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We demonstrate how deep convolutional neural networks can be trained to predict 2+1 D hydrodynamic simulation results for flow coefficients, mean-transverse-momentum and charged particle multiplicity from the initial energy density profile. We show that this method provides results that are accurate enough, so that one can use neural networks to reliably estimate multi-particle flow correlators. Additionally, we train networks that can take any model parameter as an additional input and demonstrate with a few examples that the accuracy remains good. The usage of neural networks can reduce the computation time needed in performing Bayesian analyses with multi-particle flow correlators by many orders of magnitude., Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures. Presented at the XXXth International Conference on Ultra-relativistic Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions (Quark Matter 2023), Houston, Texas, USA

We make predictions for the cross section of coherent $J/\psi$ photoproduction in Pb-Pb and O-O ultraperipheral collisions (UPCs) at the LHC as a function of the $J/\psi$ rapidity $y$ in the framework of collinear factorization and next-to-leading order (NLO) perturbative QCD. We quantify the strong scale dependence and significant uncertainties due to nuclear PDFs and show that our approach provides a reasonable description of the LHC data on coherent $J/\psi$ photoproduction in Pb-Pb UPCs. We demonstrate that these uncertainties are reduced by approximately a factor of 10 in the scaled ratio of the O-O and Pb-Pb UPC cross sections. Our analysis indicates the dominance of the quark contribution to the UPC cross section at central rapidities, which affects the interpretation of the UPC data., Comment: 10 pages, 6 figures. Contribution to Proceedings of XXIX Cracow EPIPHANY Conference on Physics at the Electron-Ion Collider and Future Facilities, Cracow, Poland, January 16-19, 2023

We train a deep convolutional neural network to predict hydrodynamic results for flow coefficients, average transverse momenta and charged particle multiplicities in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions from the initial energy density profiles. We show that the neural network can be trained accurately enough so that it can reliably predict the hydrodynamic results for the flow coefficients and, remarkably, also their correlations like normalized symmetric cumulants, mixed harmonic cumulants and flow-transverse-momentum correlations. At the same time the required computational time decreases by several orders of magnitude. To demonstrate the advantage of the significantly reduced computation time, we generate 10M initial energy density profiles from which we predict the flow observables using the neural network, which is trained using 5k, and validated using 90k events per collision energy. We then show that increasing the number of collision events from 90k to 10M can have significant effects on certain statistics-expensive flow correlations, which should be taken into account when using these correlators as constraints in the determination of the QCD matter properties., Comment: 11 pages, 10 figures

We present the first NLO pQCD study of coherent exclusive $J/\psi$ photoproduction in ultraperipheral heavy-ion collisions (UPCs) at the LHC. Taking the generalized parton distributions (GPDs) in their forward limit, as parton distribution functions (PDFs), we quantify the NLO contributions in the rapidity-differential cross section, show that the real part of the amplitude must not be neglected, study the gluon and quark contributions, chart the scale-choice and PDF uncertainties, and compare the NLO results with LHC and HERA data. We show that the scale dependence is significant but a scale choice can be found with which we reproduce the 2.76 and 5.02 TeV UPC data. In particular, we show that the process is clearly more sensitive to the nuclear quark PDFs than thought before., Comment: 5 pages, 5 figures, contributed talk by T.L. at the XXIX International Conference on Ultra-relativistic Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions, Quark Matter 2022, 4-10 April, 2022, Krakow, Poland

We extend the applicability of the hydrodynamics, perturbative QCD and saturation -based EKRT (Eskola-Kajantie-Ruuskanen-Tuominen) framework for ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions to peripheral collisions by introducing dynamical freeze-out conditions. As a new ingredient compared to the previous EKRT computations we also introduce a non-zero bulk viscosity. We compute various hadronic observables and flow correlations, including normalized symmetric cumulants, mixed harmonic cumulants and flow-transverse momentum correlations, and compare them against measurements from the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC). We demonstrate that the inclusion of the dynamical freeze-out and bulk viscosity allows a better description of the measured flow coefficients in peripheral collisions and enables the use of an extended centrality range when constraining the properties of QCD matter in the future., Comment: 22 pages, 17 figures

