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A massive expansion of renewable energy (RE) is underway to meet the worlds climate goals. Although RE serves to reduce threats from climate change, it can also pose threats to species whose current and future ranges intersect with RE installations. Here, we propose a Climate-Smart Siting framework for addressing potential conflicts between RE expansion and biodiversity conservation. The framework engenders authentic consultation with affected and disadvantaged communities throughout and uses overlay and optimization routines to identify focal areas now and in the future where RE development poses promise and peril as species ranges shift in response to climate change. We use this framework to demonstrate methods, identify decision outcomes, and discuss market-based levers for aligning RE expansion with the United Nations Global Biodiversity Framework now and as climate change progresses. In the face of the climate crisis, a Climate-Smart Siting strategy could help create solutions without causing further harm to biodiversity and human communities..

As more renewable energy generators and adjustable loads such as electric vehicles are being connected to the power grids, load modelling of the distribution network becomes more complicated. Therefore, this paper explores a dynamic equivalent modelling method for active distribution network that takes into account electric vehicle charging. First of all the combination of integrated ZIP loads and motors is adopted as an equivalent model for active distribution networks. Subsequently, a four‐layer, tri‐stage deep reinforcement learning approach is used to solve the relevant key parameters of the proposed equivalent model. The method proposed in this paper fully utilizes the superiority of reinforcement learning in decision making, while the method combines the excellent feature extraction capability of deep learning. The method utilizes measurements obtained at boundary nodes to obtain an active distributed network equivalent model after a series of calculations. At the same time, adjustable loads are identified in detail. On the other hand, this method introduces a prioritized empirical playback mechanism, log‐cosh loss function, and adaptive operator to improve the computational efficiency of the method. From the simulation results, the present method is effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Available and reliable energy supply is essential for the consumers in the Arctic regions that are characterized by a climate. The importance of the energy infrastructure is emphasized in the strategic planning documents. However, projects of constructing energy capacities are not always implemented. In the study an analysis of some energy development projects implementation in the regions of the Western Russian Arctic was performed; promising areas of energy development are also examined. In the medium term, fossil fuels and hydropower will continue to be the main sources of energy supply to consumers in the Western Arctic, while a significant share of nuclear power will remain in the Murmansk region. Under these circumstances, in the regions the tasks of providing gas supplies and increasing the use of local energy resources are set. Gas supplies methods as well as types of local energy resources may differ for different regions. Purpose of the study it to find out trends in the development of energy supply in the regions of the Western Arctic of Russia in the medium term. Methodology includes information analysis on the research topic, generalization, comparison, systematization. Results: it was found that the trends in the development of energy supply in the regions of the Western Arctic were an increase in gas supplies and the use of local energy sources. The formulated criteria for choosing energy resources are accessibility, economic feasibility, and environmental acceptability. Practical implications. The obtained results can be applied in making decisions on energy development in the Western Arctic regions, as well as to prepare courses on energy economics and regional economics.

Abstract This study employs a sophisticated bi‐level optimization methodology to model the most efficient operation of microgrids (MGs) within the operational framework of distribution companies (DCs). In this bi‐level optimization problem, the upper level strives to maximize the profits of both MGs owners and DCs, while the lower level is dedicated to ensuring load balance, managing distributed generation, and implementing load curtailment strategies. The coordination of power transmission is facilitated by the DCs. At the upper level of decision‐making, the optimal pricing strategies for power transactions are determined, accounting for various factors such as market prices, demand response programs, and uncertainties in wind speed. Through the utilization of a bi‐level optimization framework, this study comprehensively captures the complex interactions between MGs and DCs, taking into consideration the objectives and constraints of both entities. This approach offers a more precise representation of the decision‐making process in retail electricity markets, thereby providing valuable insights into the optimal operation of MGs within the DCs setting.

This study employs a sophisticated bi‐level optimization methodology to model the most efficient operation of microgrids (MGs) within the operational framework of distribution companies (DCs). In this bi‐level optimization problem, the upper level strives to maximize the profits of both MGs owners and DCs, while the lower level is dedicated to ensuring load balance, managing distributed generation, and implementing load curtailment strategies. The coordination of power transmission is facilitated by the DCs. At the upper level of decision‐making, the optimal pricing strategies for power transactions are determined, accounting for various factors such as market prices, demand response programs, and uncertainties in wind speed. Through the utilization of a bi‐level optimization framework, this study comprehensively captures the complex interactions between MGs and DCs, taking into consideration the objectives and constraints of both entities. This approach offers a more precise representation of the decision‐making process in retail electricity markets, thereby providing valuable insights into the optimal operation of MGs within the DCs setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As energy resource prices are on the rise and the stability of energy supplies is increasingly challenged by the current geopolitical climate, it is essential to scrutinize the capability of households to adapt to the resulting circumstances by assessing the current and potential household energy supply and adapting solutions to energy consumption habits. The aim of the research is to study of the energy consumption behaviour of households in the Baltic States amidst a significant increase in prices. The research methods encompass the examination of literary sources, categorization, amalgamation, abstraction, and juxtaposition in the theoretical segment, as well as a case study focusing on energy consumers in Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia. Notably, the study presents a unique analysis of the unprecedented scenario of substantial price hikes across all energy usage categories in the region. An examination of individual responses concerning energy consumption illustrates a notable escalation in household expenditures on electricity and heating. Households are endeavouring to curtail energy expenses through various conservation techniques. A correlation between income levels and household energy consumption is evident.

Summary: Climate modeling suggests that achieving international climate goals requires a reduction in current CO2 emissions by over 90%, with any remaining emissions to be addressed through carbon dioxide removal (CDR) solutions. Sixteen CDR strategies are evaluated by integrating technical potential, environmental, social, and governance (ESG) criteria, along with sequestration permanence. This evaluation, conducted by ENGIE’s scientific council using an interdisciplinary Delphi panel methodology, proposes a “quality” measure for each technology. This measure combines ESG scores and sequestration timescales to rank and select the most promising solutions. The findings highlight the necessity for further research to understand and mitigate ESG impacts, aiming to inform both future research and current decision-making to support the effective and legitimate use of CDR strategies.

