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Systemic acid-base status is primarily determined by the interplay of net acid production (NEAP) arising from metabolism of ingested food stuffs, buffering of NEAP in tissues, generation of bicarbonate by the kidney, and capture of any bicarbonate filtered by the kidney. In chronic kidney disease (CKD), acid retention may occur when dietary acid production is not balanced by bicarbonate generation by the diseased kidney. Hormones including aldosterone, angiotensin II, endothelin, PTH, glucocorticoids, insulin, thyroid hormone, and growth hormone can affect acid-base balance in different ways. The levels of some hormones such as aldosterone, angiotensin II and endothelin are increased with acid accumulation and contribute to an adaptive increase in renal acid excretion and bicarbonate generation. However, the persistent elevated levels of these hormones can damage the kidney and accelerate progression of CKD. Measures to slow the progression of CKD have included administration of medications which inhibit the production or action of deleterious hormones. However, since metabolic acidosis accompanying CKD stimulates the secretion of several of these hormones, treatment of CKD should also include administration of base to correct the metabolic acidosis.

Background: Mitochondrial dysfunction emerges as an early pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential and the elevation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production are pivotal in the initiation of neuronal cell apoptosis. Pedunculoside(Ped), a novel triterpene saponin derived from the dried barks of Ilex rotunda Thunb, exhibits a potent anti-inflammatory effect. In the course of drug screening, we discovered that Ped offers significant protection against apoptosis induced by Aβ1-42. Nevertheless, the role and mechanism of Ped in AD are yet to be elucidated. Methods: Oxidative stress was evaluated by measuring mitochondrial membrane potential and intracellular ROS production. The expression of proteins associated with apoptosis was determined using western blot analysis and flow cytometry. In vivo, the pathological characteristics of AD were investigated through Western blot and tissue immunofluorescence techniques. Cognitive function was assessed using the Morris Water Maze and Novel Object Recognition tests. Results: We demonstrated that Ped decreased apoptosis in PC12 cells, reduced the generation of intracellular ROS, and restored mitochondrial membrane potential. Mechanistically, we found that the protective effect of Ped against Aβ-induced neurotoxicity was associated with activation of the AMPK/GSK-3β/Nrf2 signaling pathway. In vivo, Ped alleviated memory deficits and inhibited neuronal apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress in the hippocampus of 3 × Tg AD mice, along with the activation of the AMPK signaling pathway. Conclusion: The findings indicate that Ped exerts its neuroprotective effects against oxidative stress and apoptosis through the AMPK signaling cascade. The results demonstrate that Ped is a potential candidate for the treatment of AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Thyroid cancer is ranked as the most common malignancy within the endocrine system and the seventh most prevalent cancer in women globally. Thyroid malignancies require evaluating biomarkers capable of distinguishing between them for accurate diagnosis. We examined both mRNA and protein levels of TSPAN1 in plasma and tissue samples from individuals with thyroid nodules to aid this endeavour. Methods: In this case-control study, TSPAN1 was assessed at both protein and mRNA levels in 90 subjects, including papillary thyroid cancer (PTC; N = 60), benign (N = 30), and healthy subjects (N = 26) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and SYBR-Green Real-Time PCR, respectively. Results: TSPAN1 plasma levels were decreased in PTC and benign compared to healthy subjects (P = 0.002). TSPAN1 mRNA levels were also decremented in the tumoral compared to the paired normal tissues (P = 0.012); this drop was also observed in PTC patients compared to benign patients (P = 0.001). Further, TSPAN1 had an appropriate diagnostic value for detecting PTC patients from healthy plasma samples with a sensitivity of 76.7% and specificity of 65.4% at the cutoff value < 2.7 (ng/ml). Conclusion: TSPAN1 levels are significantly reduced in patients with benign and PTC, demonstrating its potential value as a diagnostic biomarker. Additionally, the significant reduction in TSPAN1 mRNA expression within PTC tumor tissues may suggest its involvement in tumor progression and development. Further studies, including larger-scale validation studies and mechanistic investigations, are imperative to clarify the molecular mechanisms behind TSPAN1 and, ultimately, its clinical utility for treating thyroid disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hypothalamus is the coordination center of the sheep (Ovis aries) endocrine system and plays an important role in the reproductive processes of sheep. However, the specific mechanism by which the hypothalamus affects sheep reproductive performance remains unclear. In this study, the hypothalamus tissues of high-reproduction small-tailed Han sheep and low-reproduction Wadi sheep were collected, and full-length transcriptome sequencing by Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) was performed to explore the key functional genes associated with sheep fecundity. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened and enriched using DESeq2 software through Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). Approximately 41.75 million clean reads were obtained from the hypothalamus tissues of high- and low-reproduction sheep, after quality control, 32,194,872 high-quality full-length sequences and 2,114 DEGs were obtained, including 1,247 upregulated genes and 867 downregulated genes (P adjust < 0.05, |log2FC|>1). Some DEGs were enriched in oocyte meiosis, progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation, estrogen signaling pathway, GnRH signaling pathway and other development-related signaling pathways. The constructed protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks identified the reproduction-related genes, such as GSK3B, PPP2R1B, and PPP2CB. The results of this study will enrich and supplement the genomic information available for small-tailed Han sheep and Wadi sheep, as well as expand the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of animal reproduction by the hypothalamus, and they also provided reference data for further investigations on the mechanism of high reproduction in sheep. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) is an autoimmune disease, characterized by abnormal elevation in thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPO-Ab) and/or thyroglobulin antibody (TG-Ab). Patients have multiple symptoms despite adequate hormone substitution. In the present study, we aimed to quantify the relationship between thyroid antibodies and multiple symptoms, inflammation and health-related life quality. A total of 108 HT patients with clinical euthyroid status and 57 heathy controls were recruited. Clinical parameters were determined by laboratory examination, and the symptoms burden and life quality were obtained by a Hashimoto's Thyroiditis Symptom Questionnaire and a SF-36 Questionnaire, respectively. Compared with healthy controls, multiple extrathyroidal symptoms were significantly more serious in HT patients despite euthyroid status, mainly including that related to digestive system (abdominal distension, constipation and diarrhea), endocrine system (chilliness, gain weight and facial edema), neuropsychiatric system (forgetfulness, anxiety, depressed, fatigue, insomnia, irritability, and indifferent) and mucocutaneous system (dry skin, pruritus, and hair loss). Furthermore, serum TPO-Ab and TG-Ab were both inversely correlated with health-related life quality of general health and vitality parameters, and positively correlated with pro-inflammatory factors of TNF-α and IFN-γ, as well as severity of abdominal distension, diarrhea, chilliness, forgetfulness and fatigue. Moreover, TG-Ab level was positively associated with depressed, insomnia and indifferent. HT patients suffered from a variety of symptoms, and the elevated thyroid antibodies were inversely associated with health-related life quality and positively associated with inflammation and multiple extrathyroidal symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Rett syndrome (RTT) is an X-linked progressive neurodevelopmental disorder that involves mainly girls and is the second most frequent cause of genetic intellectual disability. RTT leads to neurological regression between 6 and 18 months of life and could be associated with a variable neurological impairment. However, RTT affects not only neurological function but also wide aspects of non-neurological organs. Recent data showed that the endocrine system is often involved in RTT patients, including disorders of growth, bone health, thyroid, puberty onset, and weight abnormalities However, systematic data on endocrinopathies in RTT are scarce and limited. Objective: This review aims to analyze the prevalence and type of endocrine comorbidities in RTT population, to allow a precocious diagnosis and appropriate endocrinological management. Methods: Systematic research was carried out from January 2000 to March 2024 through MEDLINE via PubMed, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library. Results: After the selection phase, a total of 22 studies (1090 screened) met the inclusion criteria and were