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Objective: Methotrexate (MTX) is a chemotherapeutic agent that causes testicular toxicity used in the cure of various types ofcancer. The anti-oxidant and anti-cancer effects of Panax ginseng (PxG) have been reported in both experimental and clinical studies. This study aims to examine the healing effect of PxG on testicular damage induced by MTX.Materials and Methods: Sprague Dawley male rats (8-week-olds) were used in the study. A single dose ofMTXdissolved in saline(20 mg/kg) was given to MTX and MTX+PxG groups by intraperitoneal injection. PxG dissolved in saline (100 mg/kg) was given by orogastric gavage once a day for 5 days to the MTX+PxG group. Saline was given to the control and MTX groups orally during the experiments. After decapitation, the testis sampleswere obtained. Seminiferous tubules and basement membranewere evaluated histopathologically. Seminiferous tubule diameter and germinal epithelium thickness were measured. Furthermore, oxidative stress parameters such as malondialdehyde, glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione-S-transferase were measured.Results: MTX treatment caused seminiferous tubule degeneration with a decrease in Johnsen’s score, the seminiferous tubule’sdiameter, and the germinal epithelium’s thickness. Parallel with the histopathological results increased testicular oxidative stress with an increase in malondialdehyde level and a decrease of endogenous anti-oxidant activity with a decrease in glutathione level and glutathione-S-transferase and superoxide dismutase activities. PxG treatment improved these histological and biochemical parameters in MTX-induced testis cytotoxicity.Conclusion: MTX treatment causes testicular damage via the oxidative processes. PxG treatment ameliorates MTX-inducedtesticular damage by inhibiting oxidative stress.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the potential effects of ghrelin on wound healing. Materials and Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 3 groups: Control (n = 8), wound-saline (W+S, n = 16), and wound-ghrelin (W+Gr, n = 16). A wound was created on the cervical back region of rats using an 8 mm biopsy punch tool in the W+S and W+Gr groups. Either saline (1 mL/kg) or ghrelin (10 ng/kg) was administrated intraperitoneally each day to the rats in the non-control groups after the onset of the wound. Rats from the W+S and W+Gr groups were euthanized on the 7th (n = 8 from each group) and 14th day (n = 8 from each group) of the experiment. The histopathological score was evaluated statistically using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey’s multiple comparison tests. Results: The rats euthanized from the W+S group on day 7 (subgroup W+S7) showed degenerated epidermis, no hair follicles, presence of granulation tissue, inflammatory cell infiltration, vasocongestion, and increased collagen fibers in dermis. However, all these histopathological findings significantly decreased in the rats euthanized from the W+Gr group on day 7 (subgroup W+Gr7) compared to the W+S7 group (p < 0.05). The W+S14 group showed thick epidermis, a few hair follicles, angiogenesis, and increased collagen fibers in the dermis. Additionally, the histopathological findings decreased significantly in the W+Gr14 group compared to W+S14 group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Based on the statistical analysis of the histological findings, the ghrelin treatment appears to have a beneficial effect on wound healing. Keywords: Wound healing, ghrelin and histology

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı cerrahi olarak menopoz oluşturulan sıçanların böbrek ve karaciğerlerinde gözlenen histopatolojik ve fonksiyonel değişiklikleri ve östrojen veya egzersizin ya da östrojen-egzersiz kombinasyonunun oksidan hasar üzerine etkilerini araştırmaktır.Materyal ve Metot: Anestezi altında Sprague Dawley dişi sıçanlara (n=32) bilateral overiektomi uygulandı ve tüm sıçanlar rastgele olarak iki gruba ayrıldı. Sıçanların yarısına normal içme suyu, diğer yarısının içme sularına östrojen (1mg/kg/gün) eklendi. İki hafta sonra gruplar kendi içlerinde sedanter ve egzersiz (5 gün/hafta, 30 daki-ka, 8 hafta) gruplarına ayrıldı. Deney protokolünün sonun-da serum, karaciğer ve böbrek örnekleri biyokimyasal ve histopatolojik incelemeler için alındı. Femurda da histopa-tolojik değerlendirme yapıldı.Bulgular: Cerrahi olarak menopoz oluşturulan sıçan-larda östrojenin böbrek dokusunda nötrofil infiltrasyonunu ve reaktif oksijen türlerinin üretimini baskılayarak koruyu-cu etki gösterdiği, kemik kütlesinde hafif düzeyde artışa neden olduğu, ancak karaciğerin antioksidan glutatyon düzeyinde azalmaya yol açtığı belirlenmiştir. Buna karşın, östrojen uygulaması menopozda yapılan egzersiz nedeniy-le karaciğerde oluşan oksidan stresi engellemiştir. Egzer-sizle veya egzersize östrojen tedavisinin eklenmesiyle böbrek fonksiyonları önemli ölçüde etkilenmezken, kemik yapısında tek başına östrojene kıyasla daha olumlu deği-şiklikler gözlenmiştir.Sonuç: Östrojen replasmanı kemik dokusundaki olum-lu etkilerinin yanı sıra karaciğer ve böbrekte oksidan stresi azaltmakta ve özellikle karaciğerde egzersize bağlı gelişen oksidan stresi baskılayarak koruyucu etki göstermektedir. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of estrogen or exercise or estrogen-exercise combi-nation on oxidant damage and histopathological and func-tional changes observed in kidney and liver of rats with surgical menopause.Materials and Methods: Bilateral ovariectomy was performed on female Sprague Dawley rats (n=32) under anesthesia and all rats were randomly divided into two groups. Half of the rats were given normal drinking water, and the other half had estrogen (1mg/kg/day) added to their drinking water. Two weeks later, the groups were divided into sedentary and exercise (5 days/week, 30 mi-nutes, 8 weeks) groups. At the end of the experimental protocol, serum, liver and kidney samples were taken for biochemical and histopathological examinations. Femur was also examined histopathologically.Results: In ovariectomized rats, estrogen showed a protective effect by suppressing neutrophil infiltration and production of reactive oxygen species in kidney tissue, causing a slight increase in bone mass, with a decrease in hepatic antioxidant glutathione level. On the other hand, estrogen application prevented the oxidant stress in the liver due to the exercise performed in menopause. While kidney functions were not significantly affected by exerci-se or the addition of estrogen therapy to exercise, more favorable changes were observed in bone structure compa-red to estrogen alone.Conclusion: In addition to the positive effects of estro-gen replacement on bone tissue, estrogen reduces oxidant stress in the liver and kidney and shows a protective effect by suppressing the oxidant stress that develops especially in the liver due to exercise.

