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International audience; Depending on the requirements, the design of a product may result in very different solutions. Topological optimization is a mathematical tool that can be used to obtain lighter parts without decreasing their stiffness. As the optimized part shapes are often too complex to be manufacturable, additive manufacturing is generally used. Usually, the topological optimization is performed on a single part. However, for a product, the decreasing of mass and inertia in each individual part has an impact on the loads applied onto all the parts of the system. Moreover, different paths can be used to optimize a product, e.g. optimizing all the parts simultaneously or part after part. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to propose, based on a case study, some optimization principles to find the best optimization path to design an additively manufactured product. In order to do this, the concept of topological optimization loops is first proposed. Then, several optimization paths are compared. In comparison with a usual single topological optimization, the proposed method leads to an additional gain in mass of up to 35% for the case study. Finally, some optimization principles are suggested to choose the most adapted path according to the designer objectives.

Additive Manufacturing (AM) technologies allow to produce functional parts with complex geometries that cannot be manufactured by conventional processes. However, the complexity of the product is increased and causes new constraints in the manufacturing process. Therefore, these new processes lead particularly to new needs in design methods. The objective of this paper is to explore and form an overall view of design methods, especially, robust design (RD) methods. Robust design is defined here as a methodology that enables to design a product with optimal performances and insensitivity to small variations of the inputs of the manufacturing process. In this contribution a state of the art of robust design methods applied to AM will be carried out.

Topological optimization (TO) is commonly used to design a part for additive manufacturing (AM), but rarely for entire systems including several parts. How can be optimized a mechanical system in which each optimized part changes the boundary conditions? A Design method called TOMS (Topological Optimization of a Mechanical System) has been developed to take into account the variation of the boundary conditions when optimizing parts. When the using TOMS method the loops are performed until the optimization converges. The object of this article is to propose a discussion on the quantification of this convergence based on a practical case study.

International audience; The automotive product is increasingly restricted by environmental regulations, including reducing emissions of CO2 and pollutants in exhaust pipes of vehicles. One solution implemented in the automotive industry are plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) that use an electric traction battery. To help vehicle manufacturers in their choice of traction battery from an environmental point of view, a simulation method of environmental impacts generated by the use phase is proposed in this paper. This method takes into account the possible usages of the vehicle and potential developments of electric mix, with the formulation of a constraint satisfaction problem (CSP) solved using constraint programming (CP) techniques. The sensitivity of five parameters is investigated: the electricity mix used to charge the battery, the battery mass, electric consumptions, the autonomy in " all-electric mode " , and the share of total travel in " all-electric mode ". Power grid is the most differentiating parameter for global warming and PHEV generates less impact if less used in " all-electric mode " on a high carbon intensity power grid. Lastly, CSP acausal modeling makes it possible to process different simulations with the same model.

Relying on life cycle assessment (LCA) to evaluate product-service systems (PSSs), and more specifically car sharing systems, involves many challenges. Car sharing services include free-floating car sharing, which enables users to take and leave vehicles anytime and anywhere within a limited service area. This paper proposes a model of a free-floating electric car sharing system in which eight parameters that influence environmental impacts may be identified. Among these parameters are the rate of use of the vehicles, standard trip representative of the service’s actual use, vehicle model used within the service, and electric mix used to charge the vehicles. Adapting the life cycle assessment methodology to the studied system makes it possible to link the studied parameters to the indicator values of the service’s environmental impact. The environmental indicators considered are global warming potential (GWP), photochemical oxidation potential (POCP), eutrophication potential (EP), and abiotic resource depletion potential (ADP). As a result, by using a design of experiments, it is possible to prioritise the eight system parameters according to their influence on the four environmental impact indicators. More specifically, the experiment demonstrates that the electricity mix has a major influence on the GWP and POCP indicators. With regard to the ADP indicator, the vehicle model used in the service is the most influential parameter by far. The use rate and trip type parameters have significant effects on the four environmental indicators. Finally, the experiment also shows that the results heavily rely on the study’s methodological choices.

In many ecodesign problems, finding solutions that complete the design requirements while bettering multiple performances (environmental impacts, costs, etc.) is no trivial task. Design-aid tools using optimization methods are efficient to address these issues but fail to encompass the whole life cycle of products and customer attractiveness aspects. This article describes an original method using CSP optimization and QFD to generate an optimized model of a product during the early design stages. Scores from the QFD matrix are used to weight the sub objectives of the optimization so that the solving is strongly dependent on the customers’ demands. As a consequence, the method allows a better integration of customer needs during the design process. To optimize multiple performances, the variables of the model are used to create impact functions corresponding to environmental impacts, costs, etc. of every life cycle phases of the product's parts. As a result, the optimized model is the one with the best performance scores while answering best the variety of customers’ needs. The methodology is applied to the design of an innovative inflatable dinghy. Results show that the use of QFD generates a fewer improvement of the environmental performance compared to an environmentally focused optimization (10% vs 18%) but it guarantees that the product will better meet customers’ needs. Hence, the product should more likely be accepted and purchased and have a positive impact on the performances of the whole market.