Strategic competition between the United States and China is the most crucial factor determining the stability of the global security system, including economic security. The dynamic economic growth of China in the 21st century and the rap[1]id enrichment of its society have garnered admiration, especially among the Global South, which China aims to lead. This progress occurred under relatively transparent rules established by the West under the leadership of the USA. However, China’s authoritarian government has used its effectiveness and agency to argue for its political and economic model. Currently, China faces significant development challenges, including a demographic crisis, increasing debt, and a weakening real estate market. Meanwhile, the United States is taking measures to limit China’s further economic growth, particularly in modern technologies and trade. China’s ability to overcome these barriers will determine whether it can achieve global economic dominance.

Abstract Maintaining stability in modern power systems is challenging due to complex structures, rising power demand, and load disturbances. The integration of renewable energy sources further threatens stability by causing imbalances between generation and demand. Conventional load frequency stabilization methods fall short in such scenarios. This paper proposes an optimal fractional‐order proportional‐integral‐derivative‐acceleration (FOPIDA) controller, enhanced by a robust adaptive neuro‐fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), to improve load frequency control and reliability in power systems with wind and solar generators. First, the dynamical model of a multi‐area interconnected power system, including a thermal power plant, wind turbine, and solar photovoltaic generators, is developed. A decentralized ANFIS‐FOPIDA controller is then designed for load frequency control objectives. The gains of this controller are optimized using the whale optimization algorithm (WOA), focusing on frequency deviation and tie‐line power exchange. Simulations on a New England IEEE 10‐generator 39‐bus power system demonstrate the approach's effectiveness under various disturbances, including random load‐generation disturbances and nonlinear generation behaviors. Comparisons with other strategies, such as fractional order (FO) beetle swarm optimization algorithm (FOBSOA)‐FOPIDA, WOA‐PIDA, and WOA‐ANFIS‐PIDA, and recent control approaches highlight the superior performance of the WOA‐ANFIS‐FOPIDA method in enhancing power system stability.

Desalination using renewable energy offers a route to transform our incumbent linear consumption model to a circular one. This transition will also shift desalination from large-scale centralized coastal facilities toward modular distributed inland plants. This new scale of desalination can be satisfied using solar energy to decarbonize water production, but additional considerations, such as storage and inland brine management, become important. Here, we evaluate the levelized cost of water for 16 solar desalination system configurations at 2 different salinities. For fossil fuel-driven plants, we find that zero-liquid discharge is economically favorable to inland brine disposal. For renewable desalination, we discover that solar-thermal energy is superior to photovoltaics due to low thermal storage cost and that energy storage, despite being expensive, outperforms water storage as the latter has a low utilization factor. The analysis also yields a promising outlook for solar desalination by 2030 as solar generation and storage costs decrease.