Background: Bile duct obstruction, which results in cholestatic liver injury, is also the major cause of acute pancreatitis. Phoenixin (PNX) was originally defined as a hypothalamic peptide associated with a wide range of physiological processes and exerts antioxidant and antiinflammatory effects. PNX is expressed in several peripheral organs including pancreas and liver. We aimed to evaluate possible therapeutic effects of PNX on hepatic and pancreatic damage induced by biliary or pancreaticobiliary duct obstruction. Methods: In male Sprague Dawley rats, bile duct ligation (BDL; n=16) or pancreaticobiliary duct ligation (PBDL; n= 16) was performed under ketamine anesthesia, while control rats (n=8) had sham-surgery. Either PNX-14 (50 µg/kg/day) or saline was subcutaneously injected immediately after surgery and in the following 2 days. On the post-operative 3rd day, hepatic and renal blood flow was measured using laser Doppler flowmeter under anesthesia and the rats were then euthanized. In the liver and pancreas samples, levels of malondialdehyde, antioxidant glutathione and myeloperoxidase activity were measured by spectrophotometry, while luminol- and lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence (CL) levels were measured to assess formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Tissue samples were stained by hematoxylin-eosin to calculate microscopic damage scores. Statistical analyses were made by one-way ANOVA. Results: Increased microscopic damage scores in the pancreas of saline-treated PBDL (p

Background and Aims: Dapagliflozin (DAPA) is a sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) as a monotherapy or combination therapy with other antidiabetic medicines. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recently approved DAPA to minimize the risk of hospitalization due to heart failure in patients with T2DM because of its antihypertensive and antihyperglycemic activities. However, further study of DAPA is necessary to ensure the safety of patients.Methods: T2DM was induced by streptozotocin (STZ) injection (35 mg/kg b.w. i.p.) in male rats that were fed a high-fat diet for two weeks before STZ injection. The diabetic rats were exposed to 10 mg/kg DAPA by oral gavage during sub-acute treat- ment. Total cholesterol levels and oxidative stress parameters were evaluated. Heart tissues were histologically examined, and cardiac troponin T (cTnT) levels were measured.Results: DAPA has the potential to inhibit diabetes-induced oxidative stress and morphologic damage to heart tissue, and increased cTnT levels of the heart, which is important for cardiac contractility.Conclusion: DAPA might have a protective effect on the heart at a 10 mg/kg oral dose; however, further experimental and clinical studies are required to clarify the cardio-protective potential of DAPA.