A large part of impacts that will be generated by a system / product during its life cycle are allocated during the earliest stages of the design process. In this paper we propose to trace the evolution of environmental impacts throughout a complex system design process through an industrial case. We follow the stages of a boat design process for maintenance of offshore wind farms. The different architectures sketched throughout the design process are evaluated in order to measure the impact of design decisions on the environmental performance of the system. The problematic of taking into account environmental constraints upstream of the design process abound methods but they often prove inadequate for complex systems whose subsystems interact in complex ways leading to conflicts in the decision of the right parameters. To meet the stakeholders’ needs, that appear (during the design project) in the iterative design process, the initial design is modified to fit the specifications. This iterative path between designers and users leads to uncertainties over the environmental impact of the system. It is then necessary to use smart design support tools allowing a negotiation in definition phase of system specifications. Thus the preliminary design is modified to incorporate changes and contributions occurred during the negotiation phase functional.

International audience; Thanks to the opportunities offered by additive manufacturing (AM) processes, design rules are evolving to lead to lighter and stiffer parts with really more complex shapes than those obtained by conventional processes. Worldwide, new tools of assistance to the design are developed, gathered under the naming “Design for Additive Manufacturing” (DfAM). However, most of the DfAM methods suggested in the literature remain focused on only one component and are not considering the product as a system of components. Moreover, optimizations are mainly limited on reducing the mass or the number of parts, and more rarely on adding some functions.In this article, a new approach is presented to realize a multifunctional optimization of a mechanical system (MS). A methodology is first proposed in order to improve a product by using the AM opportunity. Then, to quantify the improvements of an optimized system, a new design indicator appointed “functional improvement rate” is defined. Finally, a case study, applied to a compressed-air Wobbler engine, is presented to demonstrate the relevance of the methodology and the functional improvement rate. The design adapted to traditional manufacturing is compared to a part-by-part optimized design and a multifunctional optimized design, both adapted to additive manufacturing.

The environmental consequences of mass consumption require to eco-innovate, which means completely rethinking our way of designing, manufacturing and consuming by proposing on the market products and services with a high environmental ambition. In order to help companies in early design phases of eco-innovation, this article investigates the criteria of eco-innovation and tests the understanding of a set of 7 Eco-ideation Stimulation Meso-mechanisms, named ESM. A qualitative experiment based on focus groups and on a case based reasoning approach delivers operable criteria of eco-innovation and redefines at the same time what eco-innovation is. The exhaustive aspect of eco-innovation dimensions to explore covered by the ESM set is confirmed too.

The accelerating rhythm of products renewal causes accelerated exploitation of materials and energy. To remedy this, this paper considers upgradability from the point of view of functionality: the goal is to design an upgrade scenario taking into account a multi-criteria assessment: environmental impact-cost-attractiveness for the consumers. An experiment based on the UpMoS tool and data from the past of electronic device simulates different design hypotheses. With a non-systematic integration of known developments and upgrading design tips like recycling, improving “by plug” and oversizing to delay replacing, the results show that upgradability is a present-day opportunity to develop sustainable systems. Environmental gains are in the order of 5%. Others promising design levers to obtain much more positive results are presented in discussion.

International audience; Eco-innovation methodologies and tools are being applied in companies to an increasing extent. None of them, however, are particularly adapted to complex systems industries, where the eco-design requirements are highly specific. These systems are characterized by large size and mass, and relatively long and uncertain life cycles. The associated organization is also complex as there are multiple highly specialized experts, who rarely collaborate, and much less so on environmental aspects. In this paper, an adapted eco-innovation process based on the eco-design strategy wheel is proposed for use with a working group of internal technical experts. A first phase involves generating a high number of potential eco-innovative R&D projects that are then analyzed and assessed using an appropriate multi-criteria grid. Three structured filters enable an informed selection of the most promising projects that will then make up a balanced R&D project portfolio. The whole process has been successfully applied at Alstom Grid on large electrical stations used in the primary aluminium industry.

International audience; For many modern products, the use phase is intensive and poses a serious environmental impact because of the energy and resources consumed. This could be resolved by optimizing the product's environmental impact by improving the understanding of the users' relationship with it. In this work, we propose a model that can be used to include the use phase and the eco-oriented strategies in the environmental impact assessment of a product. This model takes into account the changing nature of the interactions between the user and the product over time. An indicator designated mitigation rate is introduced to help model this change. It acknowledges the loss in performance of eco-oriented strategies over time. This work presents the methodology to understand, model, and select among different eco-oriented strategies with different time frames. A case study is also presented, where four alternative models considering different eco-oriented strategies are shown and compared.

The use phase in Life Cycle Analysis is normally calculated considering both an average use and user. This limits the effectiveness of any strategy aimed at reducing the environmental impact of the product use. To tackle this problem, a tool to model use in detail by differentiating user and product contributions is proposed. It can be coupled coherently with existing environmental assessment approaches. Its application is illustrated with a case study (refrigerator). The proposed works is complementary calculation tool to improve the environmental assessment.

International audience; This article aims to present an approach based on a combination of life cycle analysis methods (LCA) and problem solving by constraint satisfaction (CSP). This original approach makes it possible to vary the design of the different dimensions of the functional units of a complex system and thus to make it easier to identify the best architecture along with the best functional definition of the system. Our approach (EcoCSP) presented allows to negotiate performance to move towards an environmental optimum corresponding to a set of acceptable specifications. The EcoCSP approach is implemented to define the functional performance of a green passengers' ferry.

