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Introducción. La Organización Mundial de la Salud OMS considera el bajo peso al nacer como un problema de salud pública, dado que esta entidad aumenta el riesgo de padecer enfermedades no transmisibles en etapas posteriores de la vida y es la causa de morbilidad y mortalidad neonatal más frecuente. El bajo peso al nacer trae consigo deficiencia en el desarrollo físico y neurológico del neonatal, tanto a largo como a corto plazo, sea por patologías congénitas, genéticas o por eventos secundarios a la internación en unidades de cuidados intensivos neonatales, tales como infecciones asociada al cuidado de la salud, uso de ventilación asistida, consumo de determinados fármacos u otras condiciones que van sujetas a hospitalizaciones prolongadas al recién nacido. Objetivos. Medir la frecuencia de bajo peso al nacer de gestaciones a término y pretérmino e identificar los posibles factores de riesgo relacionados. Metodología. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo en nacimientos ocurridos en la ciudad de Bogotá entre los años 2014 a 2016, basados en datos recolectados por el Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística DANE, utilizando medidas de tendencia central para evaluar la frecuencia de peso al nacer bajo. Resultados. El total de nacidos vivos en el periodo estudiado, según las estadísticas vitales del Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística fue de 349.967, de los cuales 44.817 fueron nacidos vivos con bajo peso, lo que equivale al 12,80% del total de la población. El mayor registro se documentó en el año 2014 con 14.973 casos; las gestantes en las edades extremas, menores de 15 años y mayores de 44 años tienen las tasas más elevadas de bajo peso al nacer 0,18 y 0,25 respectivamente. Conclusiones. Las edades maternas extremas, resulta ser un factor riesgo para desarrollar bajo peso al nacer el intervalo de bajo peso al nacer más frecuente durante el periodo estudiado fue entre los 2.000 y 2.499 gr. El único año en el que se identificó diferencia estadística fue 2016, las edades maternas extremas presentaron las tasas más altas de nacidos vivos con bajo peso fueron en las localidades de Suba y Kennedy.

Airway management is a priority to any caregiver in a trauma scenario. The current clinical gold standard for airway securement is endotracheal intubation (ETI), which involves placement of an endotracheal tube into patient tracheas and pneumatically expanding a cuff for securement. Incorrect performance of this delicate and complex procedure poses significant risks to patients, as excessive force and leverage during insertion can damage sensitive airway tissues, especially when performed by less-skilled providers or executed in difficult airway situations. The present study investigated the development of a bioinspired mechanical platform termed the Digital Extenders, which is capable of augmenting a provider’s reach for ETI. A prototype that could apply an output force of at least 20 N was designed for comparative analysis versus current clinical approaches. Performance analysis studies utilized an innovative instrumented mannequin model to compare force employed during intubation with the Digital Extenders versus direct laryngoscopy and digital intubation. Resulting data showed that there is an important reduction in applied force at the base of the tongue using the novel Digital Extenders platform; such a reduction of applied force is important in enabling the provider to secure the airway, causing less trauma to the patient. In addition, the use of the Digital Extender protects the provider’s digits from patient bite reactions typical from intubation when the patient is not sufficiently sedated. These study results motivate continued development of the Digital Extenders as a less traumatic approach to ETI. Future consideration may investigate challenges in mannequins’ biomimicry of physiological properties.

Understanding neuronal function at the local and circuit level requires understanding astrocyte function. We have provided a detailed analysis of astrocyte morphology and territory in the Drosophila third-instar ventral nerve cord where there already exists considerable understanding of the neuronal network. Astrocyte shape varies more than previously reported; many have bilaterally symmetrical partners, many have a high percentage of their arborization in adjacent segments, and many have branches that follow structural features. Taken together, our data are consistent with, but not fully explained by, a model of a developmental growth process dominated by competitive or repulsive interactions between astrocytes. Our data suggest that the model should also include cell-autonomous aspects, as well as the use of structural features for growth. Variation in location of arborization territory for identified astrocytes was great enough that a standardized scheme of neuropil division among the six astrocytes that populate each hemi-segment is not possible at the third instar. The arborizations of the astrocytes can extend across neuronal functional domains. The ventral astrocyte in particular, whose territory can extend well into the proprioceptive region of the neuropil, has no obvious branching pattern that correlates with domains of particular sensory modalities, suggesting that the astrocyte would respond to neuronal activity in any of the sensory modalities, perhaps integrating across them. This study sets the stage for future studies that will generate a robust, functionally oriented connectome that includes both partners in neuronal circuits-the neurons and the glial cells, providing the foundation necessary for studies to elucidate neuron-glia interactions in this neuropil.