reported in the present review. Five studies were observational-retrospective, four were cross-sectional and case report or series, three were survey, prospective, and case-control, and finally one study for descriptive-transversal and longitudinal population-based study. The sample population consisted of multiethnic groups or single ethnic groups. The main endocrinopathies reported were malnutrition, bone alterations, and alterations of puberty onset. Conclusions: Our analysis shows that endocrinopathies are not rare in RTT patients. Therefore, in the context of a multidisciplinary approach, accurate screening and monitoring for endocrinopathies should be recommended in all RTT patients, to improve clinical practice, healthcare management, and, finally, patients' quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The hormonal shift occurring in pregnant women is crucial for the outcome of pregnancy. We conducted a study in pregnant women living in a malaria endemic area to determine the potential effect of gestational age on the modulation of the endocrine system by cortisol and prolactin production during pregnancy. Methods: Primigravidae and multigravidae with a gestational age between 16–20 weeks were included in the study and followed up to delivery and 6–7 weeks thereafter. Venous blood was collected at scheduled visit: Visit 1 (V1; 16–20 weeks of amenorrhea), Visit 2 (V2; 28 ±1 weeks of pregnancy), Visit 3 (V3; 32 ±1 weeks of pregnancy), Visit4 (V4; delivery) and Visit5 (V5; 6–7 weeks after delivery). In addition, a cord blood sample was also collected during labour at delivery. Nulliparous and primiparous/multiparous non-pregnant women were enrolled in the control group. Cortisol and prolactin plasma concentrations were measured using ichroma II and i-chamber apparatus. Light microscopy was used to detect Plasmodium falciparum infections. A linear mixed-effects regression (LMER) model was used to assess the association between the variation of cortisol titres and prolactin levels during the pregnancy and the post-partum. Results: Results showed that cortisol and prolactin levels in the peripheral blood were globally up-regulated during pregnancy. Concentrations of cortisol during follow-up was significantly higher in primigravidae than in multigravidae during the whole pregnancy (p<0.024). Moreover, the level of prolactin which was higher before delivery in primigravidae reversed at delivery and postpartum visit, but the difference was not statistically significant during the follow-up (V1 to V5) (p = 0.60). The cortisol level in peripheral blood at delivery was higher than that in the cord blood, and conversely for prolactin. Cortisol and prolactin levels decreased after delivery, though the level of prolactin was still higher than that at enrolment. An increase of one unit of prolactin was associated with the decrease of the average concentration of cortisol by 0.04 ng/ml (p = 0.009). However, when cortisol increases with one unit, the average concentration of prolactin decreases by 1.16 ng/ml (p = 0.013). Conclusion: These results showed that the up-regulation effects of cortisol and prolactin are related to gestational age. A The downward regulation effect that both hormones have on each other during the pregnancy when each increase to 1 unit (1.0 ng/ml) was also reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spermatogenesis starts with the onset of puberty within the seminiferous epithelium of the testes. It is a complex process under intricate control of the endocrine system. Physiological regulations by steroid hormones in general and by estrogens in particular are due to their chemical nature prone to be disrupted by exogenous factors acting as endocrine disruptors (EDs). 17α-Ethynylestradiol (EE2) is an environmental pollutant with a confirmed ED activity and a well-known effect on spermatogenesis and chromatin remodeling in haploid germ cells. The aim of our study was to assess possible effects of two doses (2.5ng/ml; 2.5 μg/ml) of EE2 on both histone-to-protamine exchange and epigenetic profiles during spermatogenesis performing a multi/transgenerational study in mice. Our results demonstrated an impaired histone-to-protamine exchange with a significantly higher histone retention in sperm nuclei of exposed animals, when this process was accompanied by the changes of histone post-translational modifications (PTMs) abundancies with a prominent effect on H3K9Ac and partial changes in protamine 1 promoter methylation status. Furthermore, individual changes in molecular phenotypes were partially transmitted to subsequent generations, when no direct trans-generational effect was observed. Finally, the uncovered specific localization of the histone retention in sperm nuclei and their specific PTMs profile after EE2 exposure may indicate an estrogenic effect on sperm motility and early embryonic development via epigenetic mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Small extracellular vesicles (sEV) have emerged as a novel mode of intercellular material transport and information transmission. It has been suggested hormones may regulate the production and function of sEV. However, the specific impact of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) on pituitary sEV production and the role of sEV in the regulation of the GHRH-GH-IGF axis has not been previously reported. The results of the present study demonstrated that GHRH increased the production of pituitary sEV by promoting the expression of Rab27a. More importantly, GHRH induced alterations in protein and miRNA levels within GH3-sEV components. Notably, GH3-sEV with GHRH treatment exhibited the enhanced ability to impede BRL 3A cell proliferation and the expression of IGF-1. Conclusively, for the first time, we corroborate the influence of GHRH on pituitary sEV, thereby presenting novel evidence for how sEV participates in the balance of the GHRH-GH-IGF axis. Importantly, this study provides new insight into a novel balance mechanism mediated by sEV within the endocrine system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMFs) can penetrate tissues and potentially influence endocrine and brain development. Despite increased mobile phone use among children and adolescents, the long-term effects of RF-EMF exposure on brain and endocrine development remain unclear. This study investigated the effects of long-term evolution band (LTE) EMF exposure on thyroid hormone levels, crucial for metabolism, growth, and development. Four-week-old male mice (C57BL/6) were exposed to LTE EMF (whole-body average specific absorption rate [SAR] 4 W/kg) or a positive control (lead; Pb, 300 ppm in drinking water) for 4 weeks. Subsequently, the mice underwent behavioral tests including open field, marble burying, and nest building. Blood pituitary and thyroid hormone levels, and thyroid hormone-regulating genes within the hypothalamus–pituitary–thyroid (HPT) axis were analyzed. LTE exposure increased T3 levels, while Pb exposure elevated T3 and T4 and decreased ACTH levels. The LTE EMF group showed no gene expression alterations in the thyroid and pituitary glands, but hypothalamic Dio2 and Dio3 expressions were significantly reduced compared to that in the sham-exposed group. Pb exposure altered the hypothalamic mRNA levels of Oatp1c1 and Trh, pituitary mRNA of Trhr, and Tpo and Tg expression in the thyroid. In conclusion, LTE EMF exposure altered hypothalamic Dio2 and Dio3 expression, potentially impacting the HPT axis function. Further research is needed to explore RF-EMF's impacts on the endocrine system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Material and Methods Results Conclusions Antenatal corticosteroids are widely used to prevent morbidity and mortality after preterm birth, but there are ongoing concerns about the possible risk of long‐term adverse effects, including perturbation of endocrine systems, with potential implications for reproduction. A small number of animal studies have suggested possible adverse effects on reproduction after antenatal exposure to corticosteroids, but there is a paucity of human data.This is a secondary cohort analysis of the 50‐year follow‐up of the Auckland Steroid Trial (1969–1974) comparing antenatal exposure to corticosteroids or placebo. Participants whose mothers took part in the placebo‐controlled randomized trial of antenatal corticosteroids completed a questionnaire reporting reproductive outcomes at 50 years of age. The main outcome was at least one pregnancy ≥20 weeks or fathered at least one pregnancy ≥20 weeks. Additional outcomes included a number of pregnancies or fathered pregnancies ≥20 weeks, outcomes relating to female reproductive lifespan (including age at menarche and menopause), and outcomes relating to their offspring (including birthweight and gestation).Of 917 eligible participants, 415 (45% of eligible) completed the questionnaire at a mean (SD) age of 49.3 (1.0) years. The proportion of participants who had experienced at least one pregnancy ≥20 weeks or fathered at least one pregnancy ≥20 weeks was similar in betamethasone and placebo‐exposed groups (163/217 [75%] vs. 136/190 [72%]; RR 1.08, (95% CI 0.95 to 1.22); p = 0.23). Participants exposed to betamethasone had a slightly higher number of pregnancies or fathered pregnancies ≥20 weeks compared to those exposed to placebo (mean 1.89 vs. 1.60; marginal mean difference 0.20, (95% CI 0.03–0.37); p = 0.03). Other outcomes, including female reproductive lifespan and offspring‐related outcomes, were similar in both randomized groups. There were also no differences in any outcomes between those born preterm and those born at term.Antenatal exposure to corticosteroids appears to have