Aim: Cardiac hepatopathy arises due to heart failure and influences has effects on heart recovery after myocardial infarction (MI).The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of Erythropoietin (EPO) on liver tissue exposed to ischemia due to MI.Material and Methods: Experimental MI was established by left anterior descending coronary artery ligation (CAL) and EPO or saline was injected immediately after CAL to five groups of rats, which groups are Control, Saline, EPO 5000, EPO 10000, CAL+1h. CAL+1h group was sacrificed one hour after CAL without any treatment. Other groups were sacrificed six hours after the operation. Liver tissues were examined histopathologically by Hematoxylin Eosin (HE) staining and electron microscopy. Results: Degenerative changes in liver tissue such as vacuolization, sinusoidal dilatation, hepatocyte pyknosis, Kuppfer cell activation were observed. Vacuolization, and sinusoidal dilatation increased in the Saline group compared to the control group (p=0.010 for both). Degenerated hepatocytes with pyknotic nuclei as well as activated Kuppfer cells were decreased in the EPO 10000 group compared to the Saline group (p=0.009), and activated Kupfer cells were decreased compared to the Saline and CAL+1h groups (p=0.035 and p=0.019, respectively).Conclusion: EPO protected liver tissue from histopathological damages regardless of dose, when given at the time of MI. EPO, when given immediately after MI, protected liver tissue from histopathological damage regardless of dose. Considering the mutual interaction of liver and heart, applying EPO to MI patients at first sight may prevent post-MI liver damage and contribute to the recovery of the heart., Amaç: Kardiyak hepatopati, kalp yetmezliğine bağlı olarak ortaya çıkar ve miyokard infarktüsü (MI) sonrası kalbin iyileşmesini etkiler. kalp dokusu iyileşmesi üzerinde etkileri bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, MI nedeniyle iskemiye maruz kalan karaciğer dokusu üzerinde Eritropoetinin (EPO) koruyucu etkisinin araştırılmasıdır. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Sol ön inen koroner arter ligasyonu (KAL) ile deneysel MI oluşturuldu ve Kontrol, SF (serum fizyolojik), EPO 5000, EPO 10000, KAL+1s. olmak üzere beş grup sıçana KAL'dan hemen sonra EPO veya SF enjekte edildi: KAL+1s grubu KAL'dan bir saat sonra herhangi bir tedavi uygulanmadan sakrifiye edildi. Diğer gruplar, operasyondan altı saat sonra sakrifiye edildi. Karaciğer dokuları Hematoksilen Eozin (HE) boyama ve elektron mikroskobu ile histopatolojik olarak incelendi.Bulgular: Karaciğer dokusunda vakuolizasyon, sinüzoidal dilatasyon, hepatosit piknozu, Kuppfer hücre aktivasyonu gibi dejeneratif değişiklikler gözlendi. SF grubunda vakuolizasyon ve sinüzoidal dilatasyon Kontrol grubuna göre arttı (her ikisi için p=0,010). EPO 10000 grubunda piknotik çekirdekli dejenere hepatositler SF grubuna göre azalırken (p=0,009), ve aktive Kuppfer hücreleri SF ve KAL+1s gruplarına göre azaldı (sırasıyla p=0,035 ve p=0,019).Sonuç: EPO, MI sırasında meydana gelmesinden hemen sonra verildiğinde, dozdan bağımsız olarak karaciğer dokusunu histopatolojik hasarlanmadan korumuştur. Karaciğer ve kalbin karşılıklı etkileşimi göz önüne alındığında, MI hastalarına ilk görüşte EPO uygulanması, MI sonrası karaciğer hasarını önleyebilir ve kalbin iyileşmesine katkıda bulunabilir.

The blood-testis barrier is found between the Sertoli cells and divides the seminiferous tubule epithelium into basal and adluminal compartments. The germinal cell renewal, differentiation and cell cycle progression up to the preleptotene spermotocytes stage take place in the basal compartment, however, meiosis, spermiogenesis and spermiation take place in the adluminal compertment. The blood-testis barrier consists of tight junctions as well as ectoplasmic specialisations, desmosomes and gap junctions to create specific microenvironment for the completion of spermatogenesis to form spermatozoa. The blood-testis barrier is not a static ultrastructure, it undergoes extensive restructuring during the seminiferous tubule epithelial cycle of spermatogenesis to allow the transit of preleptotene spermotocytes at the blood-testis barrier from basal compartment towards the adluminal compartment. The functions of the blood-testis barrier include preventing the transport of biomolecules into the paracellular space, forming an immunological barrier, separating cellular processes during the spermatogenic epithelial cycle, and establishing the cellular polarity of the seminiferous tubule. However, various environmental conditions, chemotherapeutic agents, toxic substances and lifestyle have degenerative effects on blood-testis barrier, resulting in testicular damage, altered sperm parameters and ultimately male infertility. The alterations in morphological and molecular organization of blood-testis barrier in different experimentally induced testis injury models arc reviewed in this article.

Objectives: Nutritional obesity causes oxidant damage in the body and cataract formation in the lenses by increasing the formation of free radicals. Myrtus communis leaf extracts (Myr) have antioxidant properties, and apocynin (Apo) is an effective NADPH-oxidase inhibitor. The data on tissue boron levels are quite lacking. The aim of this novel study was to investigate the effects of Myr and Apo treatment on boron levels and oxidative lens damage in rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Materials and Methods: Wistar albino male rats were randomly divided into four groups: the control group, HFD group, HFD + Myr group, and HFD + Apo group. Body weight and blood lipids were determined before and after the experiment. After decapitating the rats, the lenses were removed and homogenized. Catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities and boron, malondialdehyde (MDA), and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels in the lens homogenates were determined. Results: The HFD increased serum triglyceride (p