For bipedal robots to walk over complex and constrained environments (e.g., narrow walkways, stepping stones), they have to meet precise control objectives of speed and foot placement at every single step. This control that achieves the objectives precisely at every step is known as one-step deadbeat control. The high dimensionality of bipedal systems and the under-actuation (number of joint exceeds the actuators) presents a formidable computational challenge to achieve real-time control. In this paper, we present a computationally efficient method for one-step deadbeat control and demonstrate it on a 5-link planar bipedal model with 1 degree of under-actuation. Our method uses computed torque control using the 4 actuated degrees of freedom to decouple and reduce the dimensionality of the stance phase dynamics to a single degree of freedom. This simplification ensures that the step-to-step dynamics are a single equation. Then using Monte Carlo sampling, we generate data for approximating the step-to-step dynamics followed by curve fitting using a control affine model and a Gaussian process error model. We use the control affine model to compute control inputs using feedback linearization and fine tune these using iterative learning control using the Gaussian process error enabling one-step deadbeat control. We demonstrate the approach in simulation in scenarios involving stabilization against perturbations, following a changing velocity reference, and precise foot placement. We conclude that computed torque control-based model reduction and sampling-based approximation of the step-to-step dynamics provides a computationally efficient approach for real-time one-step deadbeat control of complex bipedal systems.

For artificial legs that are used in legged robots, exoskeletons, and prostheses, it suffices to achieve velocity regulation at a few key instants of swing rather than tight trajectory tracking. Here, we advertise an event-based, intermittent, discrete controller to enable set-point regulation for problems that are traditionally posed as trajectory following. We measure the system state at prior-chosen instants known as events (e.g., vertically downward position), and we turn on the controller intermittently based on the regulation errors at the set point. The controller is truly discrete, as these measurements and controls occur at the time scale of the system to be controlled. To enable set-point regulation in the presence of uncertainty, we use the errors to tune the model parameters. We demonstrate the method in the velocity control of an artificial leg, a simple pendulum, with up to 50% mass uncertainty. Starting with a 100% regulation error, we achieve velocity regulation of up to 10% in about five swings with only one measurement per swing.

In this work, we study the liquid-solid interface dynamics for large time intervals on a 1-D sample, with homogeneous Neumann boundary conditions. In this kind of boundary value problem, we are able to make new predictions about the interface position by using conservation of energy. These predictions are confirmed through the heat balance integral method of Goodman and a generalized non-classical finite difference scheme. Since Neumann boundary conditions imply that the specimen is thermally isolated, through well stablished thermodynamics, we show that the interface behavior is not parabolic, and some examples are built with a novel interface dynamics that is not found in the literature. Also, it is shown that, on a Neumann boundary value problem, the position of the interface at thermodynamic equilibrium depends entirely on the initial temperature profile. The prediction of the interface position for large time values makes possible to fine tune the numerical methods, and given that energy conservation demands highly precise solutions, we found that it was necessary to develop a general non-classical finite difference scheme where a non-homogeneous moving mesh is considered. Numerical examples are shown to test these predictions and finally, we study the phase transition on a thermally isolated sample with a liquid and a solid phase in aluminum.