Une carte des principales formations à silex du sud de la France est en cours de réalisation. Elle propose, à tous les préhistoriens, une base nécessaire au développement d’études interrégionales sur la circulation des silex. Elle est le fruit d’une collaboration entre des acteurs impliqués dans la problématique de caractérisation de la provenance des silex. Elle regroupe les résultats de leurs prospections systématiques ou ciblées dans six régions (Aquitaine, Auvergne, Languedoc-Roussillon, Midi-Pyrénées, Provence-Alpes-Côte-d’Azur, Rhône-Alpes). Elle intègre, en plus, le dépouillement d’un grand nombre de documents : i) les principaux articles et thèses traitant des formations à silex du sud de la France ; ii) plus de 200 fiches issues de la base de données du sous-sol BSS du BRGM, qui permettent de visualiser des logs ou des documents scannés ; iii) 529 cartes géologiques à 1/50 000 et leurs notices. La carte est organisée en trois couches de données superposables : une carte des affleurements ou gîtes primaires, une carte des altérites et des formations superficielles remaniées et une carte des formations alluviales. La carte existera dans deux versions numériques aisément actualisables : une version dans un format PDF et une version sous la forme d’un SIG. C’est l’ensemble de la formation contenant le ou les même(s) type(s) de silex qui est prise en compte, le terme de formation désignant un terrain possédant des caractères communs et qui constitue un ensemble cartographiable. Chacune des formations recensées fait l’objet d’une notice simplifiée qui décrit l’encaissant et - le ou les - type(s) de silex présent(s). Ces notices descriptives et explicatives contiennent des photos à toutes les échelles (de la formation à l’échelle microscopique). Des références bibliographiques géologiques et archéologiques complèteront chaque notice. La version définitive de ces notices constituera un atlas. Les archéologues et géologues disposeront ainsi de fiches descriptives pour chaque type de silex et son encaissant. Elles serviront aux diagnoses analytiques (structures, textures et compositions minéralogiques). A map of the main flint bearing formations in the South of France is under construction. It will provide an essential basis to develop interregional studies about flint procurements and travels. It results from collaboration between actors involved in topic flint sourcing. It includes results of their systematic surveys and studies in six regions (Aquitaine, Auvergne, Languedoc-Roussillon, Midi-Pyrenees, Provence-Alpes - Côte d’Azur, Rhône-Alpes). Moreover, it includes a large number of associated data : i) The main papers and those dealing with flint bearing formations of southern France, ii) more than 200 records from the under-soil database BSS BRGM, which give access to logs or scanned documents iii) 529 geological maps at 1/50 000 and their leaflets. The map is organized in three superimposed layers : a map of outcrops or primary deposits, a map of surficial weathered formation and a revised map of alluvial formations. The map is available in two versions which are easily updatable : a PDF version and an interactive GIS version. In this document, every formation containing the same type (s) (s) of flint is taken into account and forms a mappable entity. Every listed formation is linked to a text which describes the parent rock and/or the type(s) of flint(s). These records contain descriptive and explanatory pictures at different scale (naked eye to microscopic scale). Geological and archaeological references complement every record. The final version will constitute an atlas. Archaeologists and geologists will find description sheets of every type of flint and bearing rock. They will help for analytical diagnoses (structure, texture and mineralogical composition).

International audience; Confronted with the accelerated product obsolescence and the resulting waste of materials, the concept of “optimised/increased/hybridised upgradability” is considered. In the literature, upgradability is used to respond to local technical problems (updating norms, update because of a broken component etc.) or as an end-of-life option. In our view however, it constitutes the heart of a new and promising paradigm of production/consumption. This paper proposes to consider hybrid systems that are called “Upgradable Product Service System (Up-PSS)” combining upgradability with optimised maintenance, with valorisation of end-of-life parts and with the servicisation of the offer. The promises of increasing attractiveness for clients, new businesses for manufacturers and a host of environmental benefits make this new concept highly pertinent compared to known models of production/consumption such as remanufacturable products, easily recyclable products, PSS, optimal maintenance products or basic upgrade products. Moreover, Up-PSS is a new opportunity to switch to offers without ownership transfer that facilitates the implementation of circular economy. In order to shed light on the field of Up-PSS and investigate the boundaries of this new paradigm, three actions are carried out: (1) focus groups with consumers and workshops with two manufacturers (2) on the upgradability of real products and (3) on the changes in business models. Our action research approach resulted in clarifying this new concept of the product by defining key ideas based on three keystones: (i) upgrades should be scheduled according to regular cycles of successive lines of functional improvements to satisfy the following themes of value creation: utilitarian, emotional, ethical, and service-oriented. There should also be specific upgrades chosen from a catalogue; (ii) the effects are strong environmental gains from multiple principles of rationalisation materials use but also by encouraging users to eco-friendly usage of their products; this is formalised by an eco-score to which both users and producers are committed. (iii) The above are accompanied by continuous interaction between clients and manufacturers through a web platform, offers of upgradable systems that would integrate bundles of services resulting in the system's growing attractiveness in the eyes of clients. This in turn would set in motion new modes of contracts, offering manufacturers new and more frequent ways of earning revenue; this would be conditional on setting up an upgradability support service that would be attractive to clients as well as reorganising the value chain with the participation of new partners. This transformation of the value network over time implies developing new development paths for business models to facilitate the transition from current economic models centred on material goods to models that are more service oriented.