Objective: Metabolic disorders occurring in post-menopausal period increase the risk for development of fatty liver disease in women. Aim of the study was to evaluate possible effects of ghrelin on metabolic biomarkers and hepatic morphology in ovariectomized (OVT) rats. Methods:Under ketamine-chlorpromazine anesthesia (100 mg/kg, 0.75 mg/kg), Sprague-Dawley rats (n=12) underwent bilateral OVT, while control group had sham-surgery (n=6). Four weeks after surgery, half of OVT rats were treated intraperitonally with ghrelin (1 mg/kg/hafta) for 4 weeks, while others were not treated. Rats were euthanized by cardiac puncture at the end of 8th weeks, and serum levels of glucose, insulin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), triglycerides, estradiol and progesterone were measured by an automated analyzer. Results: Increased body weights in OVT rats (p

Nikotinin birçok farklı dokuda anti-inflamatuvar etkilere sahip olduğu ve bu etkileri kolinerjik anti-inflamatuvar yolağı aktive_x000D_ ederek gerçekleştirdiği gösterilmiştir. Çalışmada akut pankreatit modelinde nikotin tedavisinin etkilerini ve bu etkilerin_x000D_ kolinerjik yolla ilişkisini araştırmak amaçlanmıştır. Wistar albino sıçanların pankreas-safra ortak kanalı bağlanırken (PSKB),bir_x000D_ gruba da yalancı-cerrahi (YC) uygulandı. PSKB sıçanlara vagal aferent denervasyon (perivagal kapsaisin; 10mg/ml) veya_x000D_ trunkal vagotomi uygulandı ya da vagusları sağlam bırakıldı. PSKB grupları cerrahi sonrası ikiye ayrılarak 4 gün boyunca_x000D_ intraperitoneal nikotin (1 mg/kg/gün) ya da serum fizyolojik verildi. Dördüncü günde dekapitasyonu takiben, serumda tümör_x000D_ nekroz faktör (TNF)-∝ ve interlökin (IL)-10 ölçümü, akciğer, karaciğer ve pankreas dokularında miyeloperoksidaz aktivitesi_x000D_ (MPO), malondialdehit (MDA), glutatyon (GSH) ölçümleri ve histolojik inceleme yapıldı. TNF-∝ düzeyi PSKB grubunda YC_x000D_ grubuna göre belirgin şekilde daha yüksekken, nikotin tedavisi alanlarda belirgin şekilde daha düşüktü. IL-10 düzeyi ise SF_x000D_ tedavisi almış PSKB grubunda YC grubuna göre daha düşüktü ve nikotin tedavisi ile arttığı gözlendi.YC grubuna göre PSKB_x000D_ grubunun pankreas, karaciğer ve akciğer dokularında mikroskopik hasar, MDA, MPO düzeyleri artarken GSH düzeyleri azaldı._x000D_ Nikotin tedavisi ile karaciğer ve pankreas dokularındaki hasar, MDA, MPO düzeyleri azaldı ve GSH miktarları korundu. Vagal_x000D_ aferent denervasyon ya da trunkal vagotomi yapılması nikotinin bu koruyucu etkilerini değiştirmedi. Sonuçlar, nikotinin_x000D_ pankreatit hasarına karşı koruyucu etkilerini vagal yoldan bağımsız olarak, doğrudan immün hücreler üzerindeki ∝7nAChR_x000D_ aktivasyonu ile nötrofil infiltrasyonunu ve pro-inflamatuvar sitokinleri inhibe ederek gerçekleştirdiğini ortaya koymaktadır._x000D_ _x000D_ Anahtar Kelimeler: pankreatit, nikotin, vagus, inflamasyon, pankreatik kanal bağlama The anti-inflammatory effects of nicotine on various organs and the involvement of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory_x000D_ pathway activation in these effects were previously shown. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the effects of nicotine_x000D_ treatment on the acute pancreatitis model and to investigate the association of the cholinergic pathway with these effects._x000D_ In Wistar albino rats, the common pancreatic-biliary duct was ligated (PBDL) or sham-operation was performed. In PBDL_x000D_ rats, vagal afferent denervation (perivagal application of capsaicin; 10mg/ml) or truncal vagotomy was applied or the vagi_x000D_ were left intact. Postoperatively, PBDL groups were treated intraperitoneally with either nicotine (1 mg/kg/day) or saline_x000D_ for 4 days. Following decapitation on the 4th day, serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-∝ and interleukin (IL)-10 levels and_x000D_ myeloperoxidase activity (MPO), malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels in the pancreas, liver and lung tissues_x000D_ were measured, and histopathological analyses were made. While the TNF-∝ level was significantly higher in the PBDL_x000D_ group than in the sham-operated group, it was significantly lower in the subjects which have taken nicotine treatment. IL-10_x000D_ level was lower in the PBDL group treated with saline than in the sham-operated group and an increase was observed with_x000D_ nicotine treatment.Compared to sham-operated group, microscopic damage scores, MDA, MPO levels in the pancreas, liver_x000D_ and lung tissues of the PBDL group were elevated, while GSH levels were reduced. Nicotine treatment depressed MDA and_x000D_ MPO levels, preserved GSH contents and reduced histological damage in the pancreas and liver. Vagal afferent denervation or_x000D_ truncal vagotomy did not alter these protective effects of nicotine. The results suggest that the protective effects of nicotine on_x000D_ pancreatic inflammation could occur independently of the vagal pathways, but directly by the activation of ∝7-nAChR on the_x000D_ immune cells and by inhibiting neutrophil infiltration and pro-inflammatory cytokine release._x000D_ _x000D_ Keywords: pancreatitis, nicotine, vagus, inflammation, pancreatic duct ligation