Without a well-defined energy management plan, achieving meaningful improvements in human lifestyle becomes challenging. Adequate energy resources are essential for development, but they are both limited and costly. In the literature, several solutions have been proposed for energy management but they either minimize energy consumption or improve the occupant's comfort index. The energy management problem is a multi-objective problem where the user wants to reduce energy consumption while keeping the occupant's comfort index intact. To address the multi-objective problem this paper proposed an energy control system for a green environment called PMC (Power Management and Control). The system is based on hybrid energy optimization, energy prediction, and multi-preprocessing. The combination of GA (Genetic Algorithm) and PSO (Particle Swarm Optimization) is performed to make a fusion methodology to improve the occupant comfort index (OCI) and decrease energy utilization. The proposed framework gives a better OCI when compared with its counterparts, the Ant Bee Colony Knowledge Base framework (ABCKB), GA-based prediction framework (GAP), Hybrid Prediction with Single Optimization framework (SOHP), and PSO-based power consumption framework. Compared with the existing AEO framework, the PMC gives practically the same OCI but consumes less energy. The PMC framework additionally accomplished the ideal OCI (i-e 1) when compared with the existing model, FA–GA (i-e 0.98). The PMC model consumed less energy as compared to existing models such as the ABCKB, GAP, PSO, and AEO. The PMC model consumed a little bit more energy than the SOHP but provided a better OCI. The comparative outcomes show the capability of the PMC framework to reduce energy utilization and improve the OCI. Unlike other existing methodologies except for the AEO framework, the PMC technique is additionally confirmed through a simulation by controlling the indoor environment using actuators, such as fan, light, AC, and boiler. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maintaining stability in modern power systems is challenging due to complex structures, rising power demand, and load disturbances. The integration of renewable energy sources further threatens stability by causing imbalances between generation and demand. Conventional load frequency stabilization methods fall short in such scenarios. This paper proposes an optimal fractional‐order proportional‐integral‐derivative‐acceleration (FOPIDA) controller, enhanced by a robust adaptive neuro‐fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), to improve load frequency control and reliability in power systems with wind and solar generators. First, the dynamical model of a multi‐area interconnected power system, including a thermal power plant, wind turbine, and solar photovoltaic generators, is developed. A decentralized ANFIS‐FOPIDA controller is then designed for load frequency control objectives. The gains of this controller are optimized using the whale optimization algorithm (WOA), focusing on frequency deviation and tie‐line power exchange. Simulations on a New England IEEE 10‐generator 39‐bus power system demonstrate the approach's effectiveness under various disturbances, including random load‐generation disturbances and nonlinear generation behaviors. Comparisons with other strategies, such as fractional order (FO) beetle swarm optimization algorithm (FOBSOA)‐FOPIDA, WOA‐PIDA, and WOA‐ANFIS‐PIDA, and recent control approaches highlight the superior performance of the WOA‐ANFIS‐FOPIDA method in enhancing power system stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of the study is to identify the thin-bed reservoirs of the Eastern Folded Belt (Sylhet and Bandarban) and characterize them with diligence. A detailed qualitative and quantitative analysis has been carried out. It is based on thin-section petrographic analyses of sandstone samples. These samples are from the reservoir horizons of the Sylhet region and Bandarban region fields. The purpose of this analysis is to characterize the textural and mineralogical properties. Additionally, it aims to evaluate the post-depositional diagenetic changes. The results obtained from the field and laboratory analysis are studied extensively to characterize the thin-bed reservoirs. Samples from the Sylhet area are medium-coarse-grained, fairly sorted, tight packing, submature-mature sublithic characteristics. Contrarily, samples from the Bandarban region are mature-submature sublithic arenites, which are fine-medium-grained, moderately well-sorted, and moderately loosely packed. Despite the similarity of the detrital elements (quartz, feldspar, lithic grains, mica, etc.) in the two areas, silica cementation is more frequent in Sylhet region samples than early carbonate cementation in Bandarban region samples. Comparatively speaking, the sediments in the Sylhet region are more compact than those in the Bandarban region. The most important outcome of this study is that the thin bed of the unconventional reservoir and the conventional reservoir are in close proximity. The Thin-bed reservoir units of the Eastern Folded Belt are found to be medium to fine-grained and well sorted, with frequent alteration of sand-shale with the prevalence of parallel bedded sandstone. Average porosity is 4% to 12%, and pore spaces are interconnected. So, the permeability rate is good enough to flow the hydrocarbon through these pore spaces. Most importantly, the thin bed and tight reservoir (average porosity 4% to 12%, but pore spaces are not interconnected) are not more prominent than 1 meter or 2 meters. Subsequently, though the vertical thickness is not so high, they keep up a momentous tirelessness of horizontal progression. On the contrary, at whatever point it comes to a conventional reservoir, the vertical thickness is higher than that of the unconventional reservoir. But their lateral persistence is not as long as unconventional ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The climate challenges posed by the European Union are particularly difficult for emerging and developing economies. This causes reluctance to undertake them and even denial of their validity. For this reason, this article seeks to answer the question of whether it is possible to carry out an effective transformation of energy resources in the developing economies of the Visegrad Group. Analyses in this area are conducted in a long-term, 58-year research perspective (1965–2022) and concern the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia. The effectiveness of the examined transformation is assessed in two dimensions as follows: (1) resource and (2) emission, which are then synthesized using a multi-criteria analysis. This research shows that an effective resource transformation aimed at a zero-emission economy is possible even in emerging and developing economies, although it undoubtedly requires time and consistency in the implementation of the once-chosen energy policy. Hungary—a leader in assessed climate effectiveness—has systematically decarbonized while reducing the use of total non-renewable resources. The Hungarian resource transition strategy assumed the use of nuclear energy and an increase in the share of renewable resources. The result of these activities is a quite diversified energy mix, which is greater resource self-sufficiency and low carbon dioxide emissions. The Czech Republic also achieved a similar strategy and results. Poland and Slovakia coped much worse with the climate challenge: although they gave up coal, they replaced it largely with other non-renewable resources. It is worth emphasizing that Poland has managed to significantly increase the use of renewable resources, and nuclear energy and hydropower have also appeared in the Slovak mix. Nevertheless, this did not allow for achieving good climatic results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Rooftop photovoltaics (RPVs) are crucial for decarbonizing the power sector and achieving carbon neutrality, with expected future capacity increases. The growth of RPVs necessitates substantial aluminum (Al) resources, contributing significantly to carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from Al production. Given China’s bauxite shortage, recycling Al from waste RPV panels presents an effective solution to enhance resource security and mitigate CO2 emissions. We developed a framework to project waste RPV quantities and assess the recycling potential of Al and its impact on CO2 emissions from 2020 to 2060. Our findings indicate potential waste flows of 95–221 million tonnes (Mt) and recycled Al ranging from 5 to 28 Mt, with a primary Al supply gap of 25–43 Mt. Recycling could reduce CO2 emissions by 35–207 Mt over the period. This research underscores the importance of Al resource security and sustainable RPV industry development in China’s pursuit of carbon neutrality.

Summary: A massive expansion of renewable energy (RE) is underway to meet the world’s climate goals. Although RE serves to reduce threats from climate change, it can also pose threats to species whose current and future ranges intersect with RE installations. Here, we propose a “Climate-Smart Siting” framework for addressing potential conflicts between RE expansion and biodiversity conservation. The framework engenders authentic consultation with affected and disadvantaged communities throughout and uses overlay and optimization routines to identify focal areas now and in the future where RE development poses promise and peril as species’ ranges shift in response to climate change. We use this framework to demonstrate methods, identify decision outcomes, and discuss market-based levers for aligning RE expansion with the United Nations Global Biodiversity Framework now and as climate change progresses. In the face of the climate crisis, a Climate-Smart Siting strategy could help create solutions without causing further harm to biodiversity and human communities..

Summary: The building sector is integral to climate change mitigation in China as well as the globe. By considering the impact of green innovation, we explore the long-term trend of carbon emissions in China’s building sector until 2060, encompassing its entire life cycle. Results show that CO2 emissions of China’s building sector will peak at 6.98–7.69 Bt in 2035 and maintain at 1.11 Bt in 2060 under the business-as-usual (BAU) scenario. The “3060 dual carbon goal” will only be achieved under the technological breakthrough (TB) scenario. These findings show that existing or relatively lax policies are insufficient to achieve the “3060” goal for the building sector. China should actively pursue green technological innovation throughout the building sector’s life cycle, with a focus on accelerating the green and low-carbon production of key products, such as steel and cement, at the building material production stage.