International audience; Usage ecodrifts, which refer to non-optimal use of a product by the users, create additional environmental impact generators: energy overconsumption (real-time impacts) and abnormal wear and tear of parts of the product (delayed impacts). The goal of our study was to develop a method for identifying and quantifying UEDs of products that have a high environmental impact use phase. In this paper, we studied the case of different usages of a vacuum cleaner and their environmental consequences. We first conducted a survey to gather information on how people use the product. Then, we conducted experimentations to measure the consequences of the usages. We also explored how the testers responded to feedback inviting them to adopt a more sustainable behaviour. Results show that most of the users do not use the product optimally and cause additional environmental impact. Several usage ecodrifts were identified, causing both abnormal energy overconsumption and wear and tear of the product. The calculations show that Delayed Environmental Impacts, because their consequence is the early replacement of the whole product, are of much greater importance than Real-time Environmental Impacts.

International audience

This study refers the western part of the “Gers department” which covers the Adour valley, its tributaries (Izaute, Midour and Douze) and the Gélise valley. A geological study was carried out from 2010 to 2012. It allowed us to collect 290 alluvial siliceous pebbles from the Plio-Pleistocene sediments. At the same time, 132 flint artefacts from prehistoric sources in the Gers (Upper Palaeolithic) were collected. Petrographic, sedimentological and palaeontological studies were carried out. They allowed us to distinguish 19 lithological types:- 1 related to the Cenozoic formation;- 2 associated with Flysch deposits from the Pyrenean orogenic belt;- 10 attributed to the Senonian age (from the Coniacian to the Campanian);- 6 imputed to the Upper Maastrichtian with Lepidorbitoides.Then these types were brought together into six groups that show their stratigraphic positions and their palaeogeographic environments at different time periods.- 0.2 % of the alluvial pebbles were related to the Pyrenean Flysch;- 45 % were of Upper Maastrichtian age (Lepidorbitoides);- 54 % were of Senonian age (Coniacian to Middle Maastrichtian).The artefacts collected in the same region show a very similar proportion of siliceous pebbles (49 % of Maastrichtian with Lepidorbitoides).The result of this study is that, up to now, the western part of the Lannemezan Plateau includes alluvial areas of Plio-Pleistocene age, containing a large amount of flint pebbles of Upper Cretaceous age (Senonian and Maastrichtian). The gathering of this siliceous raw material by Palaeolithic communities is obvious. The identification of a new lithic raw material located in the southern Aquitaine Basin will have to be taken into account, while former interpretations probably have to be amended.

The integration of environmental concerns into the product design process is not trivial when dealing with complex industrial systems. Actually, environmental assessment methodologies like Life Cycle Assessments reach, in this case, methodological and organisational limits. More generally, the complexity inherent in the design process may put off eco-design initiatives from a lack of organisational management, methods and tools. In this article, we propose a project management methodology to facilitate the integration of eco-design into the design process of complex industrial systems. This methodology is based on continuous improvement and a Define, Measure, Analyse, Improve, Control (DMAIC) process. It is then structured around precise team definition, precise milestones, deliverables and phases. A first stage ensures a reliable environmental assessment of the full system and the identification of environmental improvement projects. A second stage allows the independent execution of the most promising improvement projects. A first application is proposed on the Alstom Grid AC/DC (alternative current/direct current) conversion substations for the aluminium industry. A Life Cycle Assessment has been performed with limited resources and has provided rich findings and promising perspectives. It shows in particular that the best environmental configuration of such a complex industrial system depends on external parameters like the implantation site.

Our society is increasingly concerned by environmental issues. Remanufacturing is a process which allows decreasing and rationalising the quantities of materials used by recuperating parts of products at the end of the use phase, subjecting them to renewal treatments and then inserting them into new products, therefore prolonging their exploitation (over the long term). Remanufacturing is seen in literature as an end-of-life option for certain components/modules and this may give guidelines for some design improvements for a quick and easy disassembly. The approach developed in this work aims to integrate the potentials of remanufacturing as early as possible in the design process in order to reap the greatest benefits in both economic and environmental dimensions. This project includes a study of the designs of modular architecture, Reverse Supply Chain processes and also of the problem of dimensioning cycles for multiple use and upgrading possibilities (or functional enrichment). This article details the third study on upgrade cycles: it shows (1) the benefits of a method which simulates the upgrade cycles in terms of attractiveness and risk (2) the value of such a tool for guiding a more rigorous company strategy It illustrates also through an experiment conducted with an industrial leader in franking machines. This paper concludes towards upgradable systems more compatible with sustainable development.

Remanufacturing end-of-life products requires setting up an economically and environmentally viable reverse logistics channel for supplying reusable used modules to the production chain. This paper introduces a framework to allow generating and assessing different reverse logistics channel structures. The framework is then applied to a product remanufacturing case. We analyze the current reverse logistics channel structure and propose alternative structures with less environmental impact and higher economic benefits.