Nikotininbirçok farklı dokuda anti-inflamatuvar etkilere sahip olduğu ve bu etkileri kolinerjik anti-inflamatuvar yolağı aktive ederek gerçekleştirdiği gösterilmiştir. Çalışmada akut pankreatit modelinde nikotin tedavisinin etkilerini ve bu etkilerin kolinerjik yolla ilişkisini araştırmak amaçlanmıştır. Wistar albino sıçanların pankreas-safra ortak kanalı bağlanırken(PSKB),bir grubada yalancı-cerrahi (YC)uygulandı. PSKB sıçanlaravagal aferent denervasyon(perivagal kapsaisin; 10mg/ml)veya trunkal vagotomi uygulandı ya da vagusları sağlam bırakıldı. PSKB grupları cerrahi sonrası ikiye ayrılarak 4 gün boyunca intraperitoneal nikotin (1 mg/kg/gün) ya da serum fizyolojik verildi. Dördüncü günde dekapitasyonu takiben,serumda tümör nekroz faktör (TNF)- ve interlökin (IL)-10 ölçümü, akciğer, karaciğer ve pankreas dokularındamiyeloperoksidaz aktivitesi (MPO), malondialdehit (MDA), glutatyon (GSH) ölçümleri ve histolojik inceleme yapıldı. TNF- düzeyi PSKB grubunda YC grubuna göre belirgin şekilde daha yüksekken, nikotin tedavisi alanlarda belirgin şekilde daha düşüktü. IL-10 düzeyi ise SF tedavisi almış PSKB grubunda YC grubuna göre daha düşüktü ve nikotin tedavisi ile arttığı gözlendi.YC grubuna göre PSKB grubunun pankreas, karaciğer ve akciğer dokularında mikroskopik hasar, MDA, MPO düzeyleri artarken GSH düzeyleri azaldı. Nikotin tedavisi ile karaciğer ve pankreas dokularındaki hasar, MDA, MPO düzeyleri azaldı ve GSH miktarları korundu. Vagal aferent denervasyon ya da trunkal vagotomi yapılması nikotinin bu koruyucu etkilerini değiştirmedi. Sonuçlar, nikotininpankreatit hasarına karşıkoruyucu etkilerini vagal yoldan bağımsız olarak, doğrudan immün hücreler üzerindeki 7nAChR aktivasyonu ile nötrofil infiltrasyonunu ve pro-inflamatuvar sitokinleri inhibe ederek gerçekleştirdiğini ortaya koymaktadır., The anti-inflammatory effects of nicotine on various organs and the involvement of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway activation in these effects were previously shown. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the effects of nicotine treatment on acute pancreatitis model and to investigate the association of cholinergic pathway with these effects.In Wistar albino rats common pancreatic-biliaryduct was ligated (PBDL) or sham-operation were performed. In PBDL rats, vagal afferent denervation (perivagal capsaicin; 10mg/ml) or truncal vagotomy was appliedor the vagi were left intact. Postoperatively, PBDL groups were treated intraperitoneally with either nicotine (1 mg/kg/day) or saline for 4 days. Following decapitation on the 4th day, serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-and interleukin (IL)-10 levels andmyeloperoxidase activity (MPO), malondialdehiyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels in the pancreas, liver and lung tissues were measured, and histopathological analyses were made. While the TNF-α level was significantly higher in the PBDL group than in the YC group, it was significantly lower in the subjects takennicotine treatment. IL-10 level was lower in the PBDL group treated with saline than in the YC group and an increase was observed with nicotine treatment.Compared to sham-operated group, microscopic damage scores, MDA, MPO levels in the pancreas, liver and lung tissues of the PBDL group were elevated, while GSH levels were reduced. Nicotine treatment depressed MDA and MPO levels,preserved GSH contents and reduced histological damage in the pancreas and liver. Vagal afferent denervation or truncal vagotomy did not alter these protective effects of nicotine. The results suggest that the protective effects of nicotine on pancreatic inflammation could occur independently of the vagal pathways, but directly by the activation of 7nAChR on the immune cells and by inhibiting neutrophil infiltration and pro-inflammatory cytokine release.