Abstract The decarbonization of the power generation and transport sector encourage the analysis of connection of distributed energy resources (DER), such as electric vehicles (EVs), to the electrical system, as well as the evaluation of their impact on smart cities. A better understanding of the negative impacts on the power systems will lead to propose mitigation measures and eventually revolutionize the way distributed generation works. This paper aims at modelling and evaluating the impact of EVs on a real distribution network. The energy system chosen operates at 60 Hz, 34.5 kV (medium voltage) and 0.208 kV (low voltage) and it is simulated using PSCAD/EMTDC. To reproduce realistic user consumption profiles, dynamic load profiles based on EV owners behaviour have been simulated. The vehicle‐to‐grid (V2G) technology is modelled to mitigate the impacts of high penetration of EVs by supporting the network from undervoltage. The results show the importance of active management in modern power systems, especially considering the increase in DER penetration expected for the coming years. This work shows the benefits of implementing V2G technology while highlighting the challenges involved in a real case.

Dramatic reductions in solar, wind, and battery storage costs create new opportunities to reduce emissions and costs in China’s electricity sector, beyond current policy goals. This study examines the cost, reliability, emissions, public health, and employment implications of increasing the share of non-fossil fuel (“carbon free”) electricity generation in China to 80% by 2035. The analysis uses state-of-the-art modeling with high resolution load, wind, and solar inputs. The study finds that achieving an 80% carbon free electricity system in China by 2035 could reduce wholesale electricity costs, relative to a current policy baseline, while maintaining high levels of reliability, reducing deaths from air pollution, and increasing employment. In our 80% scenario, wind and solar generation capacity reach 3 TW and battery storage capacity reaches 0.4 TW by 2035, implying a rapid scale up in these resources that will require changes in policy targets, markets and regulation, and land use policies.

Compensation structures for residential solar are evolving toward a model that incentivizes using battery storage to maximize solar self-consumption. Using metered data from 1,800 residential customers across six U.S. utilities, we show that batteries operated solely in this manner provide customer bill savings up to $20-30 per kWh of storage capacity annually, but virtually no grid value. Relative to market-based dispatch, this value gap remains across customers and will become more severe over time, insofar as increased renewable energy penetration leads to more volatile wholesale prices. This inefficiency primarily stems from residential batteries largely sitting idle on peak days. We show that incentivizing storage customers to respond to market prices, particularly on peak days, would enhance both private and public value. Unconstrained grid discharging increases exports to distribution networks, but 50-70% of the potential market value could be achieved without materially degrading solar self-consumption levels or increasing local grid stress.

