attributes with respect to the cannibalistic and predatory nature of these species gave rise to a series of studies unravelling the processes driving field patterns. Both species engage in ‘intraguild predation’ (IGP), with moulting females particularly vulnerable to predation by congeneric males. G. pulex is more able both to engage in and avoid this interaction with G. duebeni. However, several factors mediate the strength and asymmetry of this IGP, some biotic (e.g. parasitism) and others abiotic (e.g. water chemistry). Further, a number of alternative hypotheses that may account for the displacement (hybridization; parasite transmission) have been tested and rejected. While interspecific competition has been modelled mathematically and found to be a weak interaction relative to IGP, mechanisms of competition between these Gammarus species remain largely untested empirically. Since IGP may be finely balanced in some circumstances, I conclude that the challenge to detect interspecific competition remains and we require assessment of its role, if any, in the interaction between these species. Appreciation of behavioural attributes and their mediation should allow us to more fully understand, and perhaps
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- 2008
11. Widespread vertical transmission and associated host sex ratio distortion within the eukaryotic phylum Microspora
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Terry, R.S., Smith, J.E., Sharpe, R.G., Rigaud, T., Littlewood, D.T.J., Ironside, J.E., Rollinson, D., Bouchon, D., Macneil, C., Dick, J.T.A., Dunn, A.M., Mirebeau, Christelle, Ecologie, Evolution, Symbiose (EES), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Poitiers, Génétique et biologie des populations de crustacés (GBPC), and Université de Poitiers-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
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[SDE.BE] Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology ,[SDV.GEN.GPO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE] ,[SDV.GEN.GPO] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE] ,[SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS - Abstract
International audience; Vertical transmission (VT) and associated manipulation of host reproduction are widely reported among prokaryotic endosymbionts. Here, we present evidence for widespread use of VT and associated sex-ratio distortion in a eukaryotic phylum. The Microspora are an unusual and diverse group of eukaryotic parasites that infect all animal phyla. Following our initial description of a microsporidian that feminizes its crustacean host, we survey the diversity and distribution of VT within the Microspora. We find that vertically transmitted microsporidia are ubiquitous in the amphipod hosts sampled and that they are also diverse, with 11 species of microsporidia detected within 16 host species. We found that infections were more common in females than males, suggesting that host sex-ratio distortion occurs in five out of eight parasite species tested. Phylogenetic reconstruction demonstrates that VT occurs in all major lineages of the phylum Microspora and that sex-ratio distorters are found on multiple branches of the phylogenetic tree. We propose that VT is either an ancestral trait or evolves with peculiar frequency in this phylum. If the association observed here between VT and host sex-ratio distortion holds true across other host taxa, these eukaryotic parasites may join the bacterial endosymbionts in their importance as sex-ratio distorters.
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- 2004
12. Invader-invader interactions in relation to environmental heterogeneity leads to zonation of two invasive amphipods, Dikerogammarus villosus (Sowinsky) and Gammarus tigrinus Sexton: amphipod pilot species project (AMPIS) report 6
- Author
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Platvoet, D., Dick, J.T.A., MacNeil, C., Riel, M.C. van, Velde, G. van der, Platvoet, D., Dick, J.T.A., MacNeil, C., Riel, M.C. van, and Velde, G. van der
- Abstract
Contains fulltext : 76168.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access), Special Issue
- Published
- 2009
13. Flexible omnivory in dikerogammarus villosus (Sowinsky, 1894) (Amphipoda) - amphipod pilot species project (ampis) report 5
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Platvoet, D., Velde, G. van der, Dick, J.T.A., Li, S., Platvoet, D., Velde, G. van der, Dick, J.T.A., and Li, S.