no clinically important effect on reproductive outcomes to 50 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bone defects are highly prevalent diseases caused by trauma, tumors, inflammation, congenital malformations and endocrine abnormalities. Ideally effective and side effect free approach to dealing with bone defects remains a clinical conundrum. Klotho is an important protein, which plays an essential role in regulating aging and mineral ion homeostasis. More recently, research revealed the function of Klotho in regulating skeleton development and regeneration. Klotho has been identified in mesenchymal stem cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts in different skeleton regions. The specific function and regulatory mechanisms of Klotho in long bone and craniofacial bone vary due to their different embryonic development, ossification and cell types, which remain unclear and without conclusion. Moreover, studies have confirmed that Klotho is a multifunctional protein that can inhibit inflammation, resist cancer and regulate the endocrine system, which may further accentuate the potential of Klotho to be the ideal molecule in inducing bone restoration clinically. Besides, as an endogenous protein, Klotho has a promising potential for clinical therapy without side effects. In the current review, we summarized the specific function of Klotho in long bone and craniofacial skeleton from phenotype to cellular alternation and signaling pathway. Moreover, we illustrated the possible future clinical application for Klotho. Further research on Klotho might help to solve the existing clinical difficulties in bone healing and increase the life quality of patients with bone injury and the elderly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stress is defined as a reaction of the body to any given stressor, external or internal. These stressors are common among participants in sports. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the dynamics of two stress biomarkers during an official cliff diving competition. The sample of participants included six professional cliff divers (three females and three males). Their salivary cortisol (C) and alpha-amylase (AA) samples were collected during a 3-day competition (four samples on day 1 and six samples on days 2 and 3). The analysis of the results showed a non-significant increase in AA from day one to day three. On the other hand, C has an increase in the first two days (0.58 ± 0.16 µg/mL–0.61 ± 0.23 µg/mL) and then a decrease in the last competition day (0.53 ± 0.23 µg/mL). Analysis of samples collected during each day demonstrates a fluctuation of the biomarkers. For AA, the sample after the training dive on the 2nd day has the highest value (326.34 ± 280.73 U/mL), whereas on day 3, the samples after training and before the competition dive are the highest (364.50 ± 287.13 U/mL; 466.49 ± 218.39 U/mL). Regarding C levels, the sample after the competition dive tends to show the highest values (0.66 ± 0.17 µg/mL; 0.89 ± 0.29 µg/mL; 0.76 ± 0.32 µg/mL, respectively). Furthermore, the correlation between the results of competition and biomarkers is not significant. These results demonstrate how cliff diving competition tends to have a high impact on the sympathetic nervous system, as observed mainly in AA dynamics. One might contend that even though there is no significant physical strain, cliff divers demonstrate heightened stress biomarker levels that could affect their performance and focus while diving.

Objective: Although guidelines support the efficacy of Modified Qing' E Formula (MQEF) in treating postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMOP), its underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. This retrospective investigation aims to elucidate MQEF's impact on serum exosomal miRNA expression in postmenopausal osteoporosis patients and to explore potential therapeutic mechanisms. Methods: Following ethical approval and registration, postmenopausal osteoporosis patients aged 50-85 years, meeting the diagnostic criteria were randomly selected and received MQEF decoction supplementary therapy. Serum samples were collected pre- and post-treatment, followed by isolation and sequencing of exosomal miRNAs. Differential miRNAs in serum exosomes were identified, and bioinformatics analysis was conducted to discern the principal exosomal miRNAs involved in MQEF's effects on PMOP and the associated signaling pathways. Results: Eighteen clinical blood samples were collected. A total of 282,185 target genes were detected across the three groups. 306 miRNAs exhibited altered expression in serum exosomes of PMOP patients, while MQEF intervention resulted in changes in 328 miRNAs. GO enrichment analysis revealed the immune and endocrine systems was pertained. KEGG enrichment analysis indicated associations between PMOP occurrence and MQEF treatment with cytokine interactions, oxidative phosphorylation, and the renin-angiotensin system. Intersectional analysis identified 17 miRNAs, including 2 consistent trends. miR-3188 as a potentially pivotal miRNA implicated in both PMOP occurrence and MQEF treatment. Conclusion: This study constitutes the first randomized, retrospective clinical exploration confirming that MQEF demonstrates regulatory influence over exosomal miRNA expression in PMOP patients' serum, its impact likely involves modulation of the immune and endocrine systems, as well as the renin-angiotensin system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: According to the Institute of Environmental Sciences, endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are "natural or human-made chemicals that may mimic, block, or interfere with the body's hormones, associated with a wide array of health issues", mainly in the endocrine system. Recent studies have discussed the potential contribution of EDCs as risk factors leading to diabetes mellitus type 1 (T1DM), through various cellular and molecular pathways. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation between the EDCs and the development of T1DM. Methodology: Thus, a 5-year systematic review was conducted to bring light to this research question. Using the meta-analysis and systematic review guideline protocol, a PRISMA flow diagram was constructed and, using the keywords (diabetes mellitus type 1) AND (endocrine-disrupting chemicals) in the databases PubMed, Scopus and ScienceDirect, the relevant data was collected and extracted into tables. Quality assessment tools were employed to evaluate the quality of the content of each article retrieved. Results: Based on the data collected and extracted from both human and animal studies, an association was found between T1DM and certain EDCs, such as bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol S (BPS), persistent organic pollutants (POPs), phthalates and dioxins. Moreover, based on the quality assessments performed, using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale and ARRIVE quality assessment tool, the articles were considered of high quality and thus eligible to justify the correlation of the EDCs and the development of T1DM. Conclusion: Based on the above study, the correlation can be justified; however, additional studies can be made focusing mainly on humans to understand further the pathophysiologic mechanism involved in this association. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aging progresses through the interaction of metabolic processes, including changes in the immune and endocrine systems. Glucocorticoids (GCs), which are regulated by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, play an important role in regulating metabolism and immune responses. However, the age‐related changes in the secretion mechanisms of GCs remain elusive. Here, we found that corticosterone (CORT) secretion follows a circadian rhythm in young mice, whereas it oversecreted throughout the day in aged mice >18 months old, resulting in the disappearance of diurnal variation. Furthermore, senescent cells progressively accumulated in the zF of the adrenal gland as mice aged beyond 18 months. This accumulation was accompanied by an increase in the number of Ad4BP/SF1 (SF1), a key transcription factor, strongly expressing cells (SF1‐high positive: HP). Removal of senescent cells with senolytics, dasatinib, and quercetin resulted in the reduction of the number of SF1‐HP cells and recovery of CORT diurnal oscillation in 24‐month‐old mice. Similarly, administration of a neutralizing antibody against IL1β, which was found to be strongly expressed in the adrenocortical cells of the zF, resulted in a marked decrease in SF1‐HP cells and restoration of the CORT circadian rhythm. Our findings suggest that the disappearance of CORT diurnal oscillation is a characteristic of aging individuals and is caused by the secretion of IL1β, one of the SASPs, from senescent cells that accumulate in the zF of the adrenal cortex. These findings provide a novel insight into aging. Age‐related hypersecretory GCs could be a potential therapeutic target for aging‐related diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stress is defined as a reaction of the body to any given stressor, external or internal. These stressors are common among participants in sports. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the dynamics of two stress biomarkers during an official cliff diving competition. The sample of participants included six professional cliff divers (three females and three males). Their salivary cortisol (C) and alpha-amylase (AA) samples were collected during a 3-day competition (four samples on day 1 and six samples on days 2 and 3). The analysis of the results showed a non-significant increase in AA from day one to day three. On the other hand, C has an increase in the first two days (0.58 ± 0.16 µg/mL–0.61 ± 0.23 µg/mL) and then a decrease in the last competition day (0.53 ± 0.23 µg/mL). Analysis of samples collected during each day demonstrates a fluctuation of the biomarkers. For AA, the sample after the training dive on the 2nd day has the highest value (326.34 ± 280.73 U/mL), whereas on day 3, the samples after training and before the competition dive are the highest (364.50 ± 287.13 U/mL; 466.49 ± 218.39 U/mL). Regarding C levels, the sample after the competition dive tends to show the highest values (0.66 ± 0.17 µg/mL; 0.89 ± 0.29 µg/mL; 0.76 ± 0.32 µg/mL, respectively). Furthermore, the correlation between the results of competition and biomarkers is not significant. These results demonstrate how cliff diving competition tends to have a high impact on the sympathetic nervous system, as observed mainly in AA dynamics. One might contend that even though there is no significant physical strain, cliff divers demonstrate heightened stress biomarker levels that could affect their performance and focus while diving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are synthetic or natural compounds that interfere with the endocrine system, inducing harmful effects on organisms depending on the dose and period of exposure. Numerous studies have identified concerning amounts of EDCs in environmental and human samples. The thyroid gland is essential for thyroid hormone production and controls several body functions. Several EDCs have been classified as thyroid disruptors, impairing thyroid hormone production, synthesis, metabolism, transport, and/or actions. Notably, thyroid disorders are the second most prevalent endocrine disease worldwide, with incidence increasing significantly in recent years. Some studies have correlated this rise in thyroid dysfunctions and cancers with increased exposure to EDCs. Although many EDCs are linked to thyroid dysfunction, this review focuses on the deleterious effects of plasticizers, organochlorine pesticides, and per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances on thyroid function. These contaminants are commonly found in food, water, and everyday products. Although the impact of human exposure to these EDCs is controversial, numerous epidemiological, in vivo, and in vitro studies have indicated their harmful effects on thyroid function. Given the critical role of thyroid function and hormone production in growth, metabolism, and development, this review summarizes the consequences of exposure to thyroid disruptors for human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endocrine disruptors are molecules that can interfere with the proper functioning of the endocrine system and lead to harmful effects in living organisms. This review focuses on the impact of synthetic fragrances, which are commonly found in personal care and household products, on the endocrine system. The article discusses the different types of hormones in the body and how they interact with receptors to produce signals. It also explores how endocrine disruptors can interfere with hormone signaling and transport, leading to adverse effects in the body. This work underscores the crucial need for further research into the impact of synthetic fragrances on the endocrine system and the importance of using safer alternatives in personal care and household products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study characterizes cancer and non-cancer risks due to inhalation exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in a border city of Windsor in southern Ontario, Canada, using hourly ambient concentrations collected from 17 November 2021 to 17 March 2023. The total incremental lifetime cancer risk (CR) due to benzene and ethylbenzene is 4.33 × 10−6, which is in the acceptable risk range of 1 × 10−6 to 1 × 10−4 used by the USEPA. The CR was higher in winter (5.20 × 10−6), followed by fall (4.32 × 10−6), spring (3.86 × 10−6), and summer (2.96 × 10−6), all in the acceptable range. The total chronic non-cancer risk (Hazard Quotient, HQ) of inhalation exposure to 16 VOCs was 0.0488, with a higher value in fall (0.0571), followed by winter (0.0464), and lower in spring (0.0454) and summer (0.0451), all in the safe level of below HQ = 1 used by the USEPA. The hazard index (HI) by organs was higher for the nervous system (0.0213), followed by the hematologic system and immune system (0.0165 each), but much lower for the other five target organs, i.e., the liver/kidney (1.52 × 10−4), developmental system (3.38 × 10−4), endocrine system and urinary system (2.82 × 10−4 each), and respiratory system (9.70 × 10−5). Similar hour-of-day trends were observed in the total CR, total HQ, and HI by organs with higher values in the early morning hours of 5:00–8:00 and lower values during 12:00 to 15:00. Benzene was the major contributor to both total CR (89%) and total HQ (34%) due to its high toxicity and high concentrations. Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) contributed 100% of the total CR and 51% of the total HQ. Further, BTEX is the sole contributor to the HI for the hematologic system and immune system and the major contributor to the HI for the nervous system (39%) and developmental system (55%). Higher cancer and non-cancer risks were associated with the airmass from the east, southeast, and southwest of Windsor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aortic aneurysm (AA) is an aortic disease with a high mortality rate, and other than surgery no effective preventive or therapeutic treatment have been developed. The renin–angiotensin system (RAS) is an important endocrine system that regulates vascular health. The ACE2/Ang‐(1–7)/MasR axis can antagonize the adverse effects of the activation of the ACE/Ang II/AT1R axis on vascular dysfunction, atherosclerosis, and the development of aneurysms, thus providing an important therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of AA. However, products targeting the Ang‐(1–7)/MasR pathway still lack clinical validation. This review will outline the epidemiology of AA, including thoracic, abdominal, and thoracoabdominal AA, as well as current diagnostic and treatment strategies. Due to the highest incidence and most extensive research on abdominal AA (AAA), we will focus on AAA to explain the role of the RAS in its development, the protective function of Ang‐(1–7)/MasR, and the mechanisms involved. We will also describe the roles of agonists and antagonists, suggest improvements in engineering and drug delivery, and provide evidence for Ang‐(1–7)/MasR's clinical potential, discussing risks and solutions for clinical use. This study will enhance our understanding of AA and offer new possibilities and promising targets for therapeutic intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pituitary adenoma is a benign intracranial tumor, commonly found in adults and occasionally in children. Pituitary adenoma is classified into secretory and non-secretory adenoma based on whether there is abnormal hormone secretion. The main manifestations include endocrine system abnormalities, visual disturbance and symptoms of intracranial hypertension. Although the incidence rate of pituitary adenoma in children is low, its physiological and psychological impact on children is obvious, diagnostic and therapeutic process is unique, and it has some characteristics, more complicated differential diagnosis than adults, such as more endocrine symptoms, poor paranasal sinus gasification, the impact of transnasal surgery on developing children, drug therapy and radiotherapy for children and individualization, postoperative endocrine regulation and subsequent development problems, etc.. Therefore, it is necessary to discuss pituitary adenoma in children independently from adults. This article reviews the clinical research progress of pediatric pituitary adenoma in recent years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the lack of endogenous synthesis and relevant nuclear receptors, several papers have been published over the decades claiming that the physiology of mollusks is affected by natural and synthetic sex steroids. With scant evidence for the existence of functional steroid nuclear receptors in mollusks, some scientists have speculated that the effects of steroids might be mediated via membrane receptors (i.e. via non-genomic/non-classical actions) - a mechanism that has been well-characterized in vertebrates. However, no study has yet investigated the ligand-binding ability of such receptor candidates in mollusks. The aim of the present study was to further trace the evolution of the endocrine system by investigating the presence of functional membrane sex steroid receptors in a mollusk, the great pond snail (Lymnaea stagnalis). We detected sequences homologous to the known vertebrate membrane sex steroid receptors in the Lymnaea transcriptome and genome data: G protein-coupled estrogen receptor-1 (GPER1); membrane progestin receptors (mPRs); G protein-coupled receptor family C group 6 member A (GPRC6A); and Zrt- and Irt-like protein 9 (ZIP9). Sequence analyses, including conserved domain analysis, phylogenetics, and transmembrane domain prediction, indicated that the mPR and ZIP9 candidates appeared to be homologs, while the GPER1 and GPRC6A candidates seemed to be non-orthologous receptors. All candidates transiently transfected into HEK293MSR cells were found to be localized at the plasma membrane, confirming that they function as membrane receptors. However, the signaling assays revealed that none of the candidates interacted with the main vertebrate steroid ligands. Our findings strongly suggest that functional membrane sex steroid receptors which would be homologous to the vertebrate ones are not present in Lymnaea. Although further experiments are required on other molluscan model species as well, we propose that both classical and non-classical sex steroid signaling for endocrine responses are specific to chordates, confirming that molluscan and vertebrate endocrine systems are fundamentally different. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To reduce the use of antibiotics and chemicals in aquaculture, an edible herb, Bidens pilosa, has been selected as a multifunctional feed additive. Although there has been considerable research into the effects of B. pilosa on poultry, the wider effects of B. pilosa, particularly on the growth and gut microbiota of fish, remain largely unexplored. We aimed to investigate the interactive effects between the host on growth and the gut microbiota using transcriptomics and the gut microbiota in B. pilosa-fed tilapia. In this study, we added 0.5% and 1% B. pilosa to the diet and observed that the growth performance of tilapia significantly increased over 8 weeks of feeding. Comparative transcriptome analysis was performed on RNA sequence profiles obtained from liver and muscle tissues. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that B. pilosa regulates several pathways and genes involved in amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, endocrine system, signal transduction, and metabolism of other amino acids. The expression of the selected growth-associated genes was validated by qRT–PCR. The qRT–PCR results indicated that B. pilosa may enhance growth performance by activating the expression of the liver igf1 and muscle igf1rb genes and inhibiting the expression of the muscle negative regulator mstnb. Both the enhancement of liver endocrine IGF1/IGF1Rb signaling and the suppression of muscle autocrine/paracrine MSTN signaling induced the expression of myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs), myod1, myog and mrf4 in muscle to promote muscle growth in tilapia. The predicted function of the gut microbiota showed several significantly different pathways that overlapped with the KEGG enrichment results of differentially expressed genes in the liver transcriptomes. This finding suggested that the gut microbiota may influence liver metabolism through the gut–liver axis in B. pilosa-fed tilapia. In conclusion, dietary B. pilosa can regulate endocrine IGF1 signaling and autocrine/paracrine MSTN signaling to activate the expression of MRFs to promote muscle growth and alter the composition of gut bacteria, which can then affect liver amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, endocrine system, lipid metabolism, metabolism of other amino acids, and signal transduction in the host, ultimately enhancing growth performance. Our results suggest that B. pilosa has the potential to be a functional additive that can be used as an alternative to reduce antibiotic use as a growth promoter in aquaculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This comprehensive review critically examines the detrimental impacts of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) on bone health, with a specific focus on substances such as bisphenol A (BPA), per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), phthalates, and dioxins. These EDCs, by interfering with the endocrine system's normal functioning, pose a significant risk to bone metabolism, potentially leading to a heightened susceptibility to bone-related disorders and diseases. Notably, BPA has been shown to inhibit the differentiation of osteoblasts and promote the apoptosis of osteoblasts, which results in altered bone turnover status. PFASs, known for their environmental persistence and ability to bioaccumulate in the human body, have been linked to an increased osteoporosis risk. Similarly, phthalates, which are widely used in the production of plastics, have been associated with adverse bone health outcomes, showing an inverse relationship between phthalate exposure and bone mineral density. Dioxins present a more complex picture, with research findings suggesting both potential benefits and adverse effects on bone structure and density, depending on factors such as the timing and level of exposure. This review underscores the urgent need for further research to better understand the specific pathways through which EDCs affect bone health and to develop targeted strategies for mitigating their potentially harmful impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the central nervous system, usually diagnosed during the reproductive period. Both MS and its commonly used animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), exhibit sex-specific features regarding disease progression and disturbances in the neuroendocrine and endocrine systems. This study investigates the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis response of male and female Dark Agouti rats during EAE. At the onset of EAE, Crh expression in the hypothalamus of both sexes is decreased, while males show reduced plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone levels. Adrenal gland activity is increased during EAE in both males and females, as evidenced by enlarged adrenal glands and increased StAR gene and protein expression. However, only male rats show increased serum and adrenal corticosterone levels, and an increased volume of the adrenal cortex. Adrenal 3β-HSD protein and progesterone levels are elevated in males only. Serum progesterone levels of male rats are also increased, although testicular progesterone levels are decreased during the disease, implying that the adrenal gland is the source of elevated serum progesterone levels in males. Our results demonstrate a sex difference in the response of the HPA axis at the adrenal level, with male rats showing a more pronounced induction during EAE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite their significant impact, comprehensive screenings and detailed analyses of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) binding strengths at the orthosteric and allosteric sites of NRs are currently lacking. This study addresses this gap by focusing on the binding interaction analysis of both common and uncommon PFAS with the nuclear receptors (NRs) vitamin D receptor (VDR), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), pregnane X receptor (PXR), and estrogen receptor alpha (ERα). Advanced docking simulations were used to screen 9507 PFAS chemicals at the orthosteric and allosteric sites of PPARγ, PXR, VDR, and ERα. All receptors exhibited strong binding interactions at the orthosteric and allosteric site with a significant number of PFAS. We verified the accuracy of the docking protocol through multiple docking controls and validations. A mixture modeling analysis indicates that PFAS can bind in various combinations with themselves and endogenous ligands simultaneously, to disrupt the endocrine system and cause carcinogenic responses. These findings reveal that PFAS can interfere with nuclear receptor activity by displacing endogenous or native ligands by binding to the orthosteric and allosteric sites. The purpose of this study is to explore the mechanisms through which PFAS exert their endocrine-disrupting effects, potentially leading to more targeted therapeutic strategies. Importantly, this study is the first to explore the binding of PFAS at allosteric sites and to model PFAS mixtures at nuclear receptors. Given the high concentration and persistence of PFAS in humans, this study further emphasizes the urgent need for further research into the carcinogenic mechanisms of PFAS and the development of therapeutic strategies that target nuclear receptors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adenomyosis is characterized by ectopic proliferation of endometrial tissue within the myometrium. Histologically, this condition is marked by the presence of islands of benign endometrial glands surrounded by stromal cells. The myometrium appears thinner, and cross-sectional analysis often reveals signs of recent or chronic hemorrhage. The ectopic endometrial tissue may respond to ovarian hormonal stimulation, exhibiting proliferative or secretory changes during the menstrual cycle, potentially leading to bleeding, uterine swelling, and pain. Adenomyosis can appear as either a diffuse or focal condition. It is crucial to understand that adenomyosis involves the infiltration of the endometrium into the myometrium, rather than its displacement. The surgical management of adenomyosis is contingent upon its anatomical extent. The high incidence of the disease and the myths that develop around it increase the need to study its characteristics and its association with pregnancy and potential obstetric complications. These complications often require quick decisions, appropriate diagnosis, and proper counseling. Therefore, knowing the possible risks associated with adenomyosis is key to decision making. Pregnancy has a positive effect on adenomyosis and its painful symptoms. This improvement is not only due to the inhibition of ovulation, which inhibits the bleeding of adenomyotic tissue, but also to the metabolic, hormonal, immunological, and angiogenic changes associated with pregnancy. Adenomyosis affects pregnancy through disturbances of the endocrine system and the body's immune response at both local and systemic levels. It leads to bleeding from the adenomyotic tissue, molecular and functional abnormalities of the ectopic endometrium, abnormal placentation, and destruction of the adenomyotic tissue due to changes in