International audience; The tendency towards a homogenous mode of development modelled on that of Western countries means that sustainable development has become increasingly urgent. It is necessary to thoroughly redefine products and their expected performances in such a way that the consequences are compatible with sustainable development. In the domain of product design, this means that it is no longer sufficient to use assessment tools “after the fact” to check the impact of products whose functional unit (FU) was defined prior to production; it is now necessary to rethink the definition of the FU itself. This article aims to present an approach based on a combination of life cycle analysis methods and problem-solving by constraint satisfaction. This original approach makes it possible to vary the design of the different dimensions of the FUs of a complex system and thus to make it easier to identify the best architecture along with the best functional definition of the system. In this study, the EcoCSP approach is applied to define the functional performances of an ecological passenger ferry. The complexity of couplings between subsystems and the sheer number of those subsystems mean that the designer has to use “intelligent” tools. These simulate a great number of scenarios and help him/her to fine-tune the system and make the right technological choices with regard to the right functional specifications.

International audience; This paper deals with simplifying the environmental evaluation of an innovative sub-system related to the future complex system that will include it, by using evolving generic models built on a limited number of characteristics. For a complex system range, the evolving approach of the environmental modelling aims to generate a learning dynamics, to avoid the paralysing complexity induced in design by the valuation of many components according to many impact categories. Applied to the automotive sector, dendrograms are made with results of life cycle assessments (LCA) of 17 vehicles for 4 environmental indicators and on 3 life cycle steps. In an iterative process, a limit condition threshold on the resulting relative errors aims to cluster the vehicles. First, several calculation methods of dendrograms are tested. Second, the influence of the limit condition on the models is observed. Lastly, by simulating the vehicle population increase, the modelling capacity to evolve is tested. Five vehicle characteristics are sufficient to identify a model to be equivalent to the future vehicle. While the number of clusters is increased to simplify their identification with the system characteristics, the relative error variability increases too. The generic models are stable when adding LCA's results.

Resume Depuis 30 ans, la notion d’Environnement s’est progressivement enrichie pour devenir une nouvelle facon de concevoir le developpement de notre societe (developpement durable). Dans cette recherche d’un nouveau mode de developpement, l’industriel apparait comme un des acteurs-cle car il est a la fois source preponderante d’impacts environnementaux et potentiel detenteur des solutions pour y remedier. En nous appuyant sur les travaux de recherche que nous avons conduits en France, au Canada et en Italie depuis plus de dix ans, nous tentons de decrire le defi que doit relever l’entreprise et qui consiste en un changement de paradigme. Nous proposons un macro-processus d’apprentissage permettant de mettre en exergue les modifications imposees par ce changement de paradigme, en terme de valeurs directrices, de strategies d’action et d’outputs.

International audience; While the European regulation on the end-of-life (EoL) vehicle is more and more strict, the introduction of innovations makes the material composition of vehicles evolve and can lead to a risk for approval on the recoverability of the vehicle. We set up a preventive tool named OSIRIS to evaluate the impact of an innovation on the recyclability rate of a vehicle. The innovation teams and the vehicle project leaders can evaluate an impact trend. It is supported (1) by a modular approach of the vehicle, (2) by simplifying assumptions for fixing a module and (3) on a management of the EoL options. By testing this approach on a hybrid motorisation, we show that the uncertainty resulting from the simplifying hypothesis is

International audience; The convergence of technologies currently observed in the field of Virtual Reality, Augmented Reality, robotics and consumer electronic reinforces the trend of new applications appearing every day. But when transferring knowledge acquired from research to businesses, research laboratories are often at a loss because of a lack of knowledge of the design and integration processes in creating an industrial scale product. In fact, the innovation approaches that take a good idea from the laboratory to a successful industrial product are often little known to researchers. The objective of this paper is to present the results of the work of several research teams that have finalized a working method for researchers and manufacturers that allow them to design virtual or augmented reality systems and enable their users to enjoy “a compelling Virtual Reality experience”. That approach, called “the I2I method”, present 11 phases from “Establishing technological and competitive intelligence and industrial property” to “Improvements” through the “Definition of the Behavioral Interface, Virtual Environment and Behavioral Software Assistance”. As a result of the experience gained by various research teams, this design approach benefits from contributions from current Virtual Reality & Augmented Reality research. Our objective is to validate and continuously move such multidisciplinary design team methods forward.

International audience; The marine energy sector is experiencing a growing interest; large offshore wind farms continue to emerge, particularly in northern Europe. The electrical energy produced by these turbines is intended as clean and renewable. Operations and Maintenance (O&M) of offshore wind farms is however costly and generating environmental impacts. Indeed in view of the circumstances on the high seas the accessibility to Wind Turbine (WT) is greatly complicated causing long periods of unavailability compared to onshore wind farm. To remedy this, operators will mobilize significant and specific resources (Fast Crew Boat, large boat, helicopters).The use of these vehicles and systems of maintenance can improve the availability of WTs but also degrade the environmental performance of offshore wind farm. The optimization of O&M requires rethinking the concept of maintenance of renewable energy systems in mobilizing the concept of Eco-Maintenance. Eco-Maintenance aims to minimize the environmental losses due to maintenance while maximizing the environmental benefits generated assuming the energy recovered due to better maintenance / availability equivalent to an environmental gain corresponding to the environmental impacts of a thermal power plant should have been put into operation to produce this energy. This approach is tested on an offshore wind farm. In this context, modeling the complex system (Offshore Wind Farm + Maintenance Systems) was developed. The various models show that the environmental performance of Systems of Energy Production and System of Maintenance (SM) are interconnected.