- Abstract
Item does not contain fulltext
- Published
- 2009
14. Feeding on micro-algae in the invasive Ponto-Caspian amphipod Dikerogammarus villosus (Sowinsky, 1894)
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Platvoet, D., Dick, J.T.A., Konijnendijk, N., Velde, G. van der, Platvoet, D., Dick, J.T.A., Konijnendijk, N., and Velde, G. van der
- Abstract
Contains fulltext : 35837.pdf (publisher's version ) (Closed access), Feeding on micro-algae is shown in the invasive Ponto-Caspian amphipod Dikerogammarus villosus. Compared with controls, males, females and juveniles of this species significantly reduced the concentration in suspension of unicellular micro-algae. Juveniles had higher concentrations of algae in the cardiac gut than adults. The presence of these algae in the mid- and hindgut was also recorded. This feeding behaviour was filmed and the mechanisms involved are described and discussed. We comment on the use of the Functional Feeding Group (FFG) concept to classify feeding in amphipods. The role of being a feedinggeneralist in aiding the invasion process is also discussed.
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- 2006
15. Directional turnover towards larger-ranged plants over time and across habitats.
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Staude, I.R., Pereira, H.M., Daskalova, G.N., Bernhardt-Römermann, M., Diekmann, M., Pauli, H., Van Calster, H., Vellend, M., Bjorkman, A.D., Brunet, J., De Frenne, P., Hédl, R., Jandt, U., Lenoir, J., Myers-Smith, I.H., Verheyen, K., Wipf, S., Wulf, M., Andrews, C., Barančok, P., Barni, E., Benito-Alonso, J-L., Bennie, J., Berki, I., Blüml, V., Chudomelová, M., Decocq, G., Dick, J.T.A., Dirnböck, T., Durak, T., Eriksson, O., Erschbamer, B., Graae, B.J., Heinken, T., Schei, F.H., Jaroszewicz, B., Kopecký, M., Kudernatsch, T., Macek, M., Malicki, M., Máliš, F., Michelsen, O., Naaf, T., Nagel, T.A., Newton, Adrian, Nicklas, L., Oddi, L., Ortmann-Ajkai, A., Palaj, A., Petraglia, A., Petřík, P., Pielech, R., Porro, F., Puşcaş, M., Reczyńska, K., Rixen, C., Schmidt, W., Standovár, T., Steinbauer, K., Świerkosz, K., Teleki, B., Theurillat, J-P., Turtureanu, P.D., Ursu, T-M., Vanneste, T., Vergeer, P., Vild, O., Villar, L., Vittoz, P., Winkler, M., Baeten, L., Staude, I.R., Pereira, H.M., Daskalova, G.N., Bernhardt-Römermann, M., Diekmann, M., Pauli, H., Van Calster, H., Vellend, M., Bjorkman, A.D., Brunet, J., De Frenne, P., Hédl, R., Jandt, U., Lenoir, J., Myers-Smith, I.H., Verheyen, K., Wipf, S., Wulf, M., Andrews, C., Barančok, P., Barni, E., Benito-Alonso, J-L., Bennie, J., Berki, I., Blüml, V., Chudomelová, M., Decocq, G., Dick, J.T.A., Dirnböck, T., Durak, T., Eriksson, O., Erschbamer, B., Graae, B.J., Heinken, T., Schei, F.H., Jaroszewicz, B., Kopecký, M., Kudernatsch, T., Macek, M., Malicki, M., Máliš, F., Michelsen, O., Naaf, T., Nagel, T.A., Newton, Adrian, Nicklas, L., Oddi, L., Ortmann-Ajkai, A., Palaj, A., Petraglia, A., Petřík, P., Pielech, R., Porro, F., Puşcaş, M., Reczyńska, K., Rixen, C., Schmidt, W., Standovár, T., Steinbauer, K., Świerkosz, K., Teleki, B., Theurillat, J-P., Turtureanu, P.D., Ursu, T-M., Vanneste, T., Vergeer, P., Vild, O., Villar, L., Vittoz, P., Winkler, M., and Baeten, L.