Kaya, Ozlem Tugce Cilingir/0000-0002-2591-9174; Yegen, Berrak C./0000-0003-0791-0165; WOS:000505071500008 Objective: Metabolic disorders occurring in post-menopausal period increase the risk for development of fatty liver disease in women. Aim of the study was to evaluate possible effects of ghrelin on metabolic biomarkers and hepatic morphology in ovariectomized (OVT) rats. Methods:Under ketamine-chlorpromazine anesthesia (100 mg/kg, 0.75 mg/kg), Sprague-Dawley rats (n=12) underwent bilateral OVT, while control group had sham-surgery (n=6). Four weeks after surgery, half of OVT rats were treated intraperitonally with ghrelin (1 mg/kg/hafta) for 4 weeks, while others were not treated. Rats were euthanized by cardiac puncture at the end of 8th weeks, and serum levels of glucose, insulin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), triglycerides, estradiol and progesterone were measured by an automated analyzer. Results: Increased body weights in OVT rats (p

Background/aim: This study was designed to examine the effect of tadalafil, a phosphodiesterase (PDE)5 inhibitor, on the severity of joint and muscle damage in rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis (AA). Materials and methods: AA was induced by intradermal inoculation into right hind paw of male Sprague Dawley rats (300-450g) with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA; 0.1 mL). AA rats were treated with either tadalafil (10 mg/kg; per oral) alone or along with the soluble guanylyl cyclase inhibitor 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ; 10 mg/kg; intraperitoneally). After decapitation on day 16, trunk blood was collected for total oxidant status (TOS) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) assays. The left metatarsophalangeal joint and gastrocnemius muscle were excised for microscopic examination. Muscle samples were also evaluated in terms of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione, and chemiluminescence (CL) levels. Results: In tadalafil-treated AA rats, metatarsophalangeal joints revealed regular morphology of the cartilage with slight destruction and less inflammatory cell infiltration and vascularization in comparison to the controls (microscopic score: 1.17 ± 0.31 vs. 4.17 ± 0.79; P < 0.01). AA rats presented increased gastrocnemius muscle MDA, glutathione, and CL levels compared to the controls (P < 0.01, for MDA; P < 0.05, for glutathione; P < 0.05 for CL). Tadalafil attenuated the increase in CL levels (P < 0.01, for luminol and P < 0.001, for lucigenin). Serum TOS showed significant reductions by tadalafil. Conclusion: The long-acting PDE5 inhibitor tadalafil provides partial protection in a rat model of CFA-induced arthritis possibly via suppression of oxidant generation.

Amaçlar: Bu çalışmanın amacı, dijital mobil telefonlarından gelenve en yüksek spesifik absorbsiyon oranı (Specific AbsorbtionRate-SAR) değeri 1,79W/kg olan dijital selüler sistem (DSS)1800-MHz radyasyonunun erkek sıçan mesanesi üzerine etkileriniaraştırmaktır.Gereç ve Yöntem: Sıçanlara mobil telefondan stand-by(Stand-by Fetal grup) ya da kesintisiz iletim modunda yayılanelektromagnetik dalga (EMD Fetal grup), günde 2 saat, embriyonik14. günden doğuma kadar ya da doğumdan sonraki 60. güne kadar(Stand-by ve EMD grupları) uygulanmıştır. Deney gruplarındakitüm hayvanların mesaneleri postnatal 60. günde eter anestezisialtında alınmış ve ışık ve elektron mikroskopik değerlendirmeleriçin hazırlanmıştır. Ürotelyumun bariyer fonkisyonu zonulaokludens 1 ve E-kaderin immunhistokimyası ve transmisyonelektron mikroskobik inceleme için rutenyum kırmızısı boyamasıile değerlendirilmiştir. Oksidatif hasar biyokimyasal teknikler iledeğerlendirilmiştir.Bulgular: Elektromagnetik dalga grubunda, ürotelyumdökülmeleri, mast hücre sayısında artış, sıkı bağlantılarda hasarve interselüler alanda genişlemeler gözlenmiştir. Son olarak,kontrol grubu ile kıyaslandığında, tüm gruplarda malondialdehitseviyesinde yükselme ve glutatyon seviyesinde düşüş gözlenmiştir.Sonuç: Elektromagnetik dalga, maruz kalınan yoğunluk vesüreye paralel olarak, gelişim sürecindeki mesane üzerine olumsuzetki yapmaktadır. Bu değişiklikler mesanede enflamatuvarhastalıklara sebep olabilir., Objectives: The aim of the study was to investigate the effects ofdigital cellular system (DCS) 1800-MHz radiation of a commondigital mobile phone which has the highest specific absorption ratevalue of 1.79 W/kg on the urinary bladders of male rats.Materials and Methods: Rats exposed to electromagneticwave (EMW) emmited by mobile phones on stand-by (Stand-byFetal Group) or discontinious transmission mode (EMW Fetalgroup), 2 hours per day, from embryonic day 14 until parturitionor until postnatal day 60 (Stand-by Fetal Group). The urinarybladders of the animals in experimental groups were removed atpostnatal day 60 and prepared for light and electron microscopicalinvestigation. The barrier function of urothelium was evaluatedusing zonula occludens 1 and E-cadherin immunohistochemistryand ruthenium red staining for transmission electron microscopy.Oxidative damage were evaluated by biochemical techniques.Results: EMW wave group showed desquamation of urothelialcells, increased number of mast cells, degeneration of tight junctions anddilatation of intercellular space. Finally, increase in the malondialdehydeand decrease in the glutathione levels were observed in all experimentalgroups when compared to Those in the control group.Conclusion: Exposure intensity and time length correlate withadverse effects in developing period of the urinary bladder. Thesechanges may lead to urinary bladder inflammatory disorders.