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The decarbonization of the power generation and transport sector encourage the analysis of connection of distributed energy resources (DER), such as electric vehicles (EVs), to the electrical system, as well as the evaluation of their impact on smart cities. A better understanding of the negative impacts on the power systems will lead to propose mitigation measures and eventually revolutionize the way distributed generation works. This paper aims at modelling and evaluating the impact of EVs on a real distribution network. The energy system chosen operates at 60 Hz, 34.5 kV (medium voltage) and 0.208 kV (low voltage) and it is simulated using PSCAD/EMTDC. To reproduce realistic user consumption profiles, dynamic load profiles based on EV owners behaviour have been simulated. The vehicle‐to‐grid (V2G) technology is modelled to mitigate the impacts of high penetration of EVs by supporting the network from undervoltage. The results show the importance of active management in modern power systems, especially considering the increase in DER penetration expected for the coming years. This work shows the benefits of implementing V2G technology while highlighting the challenges involved in a real case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most studied permafrost-associated gas hydrate accumulations in Arctic Alaska is the Eileen Gas Hydrate Trend. This study provides a detailed re-examination of the Eileen Gas Hydrate Trend with a focus on the gas hydrate accumulation in the western part of the Prudhoe Bay Unit. This integrated analysis of downhole well log data and published geophysical data has provided new insight on structural, stratigraphic, and reservoir controls on the occurrence of gas hydrates in the Eileen Gas Hydrate Trend. This study revealed the relatively complex nature of the gas hydrate occurrences in the Eileen Gas Hydrate Trend, with gas hydrates present in a series of coarsening upward, laterally pervasive, mostly fine-grained sand beds exhibiting high gas hydrate saturations. Most of the gas hydrate-bearing reservoirs in the Eileen Gas Hydrate Trend are laterally segmented into distinct northwest- to southeast-trending fault blocks, occur in a combination of structural–stratigraphic traps, and are only partially hydrate filled with distinct down-dip water contacts. These findings suggest that the traditional parts of a petroleum system (i.e., reservoir, gas source, gas migration, and geologic timing of the system formation) also control the occurrence of gas hydrates in the Eileen Gas Hydrate Trend. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article by Lukasevych-Krutnyk I.S. is dedicated to defining the peculiarities of the contract for the supply of energy and other resources through an attached network and its place in the system of civil contracts through the prism of the provisions of the Concept of the Renewal of the Civil Code of Ukraine. It is noted that the recodification of Book 5 of the Civil Code of Ukraine envisages a comprehensive review of the norms of individual types of contracts, introduction of new contractual constructions into the system of civil contracts, and exclusion of certain contractual obligations. However, there is no mention of the contract for the supply of energy and other resources through an attached network in the list of contractual obligations that do not correspond to the modern dynamics of contractual relations. Therefore, it is evident that the investigated contractual structure will remain in the updated version of the Civil Code of Ukraine as one of the types of purchase and sale agreements. The application of general provisions on the contract of sale to the contract for the supply of energy and other resources through an attached network is fundamental for determining the legal nature of this contract and its civil regulation. The classification of the contract for the supply of energy and other resources through an attached network as contracts for the transfer of property, namely the contract of sale, is due to the fact that under this contract, goods are transferred from one party to another. However, the contract for the supply of energy and other resources through an attached network has several features that allow it to be identified as an independent type of purchase and sale agreement. Firstly, the subject matter of the contract is electrical or thermal energy, gas, or other resources. Secondly, the method of contract performance - continuous transfer of energy and other resources to the consumer is carried out only through the attached network. Thirdly, the transfer of energy resources entails a range of rights and obligations of the parties to the contract, which are not characteristic of other types of purchase and sale agreements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the concept of an energy supply contract, its essential features and the importance of concluding it for Ukraine in wartime conditions. Since the introduction of electricity in the 19th century, the supply of energy was often organized through agreements between producers and consumers that set the terms of supply. In the 20th century, universal energy supply systems were created in many countries, where energy supply contracts became standard and regulated by the state. In connection with the development of technology and the growth of competition, the terms of contracts have become more diverse, including fixed and variable prices, terms of delivery and payment. With increased attention to the problems of climate change, conditions aimed at stimulating the use of renewable energy sources appeared in energy supply contracts. The author analyzed the current legislation that regulates the conclusion of these contracts and the system of their validity. A conclusion was made about the importance and necessity of high-quality and timely energy supply for the Ukrainian people. Attention was drawn to the need to create backup power supply mechanisms in case of emergency, electricity payments in conditions of limited access to energy resources, as well as additional security measures to ensure the continuous operation of the power grid and power plants in the event of military threats. It was concluded that in the context of Ukraine, which has a complex energy system and dependence on energy imports, energy supply contracts play an important role in ensuring the stability and development of the country's energy sector. Analysis of the energy supply contract shows constant changes in the interaction between suppliers and consumers of energy, reflecting changes in technology, economics and energy policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contemporary technological advancements and globalization of energy markets necessitate the adaptation of legal regulations to new challenges and opportunities. The contract for the supply of energy resources through an interconnected network becomes a strategically important instrument for ensuring energy supply stability and competitiveness of energy enterprises. However, there are specific legal and obligatory aspects that require attention to ensure effectiveness and understanding of parties' obligations. This scholarly article is dedicated to analyzing the peculiarities of legal regulation and obligations of parties in the context of contracts for the supply of energy resources through interconnected networks. Starting with an overview of existing regulatory acts, the study examines the main issues arising in the context of such contracts, including responsibility for service quality, price and tariff regulation, as well as resolution of legal disputes in the context of contract breaches. Special attention is paid to analyzing practical challenges faced by parties entering into such contracts, as well as seeking optimal solutions to enhance the effectiveness of contracting and implementation. The author of the scholarly article also considers potential directions for reforming legal norms and regulatory mechanisms to ensure stability and transparency in the field of energy supplies through interconnected networks. The results of the conducted research reveal that contract for the supply of energy resources through interconnected networks are complex legal instruments requiring careful legal analysis and regulation. The findings of the study may serve as a basis for further reforms in the field of legal regulation of the energy sector and contribute to improving the conditions for concluding and implementing contract for the supply of energy resources through interconnected networks, ensuring sustainable and efficient functioning of the energy market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relevance. Currently, the rational and economical use of petroleum products is of particular importance. This applies, among other things, to all known types of oils. Waste oils entering the natural environment are only partially neutralized as a result of natural processes. Most of them are a source of pollution of soils, water bodies and atmospheric air, leading to disruption of the reproduction of birds, fish, mammals, and having a harmful effect on humans. Thus, the widespread problem of collecting and recycling waste petroleum products is a relevant, cost-effective and knowledge-intensive area; since with the correct organization of regeneration, the cost of recovered oils is 40–70% lower than the cost of fresh oils with almost the same quality. Aim. To improve the technology of recycling spent petroleum products in the conditions of the northern territories in order to achieve eco- and energy efficiency. After the regeneration stage, used oils can be used for their intended purpose – returned to equipment lubrication systems, this is up to 75–80% of the original amount of waste oil generated. The remaining, “unrecovered” amount of 20–25% is burned in the form of a water-fuel mixture at enterprises equipped with liquid fuel boilers. The information available in the literature is insufficient to create an effective system for the disposal of used oils and other petroleum products, especially in the circumpolar territories. A differentiated approach to the problem is required, taking into account the peculiarities of the climate, the remoteness of the Arctic territories from the transport infrastructure, with mandatory compliance with environmental standards. Methods. cavitation technology (i. e. cavitation effects) and the LSTM (Long Short-Term Memory) deep learning method for processing hydrocarbon waste using the example of industrial oil W30 and, accordingly, modeling the migration of pollutants from industrial objects in open natural water sources. Results and conclusions. The results obtained indicate that the integrated use of raw materials is the result of the most complete, economically and environmentally justified application of all advantageous components contained in raw materials, as well as in production waste. Any hydrocarbon waste can be considered as secondary material resources that can be used for economic purposes, partially or completely replacing traditional types of material, raw materials and fuel and energy resources, the main value of which is their constant reproducibility in the production sector.

Summary: The subsurface is pivotal in the energy transition, for the sequestration of CO2 and energy storage. It is crucial to understand to what extent geological faults may form leakage pathways that threaten the containment integrity of these projects. Fault flow behavior has been studied in the context of hydrocarbon development, supported by observations from wells drilled through faults, but such observations are rare in geoenergy projects. Focusing on mechanical behavior as early indicator of potential leakage risks, a probabilistic Coulomb Failure Stress workflow is developed and demonstrated using data from the Decatur CO2 sequestration project to rank faults based on their containment risk. The analysis emphasizes the importance of fault throw relative to reservoir thickness and pore pressure change in assessing reactivation risks. Integrating this mechanical assessment with geological and dynamic fault analyses contributes to derisking fault containment for geoenergy applications, providing valuable insights for the successful development of subsurface storage projects.