Diabetic retinopathy is characterized by lesions that modify the configuration of the retina, due to changes in its blood flow that can influence the oxygen supply in the retinal metabolism. Retinal oximetry makes it possible to detect changes in oxygen saturation in veins and arteries of diabetic patients with retinopathies. The main purpose is to build an oximeter at a low cost that allows the measurement of the reflectance in the retina, helping rapid screening in the detection of diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes is a complication that affects approximately 14 million people of productive age in Mexico. Of these approximately 50% will develop retinopathy, of which 40% will eventually be blind, that is, it is estimated that 2.8 million people will be blinded by diabetic retinopathy, which could be delayed by laser intervention. Performing ophthalmological tests on a population of 14 million is virtually impossible given the resources and number of qualified ophthalmologists. The use of this 3D printing technology in the manufacture of precision parts such as optical frames, detector frames for data collection and a housing containing the optical arrangement for the development of this prototype, helps to have a relatively element Fast manufacturing and with this, field tests in a short time, obtaining feedback between the user and the designer, accelerating the development of a final product. The development of clinical instruments such as the one proposed in this project aims to generate an impact on society and an expansion in the field of biomedical instrumentation. La retinopatía diabética está caracterizada por lesiones que modifican la configuración de la retina, debido a cambios en su flujo sanguíneo que puede llegar a influenciar el suministro de oxígeno en el metabolismo retiniano. La oximetría de retina permite detectar cambios en la saturación de oxígeno en venas y arterias de pacientes diabéticos con retinopatías. El propósito fundamental es el de construir un oxímetro a bajo costo que permita realizar la medición de la reflectancia en la retina, ayudando a un rápido tamizaje en la detección de la retinopatía diabética. La diabetes es una complicación que afecta en México aproximadamente a 14 millones de personas en edad productiva. De estos aproximadamente el 50% desarrollara una retinopatía, de los cuales el 40% tendrán ceguera eventualmente, es decir, se estima que 2.8 millones de personas quedaran ciegas por retinopatía diabética, que podría ser retrasada mediante una intervención con láser. El realizar las pruebas oftalmológicas a una población

The case of a patient with repetitive syncope episodes with a history of using loperamide at high doses for recreational purposes in search of an effect similar to heroin, is reported. In the diagnostic approach with Holter monitoring, ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation were evidenced. We also present the treatment of our case and review the literature.

In order to determine the values of the dependent variable called “Color of the mango puree”, first the peel and the seed must be extracted by pulping and secondly refined again on a fine mesh sieve to obtain the puree. Five mesh sizes were evaluated from the first independent variable called “Sieve size” and corresponding to the second independent variable “Interaction time” ten different times were evaluated every 15 minutes from zero minute to 135 minutes. As for the dependent variable, the Hunter Lab coordinates were evaluated, using a Minolta CR-400 colorimeter, with three levels of the variable, which are the brightness, the a-coordinate a (a+: yellow/a-: blue), and the b-coordinate (b+: red/b-: green). As far as the results of the colour coordinates are concerned, during refined pulping for the same time, predominantly the smaller the hole size (larger mesh size) the lower the values for luminosity and the b-coordinate (b+) will be obtained: yellow colour; whereas as the interaction time increases from 0 minutes (freshly refined) to 135 minutes (final interaction time), predominantly lower values will be obtained for both brightness and b-coordinate, and there is no marked difference to the a-coordinate values (a+: red colour).

LDL, VLDL and other members of the low-density lipoparticles (LLPs) enter cells through a large family of receptors. The actual receptor ligand(s) in apolipoprotein B100, one of the main proteins of LLP, remain(s) unknown. The objective of this study was to identify true receptor ligand(s) in apo B100, a molecule of 4,563 residues. Apo B100 contains 33 analogues of Cardin-Weintraub Arginine/Lysine-based receptor ligand motifs and shares key Lysine motifs and sequence similarity with the LDL receptor-associated protein, RAP, MESD, and heat shock proteins. Eleven FITC-labeled synthetic peptides of 21 – 42 residues, with at least one ligand, were tested for binding and internalization using HeLa cells. All peptides bind but display different binding capacities and patterns. Peptides B0013, B0582, B2366, and B2932 mediate endocytosis and appear in distinct sites in the cytoplasm. B0708 and B3181 bind and remain on the cell surface as aggregates/clusters. Peptides B3119 (Site A) and B3347 (Site B), the putative ligands showed low binding and no cell entry capacity. Apo B100 regions in this study share similarities with related proteins of known function including chaperone proteins and Apo BEC Stimulating Protein, and not directly related proteins, e.g., the DNA-binding domain of Interferon Regulatory Factors, MSX2-Interacting Protein, and snake venom Zinc metalloproteinase-disintegrin-like proteins.