Amaç: Bu çalışma, oral uygulanan minosiklinin -yarı sentetikikinci kuşak tetrasiklin– sıçanlarda yanık ile uyarılan karaciğer veböbrek hasarı üzerine anti-inflamatuvar potansiyelini incelemeyiamaçlamıştır.Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmada dişi Sprague-Dawley sıçanlar(250-300 g; n=7-8/grup) kullanıldı. Yanık ve taklit grupları, sırasıile 90 0C ve 25 0C’lik su banyosunda 10 saniye tutuldu. Minosiklin(20 mg/kg; günde iki kez; orogastrik yolla) yanık sonrası 24saat süreyle uygulandı. Dekapitasyon sonrası, biyokimyasalölçümler için gövde kanı toplandı. Histopatolojik incelemeve malondialdehit (MDA), glutatyon ve kemiluminisans (CL)ölçümleri için karaciğer ve böbrekler çıkarıldı.Bulgular: Minosiklin tedavisi yanık grubuna ait serum alaninaminotransferaz, aspartat aminotransferaz, kan üre azotu vekreatinin düzeylerine anlamlı bir etki göstermedi. Yanık grubundaartmış serum toplam oksidan durum (P, Objectives: This study aimed to examine the anti-inflammatorypotential of orally-administered minocycline, a semi-syntheticsecond-generation tetracycline, on burn-induced liver and kidneydamage in rats.Materials and Methods: Female Sprague-Dawley rats (250-300 g; n=7-8/group) were used. Burn and sham groups wereexposed to 90 0C and 25 0C water bath for 10 s, respectively.Minocycline (20 mg/kg; twice daily; orogastrically) wasadministered for 24 h post-burn. After decapitation, trunk bloodwas collected for biochemical assays. Liver and kidneys wereexcised for histopathological evaluation and malondialdehyde(MDA), glutathione and chemiluminescence (CL) assays.Results: Minocycline treatment did not exert a significant effecton serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase,blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine levels of the burn group.Increased serum total oxidant status of the burn group was reversed(P

Amaç: Omurilik hasarı inflamatuar yanıta ve oksidatif strese yol açarak çeşitli organ sistemlerinde zararlı etkiler oluşturur. Riboflavin insan ve hayvanda sağlığın sürdürülmesinde önemli role sahip olan ve kolayca absorbe edilen mikrobesindir. Bu çalışma omurilik yaralanmasına bağlı omurilik ve böbrek dokusunda riboflavinin koruyucu etkilerini araştırmak üzere planlandı.Yöntemler: Omurilik hasarı oluşturmak için anestezi altındaki sıçanlara T10 seviyesinde 100 g/cm şiddetinde ağırlık düşürme metodu uygulandı. Hasarlı hayvanlara riboflavin 25 mg/kg dozunda ya da taşıyıcı çözelti tedavisi hasardan 15 dakika sonra verildi ve 7 gün süreyle devam edildi. Hasardan sonra 7.günde nörolojik testin arkasından hayvanlar dekapite edilerek spinal ve böbrek dokuları alındı. Dokularda histolojik tayinler yapıldı ve malondialdehit (MDA), glutatyon (GSH), 8-hidroksi-2-deoksiguanozin (8-OHdG) düzeyleri ile myeloperoksidaz (MPO), süperoksid dismutaz (SOD) ve katalaz aktiviteleri tayin edildi.Bulgular: Omurilik hasarı dokularda GSH düzeylerinde ve SOD aktivitesinde azalamaya, MDA düzeyinde ve MPO ve kaspaz aktivitelerinde artışa neden oldu. Riboflavin tedavisi bu parametreleri geri çevirdi ve histolojik bulgularda düzelme gösterdi.Sonuç: Çalışmamızda Omurilik hasarı, dokuya nötrofil göçüne ve oksidan strese yol açarken, antiapoptotik ve nöroprotektif özellikleri ile riboflavin lipid peroksidasyonunu ve nötrofillerin dokuya infiltrasyonunu inhibe etti. Ayrıca, çalışmamız riboflavinin antiapoptotik ve antioksidan etkisinin sadece omurilikte değil omurilik hasarında ikincil olarak ortaya çıkan böbrek hasarında da önemli faydaları olduğunu gösterdi., Objective: Spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to an inflammatory response and results in oxidative stress, which has deleterious effects on several organ systems. Riboflavin is an easily absorbed micronutrient that plays an important role in maintaining health in humans and animals. The present study was designed to investigate the putative protective effect of riboflavin against SCI-induced spinal cord and kidney damage.Methods: In order to induce SCI, the standard weight-drop method was used to induce a moderately severe injury (100 g/cm force) at the T10 vertebral level. Injured animals were given either 25 mg/kg riboflavin or carboxymethyl cellulose 15 min after injury, and this regimen was repeated twice daily for 7 days. On the 7th post-injury day, a neurological examination was performed and rats were sacrificed. Spinal cord and kidney samples were harvested and prepared for a histological examination. Tissue levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and activities of myeloperoxidase (MPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and caspase-3 were determined.Results: SCI caused a significant decrease in tissue GSH levels and SOD activities, which were accompanied by significant increases in MDA and 8-OHdG levels and MPO and caspase-3 activities. However, riboflavin treatment reversed these parameters and improved histological findings.Conclusion: SCI caused tissue injury through oxidative stress and neutrophil infiltration into tissues. Riboflavin inhibited tissue injury through its neuroprotective and antiapoptotic effects. Moreover, our study demonstrated that riboflavin not only exerts antioxidant and antiapoptotic effects on the spinal cord but also has a significant impact on preventing kidney damage secondary to SCI.

