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There is a need to synthesize the vast amount of empirical case study research on social‐ecological systems (SES) to advance theory. Innovative methods are needed to identify patterns of system interactions and outcomes at different levels of abstraction. Many identifiable patterns may only be relevant to small sets of cases, a sector or regional context, and some more broadly. Theory needs to match these levels while still retaining enough details to inform context‐specific governance. Archetype analysis offers concepts and methods for synthesizing and explaining patterns of interactions across cases. At the most basic level, there is a need to identify two and three independent variable groupings (i.e. dyads and triads) as a starting point for archetype identification (i.e. as theoretical building blocks). The causal explanations of dyads and triads are easier to understand than larger models, and once identified, can be used as building blocks to construct or explain larger theoretical models.We analyse the recurrence of independent variable interactions across 71 quantitative SES models generated from qualitative case study research applying Ostrom's SES framework and examine their relationships to specific outcomes (positive or negative, social or ecological). We use hierarchical clustering, principal component analysis and network analysis tools to identify the frequency and recurrence of dyads and triads across models of different sizes and outcome groups. We also measure the novelty of model composition as models get larger. We support our quantitative model findings with illustrative visual and narrative examples in four case study boxes covering deforestation in Indonesia, pollution in the Rhine River, fisheries management in Chile and renewable wind energy management in Belgium.Findings indicate which pairs of two (dyads) and three (triads) variables are most frequently linked to either positive or negative, social or ecological outcomes. We show which pairs account for most of the variation of interactions across all the models (i.e. the optimal suite). Both the most frequent and optimal suite sets are good starting points for assessing how dyads and triads can fulfil the role of explanatory archetype candidates. We further discuss challenges and opportunities for future SES modelling and synthesis research using archetype analysis. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mature students in postsecondary education—those over 25 years of age, also known as nontraditional students or adult learners—make up a significant minority population on Canadian postsecondary campuses. Despite academic performance that tends to be higher than that of traditional students, the retention of mature students is lower due to the stressors they face in their home and school roles. This paper examines the insights of mature students and their intimate partners on how higher education institutions can provide better supports to make postsecondary programs and campuses more accessible to adult learners and enable their success. A sample of 25 mature postsecondary students enrolled in Canadian higher education institutions and their partners participated in dyadic interviews that explored the connections between their relationship and school experiences. A data-driven, inductive thematic analysis of the transcribed interviews found three themes that focused on the institutional support needs of partnered mature students, highlighting the need to (1) increase institutional knowledge and awareness of mature students' needs, (2) offer flexible study options to complete courses and program requirements, and (3) provide relevant supports and programs. Mature students felt marginalized at their institutions related to the programs, instructors, staff, resources, and supports that are strongly focused on traditional-aged and circumstanced students. Recommendations are provided for higher education institutions to provide resources and supports that meet mature students' unique needs to both access and be successful in their pursuit of postsecondary education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Adjustment to any illness is a 'dyadic' process whereby patients and their Partners mutually determine each other's perceptions, behaviours, and well-being. The present study explored the association between dyadic coping strategies and illness representations in newly diagnosed female cancer patients and their partners. Methods: The sample consisted of 92 female cancer patient-partner pairs from 3 oncology hospitals in Greece and Cyprus. The Actor Partner Interdependence Model was applied to test for dyadic regulation effects. Results: The findings revealed that patients' evaluations of dyadic coping were related to their own illness representations and, in some cases, to partners' illness representations of control. However, partner evaluations of dyadic coping were not associated with either patients' or their own illness representations. Relationship satisfaction did not moderate the relationship between dyadic coping and illness representations. Implications: The study suggests that patients' perceptions of support provided by themselves and their partners play a significant role in shaping their illness representations. Future research could delve into the underlying reasons for the observed differences in the impact of dyadic coping on illness representations between patients and partners, considering factors such as gender roles and specific gender-related issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Day programmes for adolescent anorexia nervosa (AN) can function as an alternative to inpatient admissions and/or an increase in outpatient treatment intensity. Processes of change during treatment for AN are currently poorly understood. This study aimed to explore how adolescents with AN and their parents understood the helpful and unhelpful factors and processes that impacted them during day programme treatment. Method: A critical realist paradigmwas used to qualitatively explore the views of 16 participants. Participants were recruited from the Intensive Treatment Programme (ITP) at the Maudsley Center for Child and Adolescent Eating Disorders (MCCAED) at the end of treatment. Dyadic Interview Analysis (DIA) was used to compare and contrast the narratives of the seven adolescent-parent pairs after two inductive reflexive thematic analyses were conducted for the group of eight adolescents and the group of eight parents separately. Results: Eight subthemes across three themes were identified: 1) "Like me she didn't feel so alone anymore"-families connect with staff, peers, and each other; 2) "You have to eat because ITP say so"-the programme provides families with containment through its structure and authority; and 3) "I found that I was using the skills I learnt there like inmultiple aspects of my life, not just around food"-families take in new ideas and generalize these into their lives. These interconnected themes generated hope and change. However, helpful elements individually could be unhelpful if one or more of the other factors were missing. For example, staff firmness, which participants often found helpful (theme two), could be experienced as harshness when adolescents did not feel related to as individuals (theme one). Conclusion: The findings can be conceptualized within recent descriptions regarding the therapeutic change, including epistemic trust and mentalization. Treatment characteristics, such as intensity and containment, as well as illness-specific factors and processes, such as control and collaboration, the role of peer support, and the potential for familymembers to experience the impact of the adolescent's AN and treatment non-response as traumatic, are equally important to consider. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What is the relationship between a legal system's foreign-facing elements and its domestic ones? Contrary to "dualistic" theories ("dualism," "legal dualism," the "dual state," etc.) which may suggest that a single legal system may encompass qualitatively different regimes regarding foreign and domestic legal questions, this Article takes the view that gaps between the foreign-facing and domestic aspects of a legal system may threaten that system's legitimacy. Compatibility between the foreign/external and domestic/internal aspects of a legal system could be measured across a range of categories, including provision of justice, fairness, and efficiency. This Article focuses on the recognition of difference. As used in this Article, difference means both the nature and source of law (e.g., foreign law, non-state law, religious law, customary law, etc.) and of legal authorities (i.e., in terms of race, ethnicity, gender, and nationality). The question posed is whether a legal system can regard difference disparately between its foreign-facing and domestic aspects. This Article addresses this question through a comparison between the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the United States, the two most powerful economies in the world and which are locked in a trade-cum-tech war. The question of the recognition of difference has practical importance. How we characterize and analyze the PRC legal system is particularly important from the vantage of the United States, as how the PRC domestic legal system may shape its relationship to the global economy and trade partners in the Global South, in particular, is both generally poorly understood and may affect U.S. economic and foreign policy. Misunderstanding results in a number of negative outcomes across a range of important issues, including suboptimal competition with China on developmental assistance to low-income and middle-income states, as well as difficulties in U.S.-China coordination on global problems (e.g., poverty, climate change, and health), with competition and coordination not being mutually exclusive. To address this gap, this Article is one of the first to analyze China's "foreign-related 'rule of law'" (shewai fazhi) reforms at the intersection of private international law and foreign relations law which purport to shape the future of the relationship between China's domestic legal system and non-domestic law, exposing China to greater degrees of difference. The Article is comprised of two sets of comparisons: one is within and the other is between legal systems--those of the United States and China. It finds that in the U.S. case, there is, broadly, convergence between the legal system's privileging of U.S. law extraterritorially and the status of foreign law domestically. However, the Chinese case is marked by growing divergence between its internal and external-facing approaches to foreign law. Whereas the United States has historically embraced versions of legal exceptionalism (both externally and internally), China has introduced reforms which orient it toward a relationship with external law and legal authorities that I call legal cosmopolitanism, the selective integration of foreign laws and their authorities into Chinese law and, conversely, the worlding of Chinese law. Legal cosmopolitanism is predicated on China's centrality in international trade and investment and promoted by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and Chinese academics who seek to position the PRC as a leader of developing countries, as a corrective to U.S. racial capitalism. However, China faces a number of obstacles in building legal cosmopolitanism, among those, its domestic law approaches toward difference may be trending in the opposite direction, widening the gap between the foreign-facing and internal aspects of the legal system. As a result, legal cosmopolitanism remains aspirational. Inspired by legal realism, decolonization theory, and Critical Race Theory, and informed by a comparative outlook, the broad claim of this Article is that the trajectory of externally-facing legal reform encounters difficulty escaping the corresponding features of domestic law. As a general observation, due to both domestic pressures and embeddedness in the international system, legal systems develop towards normative compatibility between that system's internal and external-facing rules and authorities. Whereas the PRC is purporting to build a "foreign-related 'rule of law'" that is ecumenical, pluri-legal, and hyper-diverse, for the most part, its domestic law remains strikingly unitary, homogenous, and "stateled." Furthermore, recent strains of nationalism, protectionism, and even xenophobia throughout the world, but especially in China, have further closed off the economy and society. This paradoxical state of affairs of simultaneous opening and closure has real-world implications for China's goal of becoming a leader of the developing world, which entails building global law. From the U.S. perspective, policy-makers need to grasp this picture for not only improving its relationship with China but also with the Global South. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The theoretical soccer performance dimensions are based on a set of 29 players' attributes periodically produced by Electronics Arts (EA) Sports experts. Data and big data in sports are being collected and analyzed, with the integration of physical and digital sources, increasing the knowledge of professional sports for all parties involved. Player assessment is carried out using recursive feature elimination with random forests, in which context relevant player metrics are considered and the selection of players is based on a modified genetic algorithm. American Football In the paper "Sports analytics in the NFL: classifying the winner of the superbowl", Y.F. Roumani shows an application of sports analytics in the National Football League. [Extracted from the article]

Chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) are a social species and will form a hierarchy through agonistic dyadic encounters. This hierarchy will affect how different members of the flock access food, which may affect the specific feeding behaviors of the hens. The hierarchy of a 20-hen flock was determined by analyzing videoed dyadic encounters between the hens and creating a dominance matrix. The feeding behaviors were assessed by simultaneously offering free food via a feeder and food distributed in the grass requiring foraging. Overall, all hens preferred to forage, however, significantly more dominant birds ate at the feeder than neutral or subordinate birds. Foraging is a natural behavior that chickens will innately perform and is related to a positive welfare state. The methodology for determining the flock hierarchy and measuring feeding choices could be tested within the intensive farming environment to elucidate potential effects of dominance on feeding methods in commercial hens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many core marketing concepts (e.g., markets, relationships, customer experience, brand meaning, value) concern phenomena that are difficult to understand using linear and dyadic approaches, because they are emergent. That is, they arise, often unpredictably, from interactions within complex and dynamic contexts. This paper contributes to the marketing discipline through an explication of the concept of emergence as it applies to marketing theory. We accomplish this by first drawing on the existing literature on emergence in philosophy, sociology, and the theory of complex adaptive systems, and then link and extend this understanding to marketing using the theoretical framework of service-dominant (S-D) logic, particularly as enhanced by its service-ecosystems and institutionalization perspectives. Our work recognizes both emergence and institutionalization as integral or interrelated processes in the creation, maintenance, and disruption of markets and marketing phenomena. We conclude by discussing implications for marketing research and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temporal focus on past, present, and future of contributions to work is critical to understanding how employees and their line managers navigate career disruptions and minimize their potential for negative impact. This paper reframes temporal focus using a dyadic, relational perspective to explore how temporal focus (in)congruence shapes resocialization experiences for returners and their line managers following maternity leave disruption. Our qualitative study draws on 54 interviews across 27 organizations and demonstrates that a congruent, broader temporal focus—that embraces the past, present, and future—is associated with more positive relational and career outcomes than an incongruent focus, where one dyadic partner holds a narrow temporal focus. Our findings explicate how the adoption of a broad versus narrow temporal focus creates a perception of maternity leave as either a brief interlude or a major disruption. A congruent, broader temporal focus allows returners and their line managers to reduce their reliance on typical motherhood biases and instead, consider the woman's past, present, and potential future contributions over the course of her career. We highlight the importance of temporal focus congruence at a dyadic level and the value of adopting a broader temporal focus on careers while offering new insights regarding the temporal dynamics inherent to maternity leave transitions for both returners and their managers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite considerable advances, studying electrocommunication of weakly electric fish, particularly in pulse-type species, is challenging as very short signal epochs at variable intervals from a few hertz up to more than 100 Hz need to be assigned to individuals. In this study, we show that supervised learning approaches offer a promising tool to automate or semiautomate the workflow, and thereby allowing the analysis of much longer episodes of behavior in a reasonable amount of time. We provide a detailed workflow mainly based on open resource software. We demonstrate the usefulness by applying the approach to the analysis of dyadic interactions of Gnathonemus petersii. Coupling of the proposed methods with a boundary element modeling approach, we are thereby able to model the information gained and provided during agonistic encounters. The data indicate that the passive electrosensory input, in particular, provides sufficient information to localize a contender during the pre-contest phase, fish did not use or rely on the theoretically also available sensory information of the contest outcome-determining size difference between contenders before engaging in agonistic behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introverted individuals may experience and evaluate their dyadic work relationships differently than extraverts. In two studies, we investigated the interaction effect of an individual's and observing peer's personality traits on performance evaluations and reward giving. Results from Study 1 showed that introverted (but not extraverted) peers consistently evaluated extraverted and disagreeable (but not introverted and agreeable) individuals' performance as lower. Study 2 replicated these findings with regard to performance evaluation and reward giving using an experimental design that manipulated actor personality and held objective performance constant. The results also showed that introverts' trait sensitivity and negative person impressions mediated these relationships. Overall, our results support an information utilization model of interpersonal dyadic evaluation, wherein introverts are more sensitive to interpersonal personality traits than are their extraverted counterparts, incorporating interpersonal traits in person impressions and subsequent evaluations and reward distributions. Our paper concludes with implications for dyadic workplace interactions, personality, and sources of emergent dyadic influences on performance evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the relationship between managerial exit from advertising agencies and advertisers and the dissolution of dyadic market ties. We examine how the amount and locus (advertiser vs. agency) of managerial exit and the hierarchical level from which exit occurs (executives vs. exchange managers) influence the likelihood that dyadic market ties will dissolve. We theorize that managerial exit disrupts dyadic market ties through its effect on three mechanisms of social capital: investments in relationship-specific assets; formal control over market ties; and the intensity of interaction with exchange partners. We consider how market tie fragility, the financial performance of advertisers, and the duration of market ties condition the effects of managerial exit on market tie dissolution. In short, we theorize about which managerial roles matter more to market tie dissolution, why they matter and when they matter. Using longitudinal data on 232 dyadic ties between advertisers and New York City advertising agencies, we find that the number of executives and exchange managers who exit on both sides of market ties affects tie dissolution. However, these effects are neither symmetrical between exchange partners nor uniform across the hierarchical levels from which exit occurs, and vary with the strength of market ties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social cognition, social