The use of irony and sarcasm in social media allows us to study them at scale for the first time. However, their diversity has made it difficult to construct a high-quality corpus of sarcasm in dialogue. Here, we describe the process of creating a large- scale, highly-diverse corpus of online debate forums dialogue, and our novel methods for operationalizing classes of sarcasm in the form of rhetorical questions and hyperbole. We show that we can use lexico-syntactic cues to reliably retrieve sarcastic utterances with high accuracy. To demonstrate the properties and quality of our corpus, we conduct supervised learning experiments with simple features, and show that we achieve both higher precision and F than previous work on sarcasm in debate forums dialogue. We apply a weakly-supervised linguistic pattern learner and qualitatively analyze the linguistic differences in each class., 11 pages, 4 figures, SIGDIAL 2016

Much of the user-generated content on social media is provided by ordinary people telling stories about their daily lives. We develop and test a novel method for learning fine-grained common-sense knowledge from these stories about contingent (causal and conditional) relationships between everyday events. This type of knowledge is useful for text and story understanding, information extraction, question answering, and text summarization. We test and compare different methods for learning contingency relation, and compare what is learned from topic-sorted story collections vs. general-domain stories. Our experiments show that using topic-specific datasets enables learning finer-grained knowledge about events and results in significant improvement over the baselines. An evaluation on Amazon Mechanical Turk shows 82% of the relations between events that we learn from topic-sorted stories are judged as contingent., SIGDIAL 2016

Aburto-Medina, A., Ortiz, I., & Hernández, E. (mayo-junio, 2017). Prevalencia de Enterobacteriaceae y monitoreo de contaminantes en sedimentos del río Atoyac. Tecnología y Ciencias del Agua, 8(3), 27-37. Se identificó la comunidad bacteriana en sedimentos del río Atoyac por medio de biblioteca genómica de clones. Encontramos una baja diversidad bacteriana, ya que la familia Enterobacteriaceae, específicamente especies de Shigella, Escherichia fergusonii y E. coli dominan la comunidad bacteriana, lo cual es consistente con los valores obtenidos de coliformes totales por número más probable (NMP). No se encontraron los genes que codifican para toxinas Shiga (stx1 y stx2). Alcanos (C11-C16), ésteres, ácidos orgánicos, fenoles y ftalatos clasificados como potenciales disruptores endócrinos también fueron detectados en los sedimentos y la presencia de coprostanol indica contaminación fecal. Las concentraciones de elementos decrecieron de la siguiente manera: Ca > Fe > K > Ti > Sr > Ba > Mn > Zr > Zn > Cu > Rb, mientras que As, Mo y Pb estuvieron por debajo del límite de detección. Todos los elementos, excepto el Cu, no sobrepasan los límites de la Agencia de Protección Ambiental de los Estados Unidos (USEPA, 1977). Este estudio demuestra la dominancia de Enterobacteriaceae y la baja diversidad bacteriana con la habilidad de degradar contaminantes orgánicos en los sedimentos del río en un área previa a la presa Ávila Camacho, cuyas aguas son usadas para irrigar cultivos en tierras arriba.

Specific structured lipids (SSL), previously produced by enzymatic acidolysis of coconut oil with different levels of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) as fatty acid (FA), using a sn-1, 3 specific immobilized lipase, were used to prepare randomized structured lipids (RSL). A fraction of each SSL was subjected to chemical interesterification with sodium methoxide catalyst in order to modify the FA positional distribution and produce the corresponding RSL. Both families of structured lipids (SL) containing CLA were physicochemically characterized. Then, analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to evaluate the effects of CLA content (10, 20, 30 and 40%) and FA positional distribution (specific and randomized) on physicochemical properties of SL. Free fatty acids (FFA), peroxide value (PV) and p-anisidine value (p-AV) were not significantly affected by either CLA content or distribution. As expected, the iodine value (IV) and saponification value (SV) were influenced by CLA content but not by FA positional distribution, while oxidative stability index (OSI) was affected by both factors. Dropping point (DP), cloud point (CP) and solid fat content (SFC) decreased with the increase of CLA, while viscosity increased with the level of CLA. The FA positional distribution affected practically all the evaluated physical properties of SL, except CP and DP.