Objectives: The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of digital cellular system (DCS) 1800-MHz radiation of a common digital mobile phone which has the highest specific absorption rate value of 1.79 W/kg on the urinary bladders of male rats.

Objectives: To investigate the impact of exercise on ulcerogenesis.Materials and Methods: Gastric ulcer was induced in Wistaralbino rats that were either kept sedentary or had swimmingexercise for 6 weeks. Under anesthesia, ulcer was induced byapplying acetic acid on the stomach serosa, while control rats hadsham-operation. On 3rd or 10th days of ulcer induction, anxietylevels were measured and rats were decapitated for measuringserum cortisol level, while gastric tissue samples were obtained forhistopathologic analysis and for determination of malondialdehyde(MDA), glutathione (GSH) levels, myeloperoxidase (MPO)activity, luminol- and lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence(CL) and nitric oxide (NO) levels.Results: In sedentary 3-day-ulcer group, gastric MPO activitieswere elevated with concomitant reductions in GSH content, whilethese changes were reversed in 10-day ulcer group. In exercised3-day-ulcer group, all parameters were significantly reversed.Increased lucigenin-CL was suppressed, while NO levels wereelevated by exercise. Histological analysis revealed lower lesionscores in exercised groups. Serum cortisol levels were not differentamong ulcer groups, but anxiety was suppressed by swimmingexercise in 3-day-ulcer group., Amaç: Düzenli egzersizin ülserogenez üzerine olan etkisiniaraştırmaktır.Gereç ve Yöntem: Wistar albino sıçanlar, sedanter ve egzersizgrupları olarak ikiye ayrıldı. Altı haftalık egzersizin sonunda,anestezi altında mide serozasına asetik-asit uygulanarak ülseroluşturulurken, kontrol gruplarına taklit-cerrahi yapıldı. Ülseruygulanmasının 3. ve 10. günlerinde, anksiyete düzeyleri belirlendive sıçanlar dekapite edildi. Serum kortizol seviyeleri ölçüldü;mide dokusu örnekleri malondialdehit (MDA), glutatyon (GSH),miyeloperoksidaz (MPO), nitrik oksit (NO), luminol-lusigeninprobları ile kemiluminesans (KL) ölçümleri ve histopatolojikanaliz için alındı.Bulgular: Kontrol gruplarına kıyasla sedanter 3 ve 10 günlükülser gruplarında MPO ve MDA seviyeleri artarken, GSH seviyeleriazaldı. Bu değişiklikler 10 günlük ülser gruplarında kontroldüzeylerine döndü. Egzersiz yapan 3 günlük ülser grubunda tümparametreler tersine döndü. Ülser ile artmış bulunan lusigenin KLdüzeyi egzersiz ile baskılanırken NO düzeyi egzersizle anlamlıolarak artmış bulundu. Histolojik incelemede egzersiz gruplarındalezyon skorları düşük bulundu. Ülser yapılan sedanter ve egzersizgruplarında kortizol seviyeleri arasında farklılık görülmedi. Ülserebağlı artan anksiyete, 3 günlük egzersiz yapan ülser gruplarındaazalırken 10 günlük ülser grubunda değişmedi.Sonuç: Düzenli yüzme egzersizi, dokuya nötrofil infiltrasyonunuengellemek, NO yapımını uyarmak ve anksiyeteyi azaltmakyoluyla midede oksidatif hasarı hafifletmektedir. Düzenli egzersiz,mide ülserinin gelişmesini yavaşlatan ve iyileşmesini kolaylaştıranbir yaklaşım olarak dikkate alınmalıdır.