skill, and social motivation have been extensively researched and characterized as atypical in autistic people, with the assumption that each mechanistically contributes to the broader social interaction difficulties that diagnostically define the condition. Despite this assumption, research has not directly assessed whether or how these three social domains contribute to actual real-world social interaction outcomes for autistic people. The current study administered standardized measures of social cognition, social skill, and social motivation to 67 autistic and 58 non-autistic (NA) adults and assessed whether performance on these measures, both individually and relationally between dyadic partners, predicted outcomes for autistic and NA adults interacting with unfamiliar autistic and NA partners in a 5 minute unstructured "get to know you" conversation. Consistent with previous research, autistic adults scored lower than NA adults on the three social domains and were evaluated less favorably by their conversation partners. However, links between autistic adults' performance on the three social domains and their social interaction outcomes were minimal and, contrary to prediction, only the social abilities of NA adults predicted some interaction outcomes within mixed diagnostic dyads. Collectively, results suggest that reduced performance by autistic adults on standardized measures of social cognition, social skill, and social motivation do not correspond in clear and predictable ways with their real-world social interaction outcomes. They also highlight the need for the development and validation of more ecological assessments of autistic social abilities and the consideration of relational dynamics, not just individual characteristics, when assessing social disability in autism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose - This study aims to integrate social identity and leader-member exchange (LMX) theory to investigate the processes and boundary conditions around LMX-performance relationships. Through the application of two leader-follower subsamples, the authors test three main objectives. What is the effect of multi-dimensional dyad value-congruence on LMX and how does congruence on these dimensions differentially influence leader and follower perceptions of LMX? In a subsample of followers including supervisor-rated performance, the authors develop a model that examines how individual values moderate the effect of dyad contact on supervisor-rated job performancemediated by follower LMX. Design/methodology/approach - The participants for this study include graduate and undergraduate social work students who were taking part in a one-year work placement within a social work organization as well as their immediate supervisors. Across a four-month period, participants filled out measures of their supervisor contact, work values and LMX. Supervisor-rated performance was also included. Findings - Findings from the dyadic subsample show that growth value congruence is a predictor of follower-rated LMX, with value congruence across all values having no effect on leader-rated LMX. Within a subsample of followers, findings suggest that follower-rated LMX mediates the relationship between dyad contact and supervisor-rated job performance, with individual work values moderating this effect. Originality/value - The current study offers several contributions to the literature on LMX and job performance. First, in this study's dyadic leader-follower sample, the authors extend propositions made by social identity theory around value congruence and LMX by offering support for a multi-dimensional and multi-target approach to questions of values and LMX. Second, within this study's larger non-dyadic sample, the authors offer insights into previous conflicting findings around dyad contact and LMX, by offering support for the indirect effect of dyad contact on supervisor-rated performance via LMX. Third, within this second sample, the authors also extend the literature on values and LMX to show that the process through which LMX influences job performance is dependent on follower values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transition to parenthood (TTP) is a stressful life event for most couples. Therefore, the way both partners jointly cope with stress (i.e., dyadic coping) is important for the prevention of individual adjustment problems (e.g., depression). For dyadic coping to be effective in reducing depressive symptoms, efforts of both partners should be equal. However, many couples experience a decrease of equity in task division within the domestic sphere across the TTP. The current study investigates the equity of a specific skill within the 'relationship sphere', because similarly to a decreased equity in household and childcare, a decreased equity of dyadic coping is likely to be associated with poorer individual adjustment. We collected longitudinal self-report data on dyadic coping and depressive symptoms from 104 mixed-gender first-time parents (n = 208 individuals) from pregnancy until 40 weeks postpartum. We created an equity score for men and women that measured their perceived difference between received and provided dyadic coping. On average, women reported providing more and receiving less dyadic coping than men. While both genders agreed on this distribution, men did perceive a higher equity of dyadic coping than women. Furthermore, the decrease of equity perceived by women across TTP was not visible in men. In line with our assumptions based on the equity theory, perceived equity of dyadic coping was associated with depressive symptoms in a curvilinear manner: Decreases in women's perceived equity in either direction (over- or underbenefit) were associated with more depressive symptoms in women and their male partners. This association was found above and beyond the beneficial effect of dyadic coping itself. This implies that not only how well partners support each other in times of stress, but also how equal both partners' efforts are, is important for their individual adjustment across TTP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attribution theory argues that people assess the locus of causality of achievement-relevant events as either internal or external. Given the frequency of interpersonal interactions in organizations, we posit that a third category-relational attributions- may be used. Drawing on relational perspectives, we lay the conceptual foundation and develop a dyadic theory of relational attributions, proposing their antecedents and linking them to relationship-focused behaviors, which influence the quality of interpersonal links within organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We studied interactive effects of gender in negotiation dyads, theorizing that the degree and manner of a negotiator's persistence are functions of the gender composition of the dyad. Our findings challenge sex-stereotypic perspectives, showing that women persist more with male naysayers than with female naysayers but do so in a stereotypically low-status (more indirect than direct) manner. Women's adaptation of