Background. The paper discusses methods for using visual systems engineering tools using the example of additive manufacturing processes. Materials and methods. The trends in creating load-bearing structures of electronic equipment based on additive technologies are analyzed. The capabilities of additive technologies and their advantages compared to traditional technologies for the production of standard parts of load-bearing structures are systematized. The main attention is paid to the principles of visual modeling of additive technologies. A method for synthesizing a model range of parts for supporting structures of electronic equipment, the production of which is possible using additive technologies, is proposed. The advantages and disadvantages of using technologies for visual modeling of complex systems are analyzed. Results and conclusions. The advantages and disadvantages of systems engineering design procedures using visual methods and tools are summarized using the example of the analysis of additive technologies. Recommendations are given for the use of visual systems analysis tools in the context of digital transformation of design procedures for advanced electronic equipment.

The author’s definition of energy efficiency of the economy has been proposed in the article. The main indicators of energy efficiency, which determine the rating of Ukraine among other countries of the world, have been analyzed. It is emphasized that the introduction of martial law in Ukraine and the full-scale war significantly affected the energy efficiency of Ukraine’s economy due to the destruction of many energy infrastructure facilities. Attention is focused on the need to organize a systematic and standardized increase in the efficiency of the use of energy resources in domestic production systems. Based on the use of statistical information of the World Economic Forum, the indicators of energy saving efficiency of the countries of the world and their rating have been given. The foreign experience of using modern smart technologies and the main tools for ensuring energy efficiency of the economy have been studied. The authors stress that energy efficiency contributes to the reduction of energy consumption. The growing world population and rapid economic growth lead to increased energy consumption. However, many countries face challenges related to limited resources and growing energy dependence. Energy efficiency can help reduce dependence on energy imports and provide a more sustainable and efficient economy. The expediency of implementing modern technologies and tools of ensuring energy efficiency as a factor in the future revival and development of the economy of Ukraine has been proven. It has been substantiated that in modern conditions, Ukraine needs to change the policy of energy consumption and energy supply as soon as possible, maximizing the consumption of fuel and energy resources, which the country is rich in (coal, nuclear fuel, renewable sources), and accordingly reducing the consumption and import of natural gas - the most expensive and scarce resource. It is noted that in order to ensure the energy efficiency of residential construction, it is necessary to lay down energy-saving technologies and new energy-saving methods at the design stage. The introduction of martial law and full-scale war significantly affected the energy efficiency of Ukraine’s economy due to the destruction of many energy infrastructure facilities. A decrease in energy efficiency can have serious consequences for the country’s economy, in particular, an increase in the cost of energy resources, a decrease in the competitiveness of enterprises, and a threat to the stability of electricity supply to the population and industry. The destruction of energy infrastructure facilities, such as power plants, transformer substations, gas pipelines and oil pipelines, can lead to a decrease in energy production capacity and a deterioration in the quality of supply. This can cause problems with electricity supply, heating, education, maintenance of industrial enterprises and infrastructure. In connection with the explosion by the russian occupiers of the Kakhovskaya HPP, the Ministry of Energy initiates the decision to increase electricity imports from the EU to 2 GW. On the other hand, military actions on the territory of Ukraine may lead to a decrease in investments in the field of energy efficiency and the development of renewable energy sources, priority is given to military needs and the restoration of damaged infrastructure. In this regard, to increase energy efficiency after the war in Ukraine, the reconstruction and restoration of energy facilities using modern smart technologies to ensure a reliable supply of electricity are particularly important. Based on the results of the analysis and taking into account the experience of foreign countries, an algorithm for ensuring energy efficiency in Ukraine has been proposed. The proposed algorithm for ensuring energy efficiency in Ukraine may include the following steps: - Analysis of the situation: conducting a detailed analysis of the current state of energy efficiency in Ukraine, including an assessment of resource use, energy production, consumption and system efficiency. - Setting goals: setting specific energy efficiency goals, such as reducing energy consumption by a certain percentage during a certain period, increasing the use of renewable energy sources, etc. - Strategy development: developing a comprehensive strategy for energy efficiency, which includes measures to improve the efficiency of energy production, transmission and consumption. The strategy should take into account the needs of different sectors, including industry, construction, transport and households. - Legislative support: developing and adopting legislation aimed at supporting energy efficiency, including incentive mechanisms, tax incentives and regulations governing energy efficiency standards. - Implementation of measures: taking the necessary steps to implement the energy efficiency strategy, including legislative and regulatory measures, support for innovative technologies, training and education on energy efficiency, financial support, etc. - Monitoring and evaluation: providing a system for monitoring and evaluating the results of energy efficiency measures; determining performance indicators that allow to assess the achievement of goals and make timely adjustments to the strategy, if necessary. - Financing: allocating financial resources to support energy efficiency projects, including government subsidies, credit programs and investment incentives for the private sector. - Information and education: conducting informational and educational events to raise the awareness of the public, enterprises and organizations about the advantages of energy efficiency, methods of reducing energy consumption and environmental benefits. - Technological solutions: implementing new modern technologies and innovations aimed at reducing energy consumption, using renewable energy sources and increasing energy efficiency in various sectors of the economy.

Abstract Faced with the uncertainty of wind and photovoltaic power output and load fluctuation caused by the increase of new energy penetration in active distribution network, the demand for operational flexibility and the construction demand for flexible resources of distribution network are gradually increasing. The flexible operation of active distribution network can be realized by coordinated planning of the soft open point integrated with energy storage system (ESOP) and flexible resources. Firstly, the flexibility resource adjustability evaluation and margin indicators are proposed for the response model of typical flexibility resources. Secondly, a two‐stage distributionally robust coordinated planning model considering the coordination planning scheme of distributed generation, flexibility resource, and ESOP as well as the comprehensive norm uncertainty of wind power and photovoltaic outputs multi‐operation scenarios is established with the distribution network construction cost, annual operation cost, and annual power sales revenue as the objective functions meanwhile the investment and flexibility resource operation as constraints. Finally, the column constraint generation algorithm is used to solve the problem, and the effectiveness of the proposed model is verified by the modified IEEE33 node system.