the hormonal environment that characterizes pregnancy. Some of the obstetric complications that occur in women with adenomyosis in pregnancy include miscarriage, preterm delivery, placenta previa, low birth weight for gestational age, obstetric hemorrhage, and the need for cesarean section. These complications are an understudied field and remain unknown to the majority of obstetricians. These pathological conditions pose challenges to both the typical progression of pregnancy and the smooth conduct of labor in affected women. Further multicenter studies are imperative to validate the most suitable method for concluding labor following surgical intervention for adenomyosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS) affects up to 1% of the US population, predominantly women, and is characterized by a complex, elusive etiology and heterogeneous phenotypes. This review delves into the intricate physiology and etiology of POTS, decoding the roles of the sinoatrial node, the autonomic nervous system, fluid dynamics, and the interplay between the immune and endocrine systems. It further examines key contributing factors such as dysautonomia, thoracic hypovolemia, autonomic neuropathies, sympathetic denervation, autoimmune responses, and associations with conditions such as small-fiber neuropathy and mast cell activation syndrome. Given the numerous mysteries surrounding POTS, we also cautiously bring attention to sinoatrial node and myocardial function, particularly in how the heart responds to stress despite exhibiting a normal cardiac phenotype at rest. The potential of genomic research in elucidating the underlying mechanisms of POTS is emphasized, suggesting this as a valuable approach that is likely to improve our understanding of the genetic underpinnings of POTS. The review introduces a tentative classification system for the etiological factors in POTS, which seeks to capture the condition's diverse aspects by categorizing various etiological factors and acknowledging co-occurring conditions. This classification, while aiming to enhance understanding and optimize treatment targets, is presented as a preliminary model needing further study and refinement. This review underscores the ongoing need for research to unravel the complexities of POTS and to develop targeted therapies that can improve patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nephrotic syndrome is a clinical syndrome characterized by massive proteinuria, called nephrotic range proteinuria (over 3.5 g per day in adults or 40 mg/m2 per hour in children), hypoalbuminemia, oncotic edema, and hyperlipidemia, with an increasing incidence over several years. Nephrotic syndrome carries severe morbidity and mortality risk. The main pathophysiological event in nephrotic syndrome is increased glomerular permeability due to immunological, paraneoplastic, genetic, or infective triggers. Because of the marked increase in the glomerular permeability to macromolecules and the associated urinary loss of albumins and hormone-binding proteins, many metabolic and endocrine abnormalities are present. Some of them are well known, such as overt or subclinical hypothyroidism, growth hormone depletion, lack of testosterone, vitamin D, and calcium deficiency. The exact prevalence of these disorders is unknown because of the complexity of the human endocrine system and the differences in their prevalence. This review aims to comprehensively analyze all potential endocrine and hormonal complications of nephrotic syndrome and, vice versa, possible kidney complications of endocrine diseases that might remain unrecognized in everyday clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arrhythmias and depression are recognized as diseases of the heart and brain, respectively, and both are major health threats that often co-occur with a bidirectional causal relationship. The autonomic nervous system (ANS) serves as a crucial component of the heart–brain axis (HBA) and the pathway of interoception. Cardiac activity can influence emotional states through ascending interoceptive pathways, while psychological stress can precipitate arrhythmias via the ANS. However, the HBA and interoception frameworks are often considered overly broad, and the precise mechanisms underlying the bidirectional relationship between depression and arrhythmias remain unclear. This narrative review aims to synthesize the existing literature, focusing on the pathological mechanisms of the ANS in depression and arrhythmia while integrating other potential mechanisms to detail heart–brain interactions. In the bidirectional communication between the heart and brain, we emphasize considering various internal factors such as genes, personality traits, stress, the endocrine system, inflammation, 5-hydroxytryptamine, and behavioral factors. Current research employs multidisciplinary knowledge to elucidate heart–brain relationships, and a deeper understanding of these interactions can help optimize clinical treatment strategies. From a broader perspective, this study emphasizes the importance of considering the body as a complex, interconnected system rather than treating organs in isolation. Investigating heart–brain interactions enhance our understanding of disease pathogenesis and advances medical science, ultimately improving human quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gut microbiota plays an important role in the regulation of bone homeostasis and bone health. Recent studies showed that these effects could be mediated through microbial metabolites released by the microbiota like short-chain fatty acids, metabolism of endogenous molecules such as bile acids, or a complex interplay between microbiota, the endocrine system, and the immune system. Importantly, some studies showed a reciprocal relationship between the endocrine system and gut microbiota. For instance, postmenopausal estrogen deficiency could lead to dysbiosis of the gut microbiota, which could in turn affect various immune response and bone remodeling. In addition, evidence showed that shift in the indigenous gut microbiota caused by antibiotics treatment may also impact normal skeletal growth and maturation. In this mini-review, we describe recent findings on the role of microbiome in bone homeostasis, with a particular focus on molecular mechanisms and their interactions with the endocrine and immune system. We will also discuss the recent findings on estrogen deficiency and microbiota dysbiosis, and the clinical implications for the development of new therapeutic strategies for osteoporosis and other bone disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A key goal of the field of endocrinology has been to understand the hormonal mechanisms that drive social behavior and influence reactions to others, such as oxytocin. However, it has sometimes been challenging to understand which aspects and influences of hormonal action are conserved and common among mammalian species, and which effects differ based on features of these species, such as social system. This challenge has been exacerbated by a focus on a relatively small number of traditional model species. In this review, we first demonstrate the benefits of using non-traditional models for the study of hormones, with a focus on oxytocin as a case study in adding species with diverse social systems. We then expand our discussion to explore differing effects of oxytocin (and its response to behavior) within a species, with a particular focus on relationship context and social environment among primate species. Finally, we suggest key areas for future exploration of oxytocin's action centrally and peripherally, and how non-traditional models can be an important resource for understanding the breadth of oxytocin's potential effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since its discovery, numerous studies have shown the role of the microbiota in well‐being and disease. The gut microbiota represents an essential factor that plays a multidirectional role that affects not just the gut but also other parts of the body, including the brain, endocrine system, humoral system, immune system, and metabolic pathways, as well as host‐microbiome interactions. Through a comprehensive analysis of existing literature using the desktop research methodology, this review elucidates the mechanisms by which gut microbiota dysbiosis contributes to metabolic dysfunction, including obesity, dyslipidaemia, hypertension, atherosclerosis, hyperuricemia, and hyperglycaemia. Furthermore, it examines the bidirectional communication pathways between gut microbiota and host metabolism, highlighting the role of microbial‐derived metabolites, immune modulation, and gut barrier integrity in shaping metabolic homeostasis. Importantly, the review identifies promising therapeutic strategies targeting the gut microbiota as potential interventions for metabolic syndrome, including probiotics, prebiotics, symbiotics, dietary modifications, and faecal microbiota transplantation. By delineating the bidirectional interactions between gut microbiota and metabolic syndrome, the review not only advances our understanding of disease pathophysiology but also underscores the potential for innovative microbiota‐based interventions to mitigate the global burden of metabolic syndrome and its associated complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aimed to explore the impact of Diacerein (DIC) on endocrine and cardio-metabolic changes in polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) mouse model. Methods: A total of 18 adult female mice (Parkes strain), aged 4–5 weeks, were randomly assigned to three groups, each comprising 6 animals, as follows: Group I (control), received normal diet and normal saline as vehicle for 51 days; Group II received Letrozole (LET; 6 mg/kg bw) for 21 days to induce PCOS; Group III received LET, followed by daily oral gavage administration of DIC (35 mg/kg bw) for 30 days. Results: This study indicates that treatment with LET resulted in PCOS with characteristics such as polycystic ovaries, elevated testosterone, weight gain, visceral adiposity, high levels of insulin as well as fasting blood glucose in addition to insulin resistance, improper handling of ovarian lipids, atherogenic dyslipidemia, impaired Na + /K + -ATPase activity and serum, cardiac, and ovarian oxidative stress. Serum/ovarian adiponectin levels were lowered in LET-treated mice. In mice treated with LET, we also discovered a reduction in cardiac and serum paraoxonase 1 (PON1). Interestingly, DIC restored ovarian andcardio-metabolic abnormalities in LET-induced PCOS mice. DIC prevented the endocrine and cardio-metabolic changes brought on by letrozole-induced PCOS in mice. Conclusion: The ameliorative effects of DIC on letrozole-induced PCOS with concurrent oxidative stress, abdominal fat deposition, cardiac and ovarian substrate mishandling, glucometabolic dysfunction, and adiponectin/PON1 activation support the idea that DIC perhaps, restore compromised endocrine and cardio-metabolic regulators in PCOS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aging is an inevitable biological process that affects the function of all organs, including the adrenal gland, which is essential for producing steroid hormones that regulate metabolism, stress response, and immune activation. Understanding how aging affects the morphology of this gland is crucial to developing interventions to mitigate its adverse effects. Thus, this study aimed to describe the morphoquantitative alterations of the adrenal gland in senescent Sprague Dawley rats compared to adult rats. Twelve male rats were divided into 6 adult rats aged 6 months (group A) and 6 senescent rats aged 36 months (group S). Histopathological studies, quantification of collagen fibers types I and III, and stereological analysis were performed to determine the volume density (Vv), surface area (Sv), and number (Nv) of the nuclei of the zona fasciculata cells. Adrenal gland tissue from group S presented dysplasia, metaplasia, intracellular fat accumulation, fibrosis, blood vessel dilation, and increased presence of apoptotic cells. Capsule thickening and increased collagen type I were also observed. There was a significant decrease in Vv, Sv, and Nv of zona fasciculata nuclei in group S compared to group A. The results indicate that aging induces significant morphoquantitative changes in the adrenal gland, which could contribute to the decrease in glucocorticoid production and alterations in aldosterone and cortisol secretion observed in senescence. Understanding these alterations is crucial to developing interventions that mitigate the adverse effects of aging on the endocrine system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blue nevus is a type of uncommon benign pigmented lesion in the skin or the mucosa of human body which is featured by pigmented dendritic melanocytes and spindled melanocytic cells. Sinonasal blue nevus is extremely rare. We reported a sinonasal blue nevus case with the background of pituitary adenoma, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and hypertension (including endoscopic and histological pictures). Further, the existing literature about blue nevus is reviewed. This paper puts a spotlight on the potential correlation between blue nevus with the endocrine system disorder and provides support for further experimental research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All organisms require the ability to engage in either sexual or asexual reproduction in order to ensure their own survival. In aquaculture, when one sex outgrows the other faster, farmers use hormones to stimulate growth. Furthermore, the production of fish based on sexual dimorphism is predominantly executed through the utilization of estrogens and androgens. Environmentally, these compounds may pollute the ecosystem and cause endocrine system alterations that cause harmful effects; thus, they must be handled carefully to assure environmental, biological, and food safety. Phytoestrogens as natural non-steroidal phenolic plant chemicals that resemble 17-β-estradiol, could be employed as a safe alternative source of natural estrogens. The phytoestrogens have many biological effects due to their ability to compete with estrogen receptors, but they may negatively affect fish production, reproduction, and behaviors under controlled conditions. Thus, the current literature emphasizes on the beneficial effects of phytoestrogens on aquatic animal performance, behaviors, and some reproductive features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents two case studies of zebra finches that exhibited unusual symptoms. The first bird had infertility and swelling around the eyes, with abnormalities found in the oviduct and periocular skin. The second bird had oviductal prolapse, periocular dermatitis, and osteomyelitis. The cause of the symptoms in both cases was not definitively determined, but mycobacterium was found in the second bird. These findings emphasize the need for further research on the causes and impacts of these symptoms in zebra finches. [Extracted from the article]

The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic has led to the rapid and worldwide development and investigation of multiple vaccines. While most side effects of these vaccines are mild and transient, potentially severe adverse events may occur and involve the endocrine system. This narrative review aimed to explore the current knowledge on potential adverse endocrine effects following COVID-19 vaccination, with thyroid disorders being the most common. Data about pituitary, adrenal, diabetes, and gonadal events are also reviewed. This review also provides a comprehensive understanding of the pathogenesis of endocrine disorders associated with SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase database (Elsevier), and Google Scholar searches were performed. Case reports, case series, original studies, and reviews written in English and published online up to 31 August 2023 were selected and reviewed. Data on endocrine adverse events of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are accumulating. However, their causal relationship with COVID-19 vaccines is not strong enough to make a definite conclusion, and further studies are needed to clarify the pathogenesis mechanisms of the endocrine disorders linked to COVID-19 vaccines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Thyroid disorders, relatively common diseases of the endocrine system, have risen gradually in recent years. Early detection and accurate diagnosis of thyroid cancer hold exceptional importance. This study aimed to determine the efficacy of a modified TI-RADS and BRAFV600E mutation testing for thyroid cancer (PTC) diagnosis. Methods: Ninety five thyroid nodules (48 benign and 47 malignant) from 81 patients were examined using Kwak Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TI-RADS) were subjected to shear wave elasticity (SWE), BRAFV600E genotyping and fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology. Results: The modified TI-RADS exhibited superior diagnostic accuracy compared to TI-RADS in differentiating benign nodules from malignant thyroid nodules. Moreover, the AUC of modified TI-RADS in conjunction with BRAFV600E was the highest at 95% CI (0.898– 0.992, p=0.003), surpassing other diagnostic methods in enhanced sensitivity and maintaining high specificity. Conclusion: The diagnostic efficiency of this combination surpassed that of individual diagnostic methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction With a growing Hispanic population in the United States, medical education is adapting to provide the necessary language skills and cultural competence for effective health care. However, the incorporation of gender-affirming care in the context of medical education for Hispanic populations requires further emphasis. Methods This curriculum presented a 3-week medical Spanish endocrine system module designed for first-year medical students. The module aimed to enhance students’ ability to communicate effectively with Spanish-speaking patients about endocrine health while integrating principles of gender-affirming care. It included classroom sessions, standardized patient practice, and clinical practice with peer tutors. Pre- and postmodule surveys and assessments were conducted to evaluate the module's effectiveness. Results Out of 76 participants, 72 completed the postmodule evaluation. Survey results indicated significant increases in confidence levels across various aspects of patient interaction in Spanish, with statistically significant gains observed in all assessed areas. Knowledge test outcomes revealed enhanced proficiency in Spanish terminology related to the endocrine system, with scores increasing from an average of 22.3 premodule to 25.7 postmodule (p = .002), as measured by the paired t test. Additionally, students performed well in the diabetic consultation objective structured clinical examination station, with a high mean score of 86%, surpassing the satisfactory threshold. Discussion This curriculum highlights the success of a comprehensive educational approach in expanding medical students’ language proficiency and ability to provide gender-affirming care to address health care disparities and improve patient outcomes among diverse populations.