their persistence to naysayer gender appeared functional because increased persistence with male naysayers helped close a gender gap in performance, and female negotiators with high performance adjusted their manner of persistence more than those with low performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For firms seeking to strategically combine their resources with those of other firms, two popular alternative governance structures emerge: alliance or acquisition. In this paper, we propose a dyadic perspective to examine how and why configurations of two firms' resources and capabilities affect the costs and benefits associated with each governance structure. More specifically, we posit that factors such as (1) the resource similarity and complementarity between a pair of firms, (2) the combined relational capabilities of a pair of firms, and (3) the partner-specific knowledge between a pair of firms will affect the likelihood of observing that pair of firms forming an alliance vs. engaging in an acquisition. We test and find support for our hypotheses using extensive longitudinal data from a sample of the largest firms in the United States from 1991 to 2000. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fuelled by ever-increasing computing power, data integration techniques involving the combining of information from two or more data sources have become more widely accepted over the past 15 years or so. This paper attempts to outline the strengths and weaknesses of a selection of such techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the authors introduce the idea of a compound relationship; that is, for many pairs of firms, the overall relationship between the two firms is composed of multiple simple relationships: supplier to customer, and vice versa; competitor to competitor; and partners. This multiplicity of relationships can lead to both opportunities and challenges for each of the two firms in the dyad. The authors define the nature of compound relationships and delineate why it is important for the firm to treat them as such rather than focusing only on the simple relationships. They distinguish compound relationships from social networks and simple dyadic relationships and relate the construct to exchange theory, “coopetition,” and the interorganizational relationship literature in marketing. They then use the political economy framework to develop a set of conceptual propositions that apply to many aspects of compound relationships. They end with some speculations regarding the appropriate management of compound relationships and propose opportunities for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article develops a critique of the dyadic model of consumer gift giving and an extension of the classic paradigm of gift giving as elaborated in fundamental anthropological and sociological texts. I conceptualize and present empirical evidence for the notion of a consumer gift system, a system of social solidarity based on a structured set of gift exchange and social relationships among consumers. Social distinctions, norm of reciprocity, and rituals and symbolisms are defined as key characteristics of a consumer gift system and are shown to be present in peer-to-peer music file sharing at Napster. Implications for extant research on solidarity, gift giving, and consumption are discussed, and future research directions are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this article is to identify the major determinants of trust in the context of industrial buying behavior among ethnic Chinese buyers and sellers in Malaysia. The authors adopt the dyadic approach to examine empirically the antecedents and consequences of trust to secure a realistic assessment of the determinants and outcome of trust. The authors employ structural equation modeling to test the proposed trust models. The study identifies perceived intention, organizational trust, strength of personal relationship, dialect fluency, and perceived similarity in cultural values as major determinants of trust among ethnic Chinese industrial buyers and sellers in Malaysia. One important managerial consideration is the need for companies to place more emphasis on the cultural and relational factors that affect trust. The results of the study confirm that the presence of trust enhances buyer-seller relationships among ethnic Chinese businesspeople. Along with satisfaction, trust between the buyer and seller dictates the probability of future interaction between the exchange parties, and thus trust is a central concept in the business exchange process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We redirect research attention on multimarket contact from its consequences to its antecedents. Our empirical examination of the evolution of dyadic multimarket contacts among California commuter airlines from 1979 through 1984 reveals that multimarket contact arises from chance market contacts among competitors pursuing uncoordinated strategies, trait-based imitation unrelated to multimarket contact, vicarious learning related to multimarket contact, and strategic attempts to develop multimarket contact based on insight gained through experiential learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research in communication and other social science disciplines that relies on measuring each member of a dyad on putative causes and effects can require complex analyses to illuminate how members of the dyad influence one another. Dyadic mediation analysis is a branch of mediation analysis that focuses on establishing the mechanism(s) by which mutual influence operates. Relying on the similarity between dyadic mediation analysis using structural equation modeling and mediation analysis with ordinary least squares regression, we developed MEDYAD, an easy-to-use computational tool for SPSS, SAS, and R that conducts dyadic mediation analysis with distinguishable dyadic data. MEDYAD implements the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model Extended to Mediation (APIMeM), as well as simpler and more complex dyadic mediation models. Bootstrapping methods are implemented for inferences about indirect effects. Additional features include methods for conducting all possible pairwise comparisons between indirect effects, heteroskedasticity-robust inference, and saving bootstrap estimates of parameters for further analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Where, after all, do universal human rights begin? In small places, close to home - so close and so small that they cannot be seen on any maps of the world. Yet they are the world of the individual person; the neighbourhood he lives in; the school or college he attends; the factory, farm or office where he works. Such are the places where every man, woman and child seeks equal justice, equal opportunity, equal dignity without discrimination. Unless these rights have meaning there, they have little meaning anywhere. Without concerned citizen action to uphold them close to home, we shall look in vain for progress in the larger world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The public-private