In the 21st century, the issue of energy security is an important challenge for many states. Energy independence is an important component of the country’s national security. That is why its development is considered a priority of the country’s economic policy. Along with the trends of globalization, international energy relations are increasing day by day. However, the issue of energy security and vulnerability is equally on the agenda, which in turn is related to the problems of access to energy resources and the aggressive appeal of industrialized states with this issue, which creates a destabilizing vulnerable environment in the state. This issue was clearly revealed in the background of the 2022-2023 war between Russia and Ukraine. The mentioned issue is one important part of this paper, along with which the issue of renewable energies is also discussed. Renewable energies, the so-called practical way to get rid of petroleum products is growing more and more. Accordingly, the mentioned work considers both issues equally on the example of the European Union’s energy security strategy, within the framework of the Russia-Ukraine war. The paper discusses the European Union’s energy security policy and current challenges.

This paper presents an Accounting and Valuation (AV) method within the scope of Integrated Resource Planning (IRP) to analyze social impacts when implementing new energy resources. The method is based on a critical analysis from existing assessments regarding the IRP and its design is based on algorithms that convert qualitative information of social attributes into absolute values. These values feed the subsequent stages of the IRP to select the best energy resource (among available options) to be implemented. The method has been applied and tested as a pilot case in a rural region in Peru. This work provides extremely valuable information for decision-makers to assess, with real and quantitative data, investment decisions regarding energy planning.

Waterbodies’ thermal energy potential, as a green, renewable, and limitless source of energy, can be exploited in response to the growing energy demands of islands and coastal cities. Up to now, the technologies that have been developed for this purpose include seawater air-conditioning, surface water heat pump, and ocean energy thermal conversion systems or their combinations, which are presented here as Waterbodies Thermal Energy Based Systems (WTEBSs). The growth and development of these technologies raise concerns regarding their potential impacts on sustainability of the marine environment. The present work provides a comprehensive review of the available literature and state-of-the-art technologies describing potential interactions of WTEBSs throughout their life-cycle (i.e. including construction, installation, operation, and decommissioning) with the marine ecology. Modelling of seawater discharge dispersion as one of the main environmental impact concerns regarding the operation of WTEBSs is detailed and scopes for improving existing modelling tools are discussed. Potential destructive impacts of fouling and corrosion in WTEBSs are reported and deterrent recommendations are highlighted. Evidence of growth of bio-fouling inside of pipelines and associated mesh filtration baskets at abstraction pipe intakes are presented. The required permitting applications and licensing processes for installation and operation of WTEBSs by the relevant authorities are summarised. Finally, a summary of the findings from the data monitoring of water quality properties of a seawater air-conditioning pilot study performed at Brixham Laboratory, University of Plymouth, United Kingdom is reported.

The United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals for 2030 provide a foundation for this study. These SDGs encompass crucial targets pertaining to sustainable development (SDG-8), responsible energy consumption (SDGs 11 and 12), access to clean and affordable energy (SDG-7), and environmental sustainability action (SDG-13) and among others. To this end, the research employs advanced panel methodologies to investigate the heterogeneous effects of energy resources and financial development on a sustainable environment. The study adopts second-generation econometric tools to evaluate the model’s cross-sectional dependence, and the cointegration methodology proves the long-run correlation between the indicators. Additionally, the ordinary least square and the panel quantile regression results reveal long-run estimations. These long-run studies provide reliable information on environmental sustainability dynamics in the E-7 economies. The analysis reveals that the effects of the high financial development, rapid economic growth and fast-growing nonrenewable energy resources significantly impact environmental sustainability from 2000–2020 within the E-7 bloc. Furthermore, the results from both the OLS and the PQR indicate that the coefficients for renewable energy resources and globalization are negative across all quantiles (Q25to Q95quantiles) with regard to CO2 emissions. These findings advocate for a policy framework that aligns with the SDGs. The study also proposes a comprehensive policy framework for the E-7 nations to promote progress toward SDGs (7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, and 16).

Abstract Electricity generation in Taiwan is mainly from thermal, nuclear, and renewable sources. With nearly four decades of monthly data (from January 1982 to January 2022) used in analytics, the forecasting results reveal the patterns of electricity generation in Taiwan. Exponential smoothing and Holt–Winters seasonal models are used for time‐series forecasting, and scenario analysis is applied to simulate possible paths for nuclear phase‐out in Taiwan by 2025. Taking the fact of Taiwan's lack of energy independence into account, transition for nuclear phase‐out may require a substantial leap to meet the demand. The feasibility of electricity generation using current thermal power capacity and renewable energy remain challenging.

Currently, the most difficult time of year for California to supply the demanded electricity is around sunset on very hot summer days. As California uses more renewable electricity, that challenge may shift to any time of the year depending on the supply of electricity more than on the demand. We study various scenarios for applying a 100% renewable energy grid using six years (2015-2020) of historical demand and scaled-up solar and wind generation to investigate the main function of the storage in affording adequate electricity supply at all times of the year. We identify the times of year that may be most challenging. We detect that, for a solar dominant generation profile, the ultimate challenge shifts from summer to winter. Furthermore, the critical time of the year may be shifted by one or two months depending on the amount and the mix of the renewable generation that will be built.