As opposed to first-generation biotechnology products, such as pest-resistant crops and herbicide-resistant crops, second-generation products often utilize plant-derived, homologous or heterologous genes and/or promoters. In this study, we evaluated the ability of a promoter from a gene encoding a major storage protein in cottonseed to drive an antisense sequence of the cotton FAD2 gene to down-regulate the activity of Delta-12 desaturase enzyme in cottonseeds. The oleic acid level in the transgenic cottonseeds approximately doubled from the wild-type level of 15%, with a concomitant decrease in the level of linoleic acid. A more extensive study of one line revealed a higher degree of seed-to-seed variability in the transgenic phenotype. A thorough investigation was conducted to determine the impact of the use of a homologous promoter to drive a transgene on the activity of the endogenous promoter. The results showed that the use of the homologous alpha-globulin B promoter for transgenic purposes did not adversely affect the expression of alpha-globulin B storage protein in cottonseed. The results obtained in this investigation on the use of a homologous promoter and antisense technology will be useful in the design of strategies to alter biosynthetic pathways for nutritional quality improvements and for the production of heterologous proteins of commercial value in seeds.

Lipase-catalyzed acidolysis of different TAG with CLA was performed to produce structured lipids (SL) containing CLA. An immobilized lipase from Mucor miehei (Lipozyme IM, Novo Nordisk Inc., Franklinton, NC) was used as the biocatalyst in a solvent-free system. Conconut oil and tricaprylin, which are sources of medium-chain FA, were the starting substrates, and a mixture of FFA (MFFA) containing 73% CLA was the donor of the acyl groups. For each TAG, four different ratios of TAG/MFFA were blended to prepare about 500 g of mixture containing 10, 20, 30, and 40% CLA (w/w). Each blend was reacted with 5% lipase at 65°C for 48 h under nitrogen. Over the range of TAG/MFFA ratios examined, CLA was incorporated effectively by the enzyme. Lipozyme IM exhibited no special preference for any particular FA, since the incorporation of FA was proportional to their concentration in the system. FFA, PV, p-anisidine value (p-AV), iodine value (IV), and saponification number (SN) were evaluated for all the SL. FFA, PV, and p-AV depended on the purification process and showed no significant deterioration of SL with respect to the original TAG, whereas IV and SN depended on the composition of the SL, mainly the CLA content.

Objective: Off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) has been demonstrated to be a safe technique with similar outcomes to on-pump coronary artery bypass (ONCAB) in low-risk patients, while its role and benefits in high-risk patients are the subject of ongoing clinical trials. This review compares our high-risk patients aided by intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) with low-risk patients undergoing OPCAB to identify any differences in outcomes. Materials and Methods: One hundred and twenty-four patients who underwent OPCAB surgery between January 2004 and December 2013 were retrospectively reviewed. 61.3% were males, 57.3% were African Americans, mean age was 62.7 ± 13.3, and range was 30-90 years. Patients were divided into Group 1, 26 (21.0%) patients with IABP and Group 2, 98 (79.0%) patients without IABP. Group 1 patients had higher risk profile with mean ejection fraction (EF) 26.0 ± 10.8 and EF ≤20 present in 46.1% compared to 45.2 ± 11.9 and 5.1%, respectively, in Group 2 (P < 0.001). Results: 92.35% of Group 1 and 82.7% of Group 2 patients had multivessel disease with a mean number of bypass grafts 2.9 ± 0.97 versus 2.75 ± 0.8, respectively (P < 0.364). Left internal mammary artery (LIMA) to left anterior descending (LAD) was performed in all Group 1 and 97.9% of Group 2 patients, with saphenous vein graft (SVG) to the left circumflex and right coronary arteries in 73.1% versus 62.2% and 57.7% versus 52.0% of Groups 1 and 2, respectively. Complete revascularization occurred in 88.5% and 90.8% of Groups 1 and 2, respectively (P < 0.990). 4.0% were converted to ONCAB for either hemodynamic instability or intramyocardial coronary artery. Major morbidities were re-exploration for bleeding 3.8% versus 1.0%, stroke 3.8% versus 2.0%, acute kidney injury 11.5% versus 0%, and prolonged intubation 15.4% versus 2.0% in Groups 1 and 2, respectively. Euroscore II predicted (P) versus observed (O) mortality was 4.56% versus 4.03%, for Group 1, 7.82% versus 7.69% and Group 2, 3.64% versus 3.06%, and O/P ratios 0.88, 0.98 and 0.84 respectively. Two (2.0%) females in Group 2 with single LIMA to LAD underwent repeat revascularization with SVG to the LAD within 90 days. Conclusion: IABP helps stabilize hemodynamics during OPCAB in high-risk patients with moderate to severe left ventricular dysfunction. Mean number of bypass grafts and predicted versus observed mortality were similar between the low- and high-risk groups.