partnership is an instrument by which the modern state can manage with maximum efficiency the public patrimony and the public services. The essence of the publicprivate partnership (PPP), consists in the establishment, under different forms, between the public authorities and the business environment, in order to ensure the financing, construction, renovation and maintenance of an infrastructure, or, the provision of a service of public interest. The good practices of the states with experience in this field were also adopted by the Republic of Moldova. The concept of PPP appeared in the legislation of the Republic of Moldova after gaining independence (1991), being enshrined, directly or indirectly, in multiple normative acts, including, in a special law. According to the legislation in force, the public-private partnership aims to carry out projects of public interest, to increase the efficiency and quality of services, public works and other activities of public interest and the efficient use of public heritage and public money. Although, the existence and quality of the normative regulations are fundamental and have a special importance for good activity of the public authorities, however, the mechanism for the achievement of the PPP does not work automatically, automatically, or, as a result of the adoption of the corresponding normative regulations. As a result, in the Republic of Moldova, the implementation of these legal regulations has encountered multiple difficulties, so that, so far, we have no examples (practices) that PPP has succeeded. In order to successfully achieve the PPP, both the capacity of the public authorities to clearly define that part of the public heritage and services that it can manage through state (public) economic institutions and entities, of that part, is necessary. It will train the private partners as well as the professional training of the public officials and all the actors involved in the PPP, who must know, in details, the basic rules and the principles of functioning of such a partnership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The attachment-based perspective on teacher-student relationships assumes that teachers internalize experiences with specific students into mental representations of dyadic relationships. Once activated, mental representations are believed to influence teachers' affective and cognitive social information processing. Two priming experiments with 57 elementary school teachers were conducted to test these assumptions. To activate teachers' mental representations of dyadic relationships, teachers were primed with photographs of students with whom they have a positive and negative relationship (two experimental conditions) as well as with photographs of students with whom they have a distant relationship and unknown students (two control conditions). Teachers' responses in two different experiments -an emotion categorization task and a vignette task -were analyzed to measure differences between conditions. Mixed evidence was found for the idea that teachers' mental representations of dyadic relationships impact their affective and cognitive information processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose Following a recent government initiated change to a consumer-directed care model across the Australian community aged care sector, the purpose of this paper is to explore frontline home support workers' perceptions of relational changes with clients in power and subordination within the triadic relationship between employer, employee and client.Design/methodology/approach Contextual interviews were held with managers (n=4), coordinators (n=10) and semi-structured face-to-face interviews with support workers (n=17) in three organizations. Interview transcripts were analyzed.Findings Some workers did not perceive a power change in their relationships with clients. Others perceived minimal change but were concerned about the incoming client generation (baby boomers) that were more aware of their rights. Others felt subordinated to the client, perceived a loss of control or that felt treated like an employee of the client. Consistent with the philosophy of consumer-directed care, senior staff encouraged clients to treat workers in this way.Research limitations/implications Further research is recommended on worker and client perceptions of relationships within the context of a consumer or client focused model.Practical implications A clear and realistic understanding of the locus of power within a triadic relationship by all actors is important for positive workplace outcomes.Social implications The increasing ageing population makes it essential that workers' relationships with clients and with their organization are unambiguous.Originality/value This study makes a contribution to theories about change and power transfer in the implementation of consumer-directed care through the perceptions of support workers. Examination of power and subordination transfer through the perceptions of the actors of rather than through the prism of organizational policy deepens the understanding of frontline service work and relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a critical analysis of genetically informed research on relationships, with an emphasis on relationships among unrelated individuals (e.g., spouses). To date, research in this area has used traditional behavioral genetic frameworks to either partition the variance in relationship-related outcomes into genetic and environmental components, or to examine gene-environment interplay between relationship factors and other outcomes. However, this conventional approach is at odds with the long-standing understanding from the field of relationship science that both partners' characteristics matter when predicting shared outcomes—that is, outcomes that are emergent. We examine briefly the philosophical concept of emergence, and discuss ways to model dyadic outcomes in genetically informed relationships research. We also review the related topic of social genetic effects, which refer to the influence of a social partner's genotype on a proband's phenotype. A genetically informed dyadic perspective has potentially important consequences for our understanding of the pathways from genotype→shared or individual-level phenotypes, and more fully recognizes the complexity of how genetic and social/environmental factors come together to influence human behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on buyer–supplier relationships has debated the advantages and disadvantages of embedded relationships. We join this debate by developing theory on the performance implications of relaxing embedded buyer–supplier relationships for a limited period of time—a previously neglected phenomenon we refer to as temporary deembedding. To capture this phenomenon's dynamic and complex nature, we use a combined‐method approach. First, we conducted a longitudinal case study of the relationship between Nissan and a strategic first‐tier supplier. This case study suggests that temporary deembedding reinvigorates search and leads to higher performance for both the