The editorial in "Frontiers in Endocrinology" discusses the role of cannabinoids in regulating normal and pathological functions in metabolic and endocrine organs. The endocannabinoid system plays a key role in modulating various bodily functions, including cell proliferation, hormonal secretion, inflammation, and energy metabolism. The research topic explores the potential therapeutic applications of cannabinoids in treating metabolic, reproductive, neurological, and cardiovascular diseases. The articles included in the research topic provide insights into the effects of cannabinoids on insulin resistance, gut aging, reproductive axis modulation, and energy balance, highlighting their potential pharmacological applications. [Extracted from the article]

Hormones are indispensable for bone development, growth, and maintenance. While many of the genes associated with osteogenesis are well established, it is the recent findings in endocrinology that are advancing the fields of bone biology and toxicology. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are defined as chemicals that interfere with the function of the endocrine system. Here, we report recent discoveries describing key hormone pathways involved in osteogenesis and the EDCs that alter these pathways. EDCs can lead to bone morphological changes via altering hormone receptors, signaling pathways, and gene expression. The objective of this review is to highlight the recent discoveries of the harmful effects of environmental toxicants on bone formation and the pathways impacted. Understanding the mechanisms of how EDCs interfere with bone formation contributes to providing a comprehensive toxicological profile of a chemical.

Diabetic wounds pose an enduring clinical hurdle, marked by delayed recovery, persistent inflammation, and an elevated susceptibility to infections. Conventional treatment approaches often fall short of delivering optimal outcomes, prompting the exploration of innovative methods to enhance the healing process. Electrospun wound dressings offer superior healing, controlled drug release, enhanced cell proliferation, biocompatibility, high surface area, and antimicrobial properties. In the current study, polycaprolactone/gelatin-based nanofibrous wound dressings were developed for the delivery of Wharton's jelly stem cells and curcumin into the diabetic wounds bed. Curcumin was loaded into the polycaprolactone/gelatin solution and electrospun to produce curcumin-loaded scaffolds. In vitro experiments including scanning electron microscopy, cell viability assay, release assay, hemocompatibility assay, cell proliferation assay, and antibacterial assay were utilized to characterize the delivery system. Then, curcumin-loaded scaffolds were seeded with 30,000 Wharton's jelly stem cells and implanted into a rat model of diabetic wounds. Study showed that the scaffolds containing both Wharton's jelly stem cells and curcumin significantly improved diabetic wound closure (86.32 3.88% at the end of 14th day), augmented collagen deposition, and improved epithelial tissue formation. Gene expression studies showed that VEGF and IGF genes were significantly upregulated by the co-delivery system. Our developed system may have augmented diabetic wound healing via upregulating pro-healing genes.

The endocrine system regulates many functions of the human body to maintain optimal performance and homeostasis of various organs and systems. Playing sports and various physical activities changes the regulatory function of the endocrine organs in the form of successive phases, and the magnitude of the response depends on the intensity and duration of the physical stress exerted. Hormonal regulation during physical activity facilitates the adaptation of the functional activity of the cardiovascular system, the activation of energy depots, and the maintenance of adequate tissue hydration. Physical activity leads to an increase in the production of growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-1, total and free testosterone, which enhances the anabolic reactions of the body. It is important to understand the relationship and impact of physical activity on the functioning of the endocrine system for the development of physical exercise’s complexes, patient rehabilitation, research and treatment of endocrine disorders. The effect of physical activity on the endocrine system for women has been studied to a greater extent, in contrast to men, where the data is contradictory. Therefore, in this article we will highlight the features of various endocrine organs and hormones during sports activities in men.

With advancements in medical oncology, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have become the first-line treatment for many malignancies. ICIs play a significant role in improving cancer prognosis, but a series of immune-related adverse events (irAEs), including immune-related endocrine events (irEEs), caused by ICIs have also aroused concerns. Rapid clinical identification of irAEs caused by ICIs is particularly important. We describe a case of secondary adrenocortical insufficiency (AI) after PD-1 treatment in a postoperative patient with endometrial cancer. A 73-year-old female patient developed anorexia, nausea, vomiting, malaise, electrolyte disturbances, ineffective symptomatic treatment, and decreased serum adrenocorticotropin and cortisol levels six months after retifanlimab treatment. The vomiting resolved, and the electrolyte levels were corrected after 3 days of treatment with glucocorticoids (hydrocortisone, intravenous, 200 mg/day). When patients present with gastrointestinal symptoms, such as poor appetite and nausea, not only symptomatic treatment but also a search for the etiology behind the symptoms is needed, especially in immunotherapy patients who should undergo a thorough evaluation of the endocrine system and be alert for adrenocortical insufficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most life‐threatening neoplasias in terms of incidence and mortality worldwide. Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with an increased risk of CRC. 1α,25‐Dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3], the most active vitamin D metabolite, is a pleiotropic hormone that, through its binding to a transcription factor of the nuclear receptor superfamily, is a major regulator of the human genome. 1,25(OH)2D3 acts on colon carcinoma and stromal cells and displays tumor protective actions. Here, we review the variety of molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 in CRC, which affect multiple processes that are dysregulated during tumor initiation and progression. Additionally, we discuss the epidemiological data that associate vitamin D deficiency and CRC, and the most relevant randomized controlled trials of vitamin D3 supplementation conducted in both healthy individuals and CRC patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cover IllustrationThe vitamin D endocrine system and colorectal cancer. Image provided by Antonio Barbáchano, José Manuel González‐Sancho, authors of the State‐of‐the‐Art Review included in this issue, pages 2485–2518.. [Extracted from the article]

Spaceflight and terrestrial spaceflight analogs can alter immune phenotypes. Macrophages are important immune cells that bridge the innate and adaptive immune systems and participate in immunoregulatory processes of homeostasis. Furthermore, macrophages are critically involved in initiating immunity, defending against injury and infection, and are also involved in immune resolution and wound healing. Heterogeneous populations of macrophage-type cells reside in many tissues and cause a variety of tissue-specific effects through direct or indirect interactions with other physiological systems, including the nervous and endocrine systems. It is vital to understand how macrophages respond to the unique environment of space to safeguard crew members with appropriate countermeasures for future missions in low Earth orbit and beyond. This review highlights current literature on macrophage responses to spaceflight and spaceflight analogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]