EL ZAPOTECO EN GENERAL, PERO PRINCIPALMENTE EL DEL AREA DE CAJONO Y CHOAPAN PRESENTAN CARACTERISTICAS PARTICULARES, ES UNA LENGUA TONAL, LO QUE QUIERE DECIR QUE ALGUNAS PALABRAS CAMBIAN DE SIGNIFICADO AL CAMBIAR LA ALTURA DE LA VOZ. LOS TONOS PUEDEN SER DE NIVEL (ALTO O BAJO) Y DE CONTORNO (ASCENDENTE O DESCENDENTE). EL TONO MAS GENERALIZADO ES EL TONO MAS BAJO Y POR ELLO NO SE MARCA, ESTE SE IDENTIFICA POR EL CONTEXTO, POR LO QUE NO ES NECESARIO EL USO DEL TONO EN LA ESCRITURA Y ASI CONSERVAR LO PRACTICO DEL ALFABETO. SE ENCUENTRAN TAMBIEN AUNQUE CON MENOR PRESENCIA LOS TONOS ALTO, DESCENDENTE Y ASCENDENTE.

En el presente trabajo se reporta la funcionalización de nanofibras de carbón (CNFs) y montmorillonita de sodio (MMT-Na+) mediante polimerización por plasma de etileno. Se utilizan técnicas de microscopía electrónica y espectroscópicas para evaluar la modificación de las nanopartículas. Para el caso de las nanoarcillas, se encontró evidencia por XPS de la formación de enlaces químicos de C-Si y C-O-Al. La presencia de material orgánico dentro de las galerías se determinó por difracción de rayos X en donde se observó un incremento en la distancia interlaminar de las arcillas. Se propuso un modelo esquemático de la posible distribución de distancias interlaminares, a partir de la deconvolución de la señal de difracción del plano [001] de las nanoarcillas. Además se corroboró mediante HRTEM la presencia de material orgánico dentro de las galerías y también sobre la superficie de los tactoídes. En el caso de las CNFs, se presenta evidencia de la funcionalización mediante la depositacion de nanorecubrimientos sobre la superficie de las nanofibras por medio de HRTEM. Las interacciones entre las CNFs y la parte orgánica fueron estudiadas por espectroscopia Raman, mostrando una disminución en la frecuencia de las bandas D y G. El cambio en las propiedades superficiales se estudió mediante pruebas de dispersión en cloroformo, en donde se observó una excelente interacción para CNFs funcionalizadas y pobre con CNFs puras. Adicionalmente, se estudió el efecto que tiene la funcionalización de las nanopartículas en las propiedades mecánicas, térmicas y estructurales de nanocompuestos a base de poliolefinas. Los nanocompuestos se prepararon en el estado fundido utilizando una cámara brabender de 75 cm3. Se prepararon nanocompuestos de polipropileno (PP) con CNFs a concentraciones de O, 1, 3 y 5 % en peso. También prepararon nanocompuestos de polietileno de baja densidad (LDPE)/CNFs a contenidos de CNFs de O, 1 y 3 % en peso. Las nanoarcillas se mezclaron con PP a concentraciones de O, 1, 3 y 5 % en peso. De manera general se encontró que la funcionalización de las nanopartículas promueve la dispersión y adhesión interfacial con las poliolefinas. La cristalinidad del polímero también es afectada significativamente por las nanopartículas funcionalizadas y además se observó un incremento en el grado de orientación de los cristales del polímero en el nanocompuesto por la presencia de las nanoestructuras funcionalizadas. Para el caso de nanocompuestos de PP con MMT-Na+, se encontró que la funcionalización inhibe la formación de la fase B del PP; mientras de las nanoarcillas puras promueven dicha fase. El módulo de Young se mejora en mayor medida para nanocompuestos de LDPE/CNFs-F, lo cual se explica debido a una mejor interacción interfacial por la similitud en las estructuras químicas entre ambas fases. Gran parte de las propiedades son explicadas y discutidas en términos de dispersión y adhesión interfacial.