buyer and supplier. Second, we built a computational simulation model using the search perspective from complexity theory to complement the theory grounded in our case study. Our simulations confirm the case findings while shedding additional light on how frequency, duration, and intensity of deembedding affect supply chain performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental and emotional self-regulation skills play a critical role in promoting well-being of individuals and in encouraging healthy relationships. However, occurrence of chronic illness in one family member complicates routine dyadic coping processes for the couple. Additionally, according to environmental psychologists, self-regulation processes are influenced by individuals' perceptions of their socio-physical environments, and during times of chronic illness, the family home is frequently the primary site of dyadic coping. To date, few researchers have investigated the complex relationship among dyadic coping, the family home, and self-regulation processes in the context of chronic illness. The purpose of this paper is to report the results of qualitative research conducted to explore these relationships by analyzing participants' emotionally significant experiences within the family home. We purposively sampled and conducted in depth semi-structured interviews with 23 adults representing 10 families with one chronically ill adult family member. Representative illnesses included epilepsy (4) and chronic back pain (6). We used the Emotional Map of the Home Interview method (EMHI), an elicitation process in which participants are initially asked to place predefined positive and negative experiences on drawn diagrams of their homes. We analyzed the data through grounded theory coding methods, including open, axial and selective coding. Results of data analysis suggest that the family home operated as a critical socio-physical environment and had a profound impact on environmental and emotional self-regulation as well as on dyadic coping when one partner experienced chronic illness. Key selective codes derived from the data that reflect the variation and nuance within this impact included: "stress communication through the home space," "coping by spatial separation" and "coping by joint striving for at-homeness." These results reveal formerly hidden aspects of dyadic coping with chronic illness: the role of environmental cues, represented by the family home in this study, in perceptions of stress; the coordinated use of spatial-environmental contexts to engage the appropriate self-regulatory strategies for coping with illness-related stress. These findings demonstrate the utility of EMHI as an assessment tool and provide meaningful theoretical and practical information about dyadic coping among couples living with chronic disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relational accounts of goal striving have barely considered dyadic coping as an element of the process, nor has dyadic coping research utilized the unique advantages of the goal construct (e.g., in form of personal project assessment) so far. Therefore, the primary aim of the present study was to explore stress and dyadic coping experiences associated with the personal projects of partners in a close relationship. Moreover, we approached data analysis in a pattern-oriented way, instead of using variable-centered linear models. We used cross-sectional data from 270 married and cohabiting Hungarian heterosexual couples (mean age 40.1 ± 11.2 and 37.8 ± 10.9 years for male and female partners, respectively). Partners individually completed an adapted version of the Personal Project Assessment procedure. First, they named an important but stressful personal project. Respondents appraised their experiences with the chosen personal project along several predefined aspects. These included: (1) stress experiences; (2) dyadic coping, using the adapted Dyadic Coping Inventory; (3) positive emotions; and (4) sense of community. The Relationship Assessment Scale was also assessed. Cluster analysis of both partners' stress experiences, positive and negative dyadic coping strategies in their own personal projects revealed six relationship-level clusters. Cluster solutions represented typical variations of the stress and dyadic coping patterns of the couples, and could be arranged in a three- (lower, medium, and higher stress) by-two (positively vs. negatively balanced dyadic coping pattern) array. Further analyses indicated the general trend that couples with lower (vs. higher) stress together with more positively (vs. negatively) balanced dyadic coping may have experienced better functioning in projects (more positive emotions and higher sense of community) and higher relationship satisfaction. Results confirm that the partners' pursuit of their personal projects is embedded in their relationship, and their functioning in these projects may partly depend on dyadic coping with the stress that arises during the accomplishment of the project. By using a pattern-oriented approach to dyadic data, we were able to distill stress and coping patterns that capture the specific types of couples' relationships and indicate the non-linear and multidimensional nature of stress and dyadic coping processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As one of the important 21st-century skills, collaborative problem solving (CPS) has aroused widespread concern in assessment. To measure this skill, two initiative approaches have been created: the human-to-human and human-to-agent modes. Between them, the human-to-human interaction is much closer to the real-world situation and its process stream data can reveal more details about the cognitive processes. The challenge for fully tapping into the information obtained from this mode is how to extract and model indicators from the data. However, the existing approaches have their limitations. In the present study, we proposed a new paradigm for extracting indicators and modeling the dyad data in the human-to-human mode. Specifically, both individual and group indicators were extracted from the data stream as evidence for demonstrating CPS skills. Afterward, a within-item multidimensional Rasch model was used to fit the dyad data. To validate the paradigm, we developed five online tasks following the asymmetric mechanism, one for practice and four for formal testing. Four hundred thirty-four Chinese students participated in the assessment and the online platform recorded their crucial actions with time stamps. The generated process stream data was handled with the proposed paradigm. Results showed that the model fitted well. The indicator parameter estimates and fitting indexes were acceptable, and students were well differentiated. In general, the new paradigm of extracting indicators and modeling the dyad data is feasible and valid in the human-to-human assessment of CPS. Finally, the limitations of the current study and further research directions are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this theoretical contribution, we propose a comprehensive and integrative heuristic model to explain