Although academic research and some industrial experiences show that a reverse supply chain (RSC) based on remanufacturing offers the possibility to transform the constraint of environmental regulations on product recovery into an opportunity for value creation, few companies have managed to set up their own RSCs. Five research propositions on the condition of emergence of RSCs follow from a literature review and are applied to a case study from a global player in the electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) industry. The findings support the importance of an integrated approach for the design and implementation of a RSC. This integrated approach responds to the traditional questions of OEMs, 'Why' set up a RSC?; 'What' main conditions must be taken into account in the three segments of a RSC (procurement, production, and distribution)?; and 'How' can these conditions be satisfied?

Millet-Gérard Dominique. Résonances virgiliennes chez André Chénier. In: Cahiers de l'Association internationale des études francaises, 2001, n°53. pp. 213-234.

In order to overspread a successful sustainable design of products and services, it is necessary to educate engineering designers at university and along life. Although literature already provides eco-design processes, frameworks, methods and tools, it does not seem to take into consideration the need for a progressive education to eco-design practice. This research proposes a framework based on six fundamental dimensions fractioned into multiple levels: Choice and management of criteria; Modeling of life cycles; Management of the eco-design process; Levels of calling into question of products and services; Integration of industrial stakeholders; Integration of civil stakeholders. The eco-design framework is finally illustrated through its usefulness in describing tools and supporting eco-design education trajectories.

Design of more sustainable products is a fundamental priority in our society. New opportunities for facilitating the dissemination of the remanufacturing approach, the dissemination of Product-Service Systems, or for increasing the lifetime of product (three ways for rationalizing materials) are proposed by the integration of upgrades which are functional enrichments brought to the product. This paper aims to show the need of product upgradability through a concrete study focused on four presuppositions: upgradability concept requires (P1) a potential pool of disposed devices which still work, (P2) a need for adaptability of product to user needs, (P3) a need for adaptability of product to the competition, and is related to (P4) an accumulation of product dissatisfactions over time. The first results show the necessity to consider a new sort of “evolutionary” products for sustainability: Innovations with multiples upgrade cycles.

International audience; Purpose: This paper considers the variabilities that exist in the exploitation of a complex industrial system. Our scenario-based LCA model ensures the reliability of results in situations where the system life cycle is very uncertain, where there is substantial lack of data and/or where time and resources available are limited. It is also an effective tool to generate exploitation recommendations for clients. Method: Existing quantitative uncertainty methods in LCA require a huge amount of accurate data. These data are rarely available in simplified and upstream LCA for complex industrial systems. A scenario-based approach is the best compromise between acceptable quality of results and resources required. However, such methods have not yet been proposed to improve the environmental knowledge of the system in the case of exploitation scenarios. The method proposed here considers a limited number of scenarios (3 or 4) that are defined using the Stanford Research Institute (SRI) matrix. Using results from past projects, relevant parts of the system are listed, and expert knowledge and parameters are associated with these parts and quantified. A classical LCA process then provides the results for the different scenarios. Results and discussion: The method was applied to an Alstom Grid AC/DC conversion substation for the primary aluminium industry. A previous study had limited scope, as the life cycle was poorly understood. Relevant parts were thus clearly identified: spare parts program, transport failures, preventive and corrective maintenance, updates and revampings, lifetime modulation and end-of-life. Four scenarios were considered: best case, worst case, baseline (expected future) and a highly different alternative. Results show the pertinence of considering several exploitation scenarios when the life cycle is not predictable, as the environmental impacts may vary widely from one case to another. A sensitivity analysis also shows that some relevant parts such as updates and revampings will need to be carefully considered in futures studies. Conclusions: The consideration of three exploitation scenarios (best case, baseline and worst case) appears to be extremely pertinent when considering simplified LCA of industrial systems with high uncertainties and limited time and resources. This model is also very useful to generate good practice and recommendations towards clients, thus initiating a dialog centred on eco-design and continuous improvement.