- Abstract
Species turnover is ubiquitous. However, it remains unknown whether certain types of species are consistently gained or lost across different habitats. Here, we analysed the trajectories of 1827 plant species over time intervals of up to 78 years at 141 sites across mountain summits, forests, and lowland grasslands in Europe. We found, albeit with relatively small effect sizes, displacements of smaller- by larger-ranged species across habitats. Communities shifted in parallel towards more nutrient-demanding species, with species from nutrient-rich habitats having larger ranges. Because these species are typically strong competitors, declines of smaller-ranged species could reflect not only abiotic drivers of global change, but also biotic pressure from increased competition. The ubiquitous component of turnover based on species range size we found here may partially reconcile findings of no net loss in local diversity with global species loss, and link community-scale turnover to macroecological processes such as biotic homogenisation.
16. Horizon scan of invasive alien species for the island of Ireland
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Lucy, F.E., Davis, E., Anderson, R., Booy, O., Bradley, K., Britton, J.R., Byrne, C., Caffrey, J.M., Coughlan, N.E., Crane, K., Cuthbert, R.N., Dick, J.T.A., Dickey, J.W.E., Fisher, J., Gallagher, C., Harrison, S., Jebb, M., Johnson, M., Lawton, C., Lyons, D., Mackie, T., Maggs, C., Marnell, F., McLoughlin, T., Minchin, D., Monaghan, O., Montgomery, I., Moore, N., Morrison, L., Muir, R., Nelson, B., Niven, A., O’Flynn, C., Osborne, B., O’Riordan, R.M., Reid, N., Roy, H., Sheehan, R., Stewart, D., Sullivan, M., Tierney, P., Treacy, P., Tricarico, E., Trodd, W., Lucy, F.E., Davis, E., Anderson, R., Booy, O., Bradley, K., Britton, J.R., Byrne, C., Caffrey, J.M., Coughlan, N.E., Crane, K., Cuthbert, R.N., Dick, J.T.A., Dickey, J.W.E., Fisher, J., Gallagher, C., Harrison, S., Jebb, M., Johnson, M., Lawton, C., Lyons, D., Mackie, T., Maggs, C., Marnell, F., McLoughlin, T., Minchin, D., Monaghan, O., Montgomery, I., Moore, N., Morrison, L., Muir, R., Nelson, B., Niven, A., O’Flynn, C., Osborne, B., O’Riordan, R.M., Reid, N., Roy, H., Sheehan, R., Stewart, D., Sullivan, M., Tierney, P., Treacy, P., Tricarico, E., and Trodd, W.
- Abstract
Ireland, being an island situated on Europe’s western seaboard, has a fewer number of native species than mainland European Union Member States (MS). Increased numbers of vectors and pathways have reduced the island’s biotic isolation, increasing the risk of new introductions and their associated impacts on native biodiversity. It is likely that these risks are greater here than they are in continental MSs, where the native biodiversity is richer. A horizon scanning approach was used to identify the most likely invasive alien species (IAS) (with the potential to impact biodiversity) to arrive on the island of Ireland within the next ten years. To achieve this, we used a consensus-based approach, whereby expert opinion and discussion groups were utilised to establish and rank a list of 40 species of the most likely terrestrial, freshwater and marine IAS to arrive on the island of Ireland within the decade 2017–2027. The list of 40 included 18 freshwater, 15 terrestrial and seven marine IAS. Crustacean species (freshwater and marine) were taxonomically dominant (11 out of 40); this reflects their multiple pathways of introduction, their ability to act as ecosystem engineers and their resulting high impacts on biodiversity. Freshwater species dominated the top ten IAS (seven species out of ten), with the signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) highlighted as the most likely species to arrive and establish in freshwaters, while roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) (second) and the warm-water barnacle (Hesperibalanus fallax) (fifth), were the most likely terrestrial and marine invaders. This evidence-based list provides important information to the relevant statutory agencies in both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland to prioritise the prevention of the most likely invaders and aid in compliance with legislation, in particular the EU Regulation on Invasive Alien Species (EU 1143/2014). Targeted biosecurity in both jurisdictions is urgently required in order to man