fertility, the Model of Dyadic Pathways (MDP). We show how existing models such as the Theory of Planned Behaviour often do not withstand empirical challenges, especially not individual self-reports in qualitative studies. Furthermore, existing models vary in their premises and foci, resulting in a collection of models which do not necessarily align with or supplement one another. For these reasons, these heuristic models have been widely criticised and, in practice, pieced together according to the research question and tradition of the researcher. Against this backdrop, we establish the MDP to reconnect theory with reality and to unify a variety of approaches. The MDP is grounded on the dyad of partners as the prevalent basis of fertility. It integrates reasoned and unreasoned fertility behaviour, the impact of individual- and couple-level life course, soci(et) al conditions, and the body as an "actor". The model explicitly accounts for the variety of different real-life pathways that lead to fertility. It thereby encourages researchers to, first, consider all potentially relevant factors and their mechanisms and, second, think of fertility and its measurement as a multilinear process. Based on the presented elements a comprehensive model of fertility must cover, we suggest ways to improve surveys accordingly. Furthermore, we elaborate on the contributions and challenges the MDP presents to future fertility research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Cuadernos de Filología Italiana is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Exchange theories posit that trust has an important and favorable influence on dyadic interactions. This paper examines the notion that trust plays a key role in making a seller's tough bargaining strategy successful. In a bargaining experiment, we manipulated subjects' preconceptions about a seller's trustworthiness and bargaining toughness. As hypothesized, a seller's expected trustworthiness-plus-toughness in bargaining led to higher levels of buyer-seller cooperation and agreement and a higher level of buyer concessions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes three sets of strategies for the analysis of transactional networks, with an emphasis on their application to both intraorganizational and interorganizational research. Three strategies are contrasted. Their strengths and weaknesses are discussed, and suggestions are made as to how organizational research might benefit from an application of these network strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A phenomenon of the last 20 years has been the rapid rise of the network form of governance. This governance form has received significant scholarly attention, but, to date, no comprehensive theory for it has been advanced, and no sufficiently detailed and theoretically consistent definition has appeared. Our objective in this article is to provide a theory that explains under what conditions network governance, rigorously defined, has comparative advantage and is therefore likely to emerge and thrive. Our theory integrates transaction cost economics and social network theories, and, in broad strokes, asserts that the network form of governance is a response to exchange conditions of asset specificity, demand uncertainty, task complexity, and frequency. These exchange conditions drive firms to use social mechanisms for coordinating and safeguarding exchanges. When all of these conditions are in place, the network governance form has advantages over both hierarchy and market solutions in simultaneously adapting, coordinating, and safeguarding exchanges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stakeholder theory development has increased in recent years, in part because of its emphasis on explaining and predicting how an organization functions with respect to the relationships and influences existing in its environment. Thus far, most researchers have concentrated on dyadic relationships between individual stakeholders and a focal organization. Using social network analysis, I construct in this article a theory of stakeholder influences, which accommodates multiple, interdependent stakeholder demands and predicts how organizations respond to the simultaneous influence of multiple stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examination of Mitroff's archetypal social system analysis (ASA) reveals its hierarchical vision of a single reality and several of its key constructs to be inconsistent with archetypal psychology's dualistic vision of reality. Alternative views of these issues, more consistent with mainstream depth psychology, are offered. Analysis of a dyadic social system develops the concept of an organizational psyche. Mitroff's applications of ASA are then reexamined to illustrate the greater significance of the current view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The political economy framework for the comparative analysis of marketing channel dyads proposed by Stern and Reve (1980) focused mainly on relationships between channel members. This article extends the political economy framework by indicating how environmental factors (i.e., factors external to a dyad) might influence and affect the structure and processes of the dyad. When combined with the original article by Stern and Reve, the resulting overall perspective should provide a comprehensive basis for theory development and research in the marketing channel area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship of perceptual similarity and sex in both manager and subordinate performance appraisals within manager-subordinate dyads was investigated. Perceptual similarity accounted for a sizable percentage of performance rating variance. Significantly lower performance appraisals were found in dyads in which there was mutual perceptual dissimilarity between managers and subordinates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this laboratory study of interaction patterns within leader-subordinate goal setting dyads, the hypothesis of role differences was supported. Leaders showed resistance to and subordinates showed compliance with each others' attempts to control the relationship. Leaders exercised multiple relationship options, in contrast with the subordinates' more structured responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an internet-based media, social networking service functions as a virtual community that is made up of two main components: a set of social actors and sets of dyadic ties among them. It allows users to communicate with each other through various services such as friend adding, chatting, emailing, picture and movie sharing on demand regardless of space and time. Despite its recent emergence, this service has produced great influences on the communication in a wide range of fi elds among users, particularly the college students whose engagement has proved more crucial than any others. Based on our survey results, this paper provides a brief description of the situation of college students' information access via social networking sites(*). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]