La région étudiée correspond à la partie occidentale du département du Gers. Elle couvre une partie de la vallée de l’Adour, de ses affluents (Izaute, Midour, Douze) et de la vallée de la Gélise. Une étude géologique et une collecte de 290 galets alluviaux provenant des formations plio-quaternaires et couvrant les parties sommitales de cette région ont été réalisées de 2010 à 2012. Parallèlement, l’examen de 132 artefacts de gisements gersois attribuables au Paléolithique supérieur a été mené. Les matériaux recueillis ont été soumis à des analyses pétrographiques, sédimentologiques et paléontologiques. Elles ont conduit à discerner 19 types lithologiques qui ont été caractérisés :- un seul type est attribuable au Cénozoïque ;- deux types sont caractéristiques des formations du Flysch pyrénéen ;- dix types paraissent attribuables au Sénonien (du Coniacien au Campanien) ;- six types contiennent une microfaune du Maastrichtien supérieur à Lepidorbitoides.Ces types ont été regroupés en six groupes qui mettent en valeur les niveaux stratigraphiques et les environnements paléogéographiques des différentes époques. Il en est ressorti que seulement 0,2 % des galets alluvionnaires proviennent des formations crétacées du Flysch pyrénéen, 45 % sont issus du Maastrichtien supérieur à Lepidorbitoides, et 54 % du Sénonien (Coniacien à Campanien). Les artefacts en silex collectés dans la même région donnent des résultats très comparables (49 % de Maastrichtien).En conclusion, on peut retenir, à ce jour, que cette partie du plateau du Lannemezan présente des zones alluvionnaires du Plio-Pleistocène qui montrent une forte teneur en galets de silex pour lesquels nous avons établi une origine géologique sénonienne et maastrichtienne. L’utilisation de ces matériaux lithiques au Paléolithique supérieur est évidente.La mise en évidence d’une nouvelle source de matières premières dans la partie méridionale du bassin d’Aquitaine sera à prendre en compte et remet sans doute en question nombre d’interprétations antérieures. This study refers the western part of the « Gers département » in which occurs the Adour valley and its tributaries (Izaute, Midour and Douze) and the Gelise valley. A geological study was carried out from 2010 to 2012.. It allowed us to collect 290 alluvial siliceous pebbles from the Plio-Pleistocene sediments. At the same time 132 flint artefacts of prehistoric sources (Upper Paleolithic) were collected. Petrographic, sedimentological and paleontological studies were carried out. They allow us to distinguish 19 lithological types :- 1 related to the Cenozoic formation ;- 2 associated with Flysch deposits from the the Pyrenean orogenic belt ;- 10 attributed to Senonian age ;- 6 imputed to Maastrichtian with Lepidorbitoides.After that these types were brought together into six sections which show their stratigraphic positions and their paleogeographical environments.- 0,2 % of the alluvial pebbles were related to the Pyrenean Flysch ;- 45 % were of Uppermost Maastrichtian age (Lepidorbitoides ) ;- 54 % were of Senonian age (Coniacian to Middle Maastrichtian).On the other hand, the artefacts collected show a very similar proportions of siliceous pebbles (49 % of Maastrichtian with Lepidorbitoides).The result of this study is that, up to now, the western part of the Lannemezan Plateau includes alluvial areas of Plio-Pleistocene age, containing a large amount of flint pebbles of Upper Cretaceous age. Gathering of this siliceous raw material by palaeolithic communities is obvious.It is also patent that to find out a new lithic raw material located in the southern Aquitaine will be to be retained into account, while former interpretations have to be amended.

International audience; The practice of eco-design requires relating traditional design criteria to new environmental criteria. So far, few studies have investigated the nature and singularities of eco-design. This article provides some elements of response based upon the redesign of a consumer product (disposable razor). The study was conducted by three groups of experienced eco-designers using existing eco-design tools (SIMAPRO, ECOFAIRE, ECODESIGN PILOT). A protocol analysis with a three-level coding of transactions was carried out for this purpose. Two main findings are reported: (1) environmental assessment, solution finding and strategy definition are the activities which differentiate eco-design from design; (2) environmental initial assessment and strategy definition are more heavily influenced by eco-designers’ expertise than support from tools.Highlights► This study investigates the nature and singularities of eco-design compared to traditional design. ► A protocol analysis based on the observation of three experienced eco-designers' teams is conducted. ► Each team implements a different existing eco-design tool to redesign the same consumer product. ► Environmental assessment, solution finding and strategy definition appear to be specific to eco-design practice. ► Initial environmental assessment and strategy definition are heavily influenced by eco-designers' expertise.

International audience; When the steady states are largely predominant with respect to transitional phases, steady-state simulation seems sufficient to predict the behavior of a complex system. Over the past 20 years, different modeling languages and dedicated tools have been developed to improve steady state simulation. In this paper, focus is made on steady-state simulation for system control and design. A model combining an emission sub-model with a ship propulsion sub-model was implemented in a constraint programming (CP) approach. It will help to determine the efficiency (i.e. the ability to model and solve the problem) and complexity of implementation (i.e. difficulties encountered during the implementation) of this approach. First, requirements for the steady-state simulation of complex systems are defined. Then, CP approach is shown to be able to answer these issues through experiments. This approach is then compared to one of the main simulation languages: Modelica. Although the two approaches (i.e Modelica and CP) are able to reverse models, the study shows that the use of Modelica principles for steady-state simulation involves some crippling limitations, such as the non-management of under/over-constrained systems, or inequalities. This study also shows that the constraint programming approach permits to meet some needs for steady-state simulation not yet covered by current approaches.

International audience; For a growing number of firms, it is important that life-cycle assessments (LCAs) as well as the interpretation of the results obtained be carried out directly by the design teams. Unfortunately, the complexity of these two elements hinders the development of really eco-designed products. In this paper, we propose a generic approach allowing a company to develop a specific environmental assessment tool which enables designers to carry out simplified environmental assessments during the design process. To be more precise, the generic approach is based on the creation of two main features: impact functions to simplify the inherent complexity of LCAs and an environmental categorisation per product range to facilitate the use of environmental assessment results by the design team. This paper presents the development of such tool (named EcoT) in the context of automotive part suppliers and demonstrates its technical robustness on two case studies (dashboards and door panels). At the end of the paper, we discuss the usability and appropriability of the EcoT tool based on handling tests carried out by the company design team.