Capacities of residential photovoltaics (PV) and battery storage are rapidly growing, while their lifecycle cost and carbon implications are not well understood. Here, we integrate PV generation and load data for households in California to assess the current and future lifecycle cost and carbon emissions of solar-plus-storage systems. Our results show that installing PV reduces $180-$730 and 110-570 kgCO2 per year per household in 2020. However, compared to solar-only system, adding battery storage increases lifecycle costs by 39%-67%, while impact on emissions is mixed (-20% to 24%) depending on tariff structure and marginal emission factors. In 2040, under current decarbonization and cost trajectories, solar-plus-storage leads to up to 31% higher lifecycle costs and up to 32% higher emissions than solar-only systems. Designing a tariff structure with wider rate spreads aligned with marginal carbon emissions, and reducing the costs and embodied emissions of batteries are crucial for broader adoption of low-carbon residential solar-plus-storage.

The energy-only-market implemented in China cannot strongly support large-scale renewable energy expansion because the renewable energy expansion may disorderly phase out non-renewable power capacity. However, non-renewable power capacity, particularly the coal-fired power capacity in China, can provide vital power system adequacy needed by renewable energy expansion. We introduce capacity payments to orderly retire current coal-fired power capacity by transforming some of it into reserve capacity in order to support renewable energy expansion. Using generation and transmission expansion results from the SWITCH-China model, this paper proposes an orderly retirement path based on the assumption of implementing capacity payments. Our results show that roughly 100-200 gigawatts (GW) of coal-fired power capacity can continue to serve through 2050, and most of it is used as reserve capacity. Capacity payments of 400-700 billion yuan are needed to achieve this retirement path, and a higher adequacy requirement needs higher payments.

The introduction of low–waste and waste–free technologies is an actual development direction for oil and gas enterprises, in particular for oil refineries. Development of methodological approaches to the analysis and synthesis of complex energy systems in order to increase the efficiency and environmental safety of the objects under study through the introduction of low–waste and waste–free technologies, the implementation of technological cycles close to closed. The solution of the task is carried out in accordance with the basic principles of the system analysis of complex objects, in stages: analysis of the structure of the object using the decomposition–aggregation approach; determination of internal and external links between the elements of the system; determination of the regularities of the functioning of the object and the complex of influencing factors. A block–hierarchical structure of an oil refining enterprise has been developed, which establishes quantitative and qualitative links between the elements of the system at all levels of the hierarchy. A system of performance indicators is proposed, in accordance with which an assessment is made of the current state of the object under study. The most energy–intensive production facilities of an oil refining enterprise have been determined, their exergy balances, have been calculated. The analysis made it possible to assess the potential for increasing environmental and energy efficiency, the main directions for the implementation of low–waste and waste–free technologies. Science–based directions for improving environmental safety and energy efficiency of the object of study are determined. Several options for schemes are proposed, an assessment of the energy and technical and economic efficiency of the integration of the proposed solutions into the energy complex of oil refineries is carried out. The results obtained confirm the feasibility of integrating the proposed scheme in an existing enterprise.

The rapid spread of cryptocurrencies is one of the most relevant trends today. One of the significant risks of their spread is the increase in energy consumption, which has a negative impact on the environment due to carbon emissions. This requires the development of a scientific toolkit for assessing relationships and predicting the impact of cryptocurrencies on energy consumption, which is the aim of this paper.With the correlational regression analysis, the model of the dependence of spending on IT sector, energy consumption of Bitcoin, Ethereum and global capitalization of the cryptocurrency market was conducted, based on statistical data from Statista.com, Сoinmarketcap.com and International Data Corporation. To check the possible relationship, tests for the adequacy of the results obtained (Fisher’s test, Student’s t-test) confirmed the correctness of coefficients for independent variables.The results showed a significant direct correlation (Multiple R is 95%) of spending on IT sector, energy consumption and global capitalization of the cryptocurrency market. The established relationships allowed predicting that Bitcoin energy consumption may reach 142 Terawatt hours per year in 2026. And its impact on environment by mining in 2022 was at least 27.4 Mt of CO2 emission.As a proposal, a conclusion was made on the expediency of linking mining to the use of certain sources of electricity production, such as “residual” natural gas, nuclear power, renewable energy sources. The obtained results and conclusions may be used as a basis for political decisions in the field of energy efficiency and climate change mitigation.

Summary: Medium- and heavy-duty vehicles are 21% of US transportation greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and a major source of air pollution. We explore how the total cost of driving (TCD) of zero-emission vehicles (ZEVs), including battery electric vehicles and hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles (EVs and FCEVs), could evolve under alternative scenarios. With continued improvements in vehicles and fuels, ZEVs can rapidly become viable, potentially reaching TCD parity or better compared to diesel vehicles by 2035 for all market segments. For heavy long-haul trucks, EVs become competitive on a TCD basis at charging costs below $0.18/kWh, while FCEVs become competitive on a TCD basis at hydrogen costs below $5/kg. A full transition to ZEV sales by 2035 results in 65% emissions reductions by 2050 compared to 2019 without supportive policies. Incentives such as the Inflation Reduction Act vehicle purchase credits further accelerate ZEV TCD competitiveness with major adoption opportunities over the next five years.

Anthropogenic environmental pollution has become a global concern due to its profound impact on Earth's ecosystems. This study examines the interrelation between energy resources (both renewable and non-renewable), economic growth, and CO2 emissions across G-20 countries, using historical data from 1990 to 2020. The study employs a robustness analysis to confirm the stability and consistency of the data acquired from the primary approaches. The study utilizes FMOLS (Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares) and DOLS (Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares) methodologies to investigate endogeneity issues and examine the dynamic linkages in long-term and short-term contexts. The analysis is bifurcated based on two distinct dependent variables: CO2 emissions from gas and oil. Results indicate that gas and oil energies directly augment CO2 emissions. While hydro and renewable energies typically diminish CO2 emissions, specific quantiles suggest a slight increase, indicating an indirect contribution. GDP's quantile transition from positive to negative implies that economic growth can curtail CO2 emissions, suggesting a shift in developed economies from non-renewable to renewable energy dependencies. This study offers insightful policy implications, emphasizing the need to transition from harmful conventional energy sources to renewables to align with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for 2030.