17. On the RIP: using Relative Impact Potential to assess the ecological impacts of invasive alien species
- Author
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Dickey, J.W.E., Cuthbert, R.N., South, J., Britton, J.R., Caffrey, J., Chang, X., Crane, K., Coughlan, N.E., Fadaei, E., Farnsworth, K.D., Ismar-Rebitz, S.M.H., Joyce, P.W.S., Julius, M., Laverty, C., Lucy, F.E., MacIsaac, H.J., McCard, M., Mcglade, C.L.O., Reid, N., Ricciardi, A., Wasserman, R.J., Weyl, O.L.F., Dick, J.T.A., Dickey, J.W.E., Cuthbert, R.N., South, J., Britton, J.R., Caffrey, J., Chang, X., Crane, K., Coughlan, N.E., Fadaei, E., Farnsworth, K.D., Ismar-Rebitz, S.M.H., Joyce, P.W.S., Julius, M., Laverty, C., Lucy, F.E., MacIsaac, H.J., McCard, M., Mcglade, C.L.O., Reid, N., Ricciardi, A., Wasserman, R.J., Weyl, O.L.F., and Dick, J.T.A.
- Abstract
Invasive alien species continue to arrive in new locations with no abatement in rate, and thus greater predictive powers surrounding their ecological impacts are required. In particular, we need improved means of quantifying the ecological impacts of new invasive species under different contexts. Here, we develop a suite of metrics based upon the novel Relative Impact Potential (RIP) metric, combining the functional response (consumer per capita effect), with proxies for the numerical response (consumer population response), providing quantification of invasive species ecological impact. These metrics are comparative in relation to the eco-evolutionary baseline of trophically analogous natives, as well as other invasive species and across multiple populations. Crucially, the metrics also reveal how impacts of invasive species change under abiotic and biotic contexts. While studies focused solely on functional responses have been successful in predictive invasion ecology, RIP retains these advantages while adding vital other predictive elements, principally consumer abundance. RIP can also be combined with propagule pressure to quantify overall invasion risk. By highlighting functional response and numerical response proxies, we outline a user-friendly method for assessing the impacts of invaders of all trophic levels and taxonomic groups. We apply the metric to impact assessment in the face of climate change by taking account of both changing predator consumption rates and prey reproduction rates. We proceed to outline the application of RIP to assess biotic resistance against incoming invasive species, the effect of evolution on invasive species impacts, application to interspecific competition, changing spatio-temporal patterns of invasion, and how RIP can inform biological control. We propose that RIP provides scientists and practitioners with a user-friendly, customisable and, crucially, powerful technique to inform invasive species policy and management.
18. Winning the arms race: host–parasite shared evolutionary history reduces infection risks in fish final hosts
- Author
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Sheath, D.J., Dick, J.T.A., Dickey, J.W.E., Guo, Z., Andreou, D., Britton, J.R., Sheath, D.J., Dick, J.T.A., Dickey, J.W.E., Guo, Z., Andreou, D., and Britton, J.R.
- Abstract
Parasite manipulation of intermediate hosts evolves to increase parasite trophic transmission to final hosts, yet counter selection should act on the final host to reduce infection risk and costs. However, determining who wins this arms race and to what extent is challenging. Here, for the first time, comparative functional response analysis quantified final host consumption patterns with respect to intermediate host parasite status. Experiments used two evolutionarily experienced fish hosts and two naive hosts, and their amphipod intermediate hosts of the acanthocephalan parasite Pomphorhynchus tereticollis. The two experienced fish consumed significantly fewer infected than non-infected prey, with lower attack rates and higher handling times towards the former. Conversely, the two naive fish consumed similar numbers of infected and non-infected prey at most densities, with similar attack rates and handling times towards both. Thus, evolutionarily experienced final hosts can reduce their infection risks and costs via reduced intermediate host consumption, with this not apparent in naive hosts.
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