This article aims to respond to the absence of ecodesign tools for products in the early stages of the design process especially in the domain of complex systems. A complex system has numerous interdependent sub-systems, each of these having several design alternatives and variable conditions of use which affect the choice of technological solutions and environmental performance. A complex system is also one which evolves throughout its life cycle, interacting with the external environment. These characteristics rapidly result in a great number of configurations which must be assessed in order to identify the optimal system for the environment (using many criteria and over the whole of the life cycle). To ecodesign such a system in the early stages of the design process, we have investigated, from the literature, 3 different methodological approaches, each of which uses Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). Approach 1 is the intuitive approach of the designer based on simple rules or on a Pareto combined with LCA. Approach 2 is based on Design of Experiments (DoE) combined with LCA and in approach 3 the Constraint Satisfaction Problems (CSP), based on the calculation of intervals, are combined with the LCA. These three methods (Pareto/LCA, DoE/LCA and CSP/LCA) have been tested in an ecodesign project for a complex system: a hybrid passenger ferry. The results of each method are evaluated according to the following criteria: time consumed, training, exploration of fields of possibility, interpretation of results and reusability. These results show that the CSP/LCA approach has certain advantages, in particular for exploring the fields of possibilities, interpreting results and the time saving through reusing results obtained for similar systems.

Une carte des principales formations à silex du sud de la France est en cours de réalisation. Elle propose, à tous les préhistoriens, une base nécessaire au développement d’études interrégionales sur la circulation des silex. Elle est le fruit d’une collaboration entre des acteurs impliqués dans la problématique de caractérisation de la provenance des silex. Elle regroupe les résultats de leurs prospections systématiques ou ciblées dans six régions (Aquitaine, Auvergne, Languedoc-Roussillon, Midi-Pyrénées, Provence-Alpes-Côte-d’Azur, Rhône-Alpes). Elle intègre, en plus, le dépouillement d’un grand nombre de documents : i) les principaux articles et thèses traitant des formations à silex du sud de la France ; ii) plus de 200 fiches issues de la base de données du sous-sol BSS du BRGM, qui permettent de visualiser des logs ou des documents scannés ; iii) 529 cartes géologiques à 1/50 000 et leurs notices. La carte est organisée en trois couches de données superposables : une carte des affleurements ou gîtes primaires, une carte des altérites et des formations superficielles remaniées et une carte des formations alluviales. La carte existera dans deux versions numériques aisément actualisables : une version dans un format PDF et une version sous la forme d’un SIG. C’est l’ensemble de la formation contenant le ou les même(s) type(s) de silex qui est prise en compte, le terme de formation désignant un terrain possédant des caractères communs et qui constitue un ensemble cartographiable. Chacune des formations recensées fait l’objet d’une notice simplifiée qui décrit l’encaissant et - le ou les - type(s) de silex présent(s). Ces notices descriptives et explicatives contiennent des photos à toutes les échelles (de la formation à l’échelle microscopique). Des références bibliographiques géologiques et archéologiques complèteront chaque notice. La version définitive de ces notices constituera un atlas. Les archéologues et géologues disposeront ainsi de fiches descriptives pour chaque type de silex et son encaissant. Elles serviront aux diagnoses analytiques (structures, textures et compositions minéralogiques). A map of the main flint bearing formations in the South of France is under construction. It will provide an essential basis to develop interregional studies about flint procurements and travels. It results from collaboration between actors involved in topic flint sourcing. It includes results of their systematic surveys and studies in six regions (Aquitaine, Auvergne, Languedoc-Roussillon, Midi-Pyrenees, Provence-Alpes - Côte d’Azur, Rhône-Alpes). Moreover, it includes a large number of associated data : i) The main papers and those dealing with flint bearing formations of southern France, ii) more than 200 records from the under-soil database BSS BRGM, which give access to logs or scanned documents iii) 529 geological maps at 1/50 000 and their leaflets. The map is organized in three superimposed layers : a map of outcrops or primary deposits, a map of surficial weathered formation and a revised map of alluvial formations. The map is available in two versions which are easily updatable : a PDF version and an interactive GIS version. In this document, every formation containing the same type (s) (s) of flint is taken into account and forms a mappable entity. Every listed formation is linked to a text which describes the parent rock and/or the type(s) of flint(s). These records contain descriptive and explanatory pictures at different scale (naked eye to microscopic scale). Geological and archaeological references complement every record. The final version will constitute an atlas. Archaeologists and geologists will find description sheets of every type of flint and bearing rock. They will help for analytical diagnoses (structure, texture and mineralogical composition).

ASME 2012 11th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and AnalysisVolume 3: Advanced Composite Materials and Processing; Robotics; Information Management and PLM; Design EngineeringNantes, France, July 2–4, 2012Conference Sponsors: InternationalISBN: 978-0-7918-4486-1; International audience; Product design is now driven to the satisfaction of requirements all along the life cycle of the product, with an increased concern in environmental impact. A new concept, the Green-Use (GU) Learning Cycles, is proposed. It is used to determine the way a continuous, adaptive interaction between user and product can be established to improve environmental performance during use. It is structured by two levels of analysis (macro and micro) and a cyclic nature. These levels are the “Incremental user involvement levels”, and the “Environmental Impact in Use”. They are modelled around the notion of an evolution in cycles, from the initial state of the system product-user to a final stage which results in optimal use with minimal environmental impact. This work includes experimentation to support the new concept proposed, as well a method to use it.