The Large Hadron electron Collider (LHeC) is designed to move the field of deep inelastic scattering (DIS) to the energy and intensity frontier of particle physics. Exploiting energy recovery technology, it collides a novel, intense electron beam with a proton or ion beam from the High Luminosity--Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC). The accelerator and interaction region are designed for concurrent electron-proton and proton-proton operation. This report represents an update of the Conceptual Design Report (CDR) of the LHeC, published in 2012. It comprises new results on parton structure of the proton and heavier nuclei, QCD dynamics, electroweak and top-quark physics. It is shown how the LHeC will open a new chapter of nuclear particle physics in extending the accessible kinematic range in lepton-nucleus scattering by several orders of magnitude. Due to enhanced luminosity, large energy and the cleanliness of the hadronic final states, the LHeC has a strong Higgs physics programme and its own discovery potential for new physics. Building on the 2012 CDR, the report represents a detailed updated design of the energy recovery electron linac (ERL) including new lattice, magnet, superconducting radio frequency technology and further components. Challenges of energy recovery are described and the lower energy, high current, 3-turn ERL facility, PERLE at Orsay, is presented which uses the LHeC characteristics serving as a development facility for the design and operation of the LHeC. An updated detector design is presented corresponding to the acceptance, resolution and calibration goals which arise from the Higgs and parton density function physics programmes. The paper also presents novel results on the Future Circular Collider in electron-hadron mode, FCC-eh, which utilises the same ERL technology to further extend the reach of DIS to even higher centre-of-mass energies., Comment: 373 pages, many figures, to be published by J. Phys. G

We present the next-to-leading-order event-by-event EKRT model predictions for the centrality dependence of the charged hadron multiplicity in the pseudorapidity interval $|\eta|\le 0.5$, and for the centrality dependence of the charged hadron flow harmonics $v_n\{2\}$ obtained from 2-particle cumulants, in $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=5.44$ TeV Xe+Xe collisions at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. Our prediction for the 0-5 \% central charged multiplicity is $dN_{\rm ch}/d\eta =1218\pm 46$. We also predict $v_n\{2\}$ in Xe+Xe collisions to increase more slowly from central towards peripheral collisions than those in a Pb+Pb system. We find that at $10 \dots 50$\% centralities $v_2\{2\}$ is smaller and $v_3\{2\}$ is larger than in the Pb+Pb system while $v_4\{2\}$ is of the same magnitude in both systems. We also find that the ratio of flow harmonics in Xe+Xe collisions and in Pb+Pb collisions shows a slight sensitivity to the temperature dependence of the shear-viscosity-to-entropy ratio. As we discuss here, the new nuclear mass-number systematics especially in the flow harmonics serves as a welcome further constraint for describing the space-time evolution of a heavy-ion system and for determining the shear viscosity and other transport properties of strongly interacting matter., Comment: 7 pages, 7 figures, revised version. The predicted flow coefficients vn with deformed Xe, and their ratios to 5.023 TeV Pb+Pb vn's are included as ancillary files

Predictions for cold nuclear matter effects on charged hadrons, identified light hadrons, quarkonium and heavy flavor hadrons, Drell-Yan dileptons, jets, photons, gauge bosons and top quarks produced in $p+$Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}} = 8.16$ TeV are compiled and, where possible, compared to each other. Predictions of the normalized ratios of $p+$Pb to $p+p$ cross sections are also presented for most of the observables, providing new insights into the expected role of cold nuclear matter effects. In particular, the role of nuclear parton distribution functions on particle production can now be probed over a wider range of phase space than ever before., Comment: 84 pages, 44 figures, version accepted for publication in Nuclear Physics A

Predictions made in Albacete {\it et al} prior to the LHC $p+$Pb run at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 5$ TeV are compared to currently available data. Some predictions shown here have been updated by including the same experimental cuts as the data. Some additional predictions are also presented, especially for quarkonia, that were provided to the experiments before the data were made public but were too late for the original publication are also shown here., Comment: 55 pages 35 figures

The Future Circular Collider (FCC) Study is aimed at assessing the physics potential and the technical feasibility of a new collider with centre-of-mass energies, in the hadron-hadron collision mode, seven times larger than the nominal LHC energies. Operating such machine with heavy ions is an option that is being considered in the accelerator design studies. It would provide, for example, Pb-Pb and p-Pb collisions at sqrt{s_NN} = 39 and 63 TeV, respectively, per nucleon-nucleon collision, with integrated luminosities above 30 nb^-1 per month for Pb-Pb. This is a report by the working group on heavy-ion physics of the FCC Study. First ideas on the physics opportunities with heavy ions at the FCC are presented, covering the physics of the Quark-Gluon Plasma, of gluon saturation, of photon-induced collisions, as well as connections with other fields of high-energy physics., Comment: 57 pages, 28 figures. This document will be part of a CERN Yellow Report on Physics at FCC-hh

We compute the initial energy densities produced in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions from NLO perturbative QCD using a saturation conjecture to control soft particle production, and describe the subsequent space-time evolution of the system with hydrodynamics, event by event. The resulting centrality dependence of the low-$p_T$ observables from this pQCD + saturation + hydro ("EKRT") framework are then compared simultaneously to the LHC and RHIC measurements. With such an analysis we can test the initial state calculation, and constrain the temperature dependence of the shear viscosity-to-entropy ratio $\eta/s$ of QCD matter. Using these constraints from the current RHIC and LHC measurements we then predict the charged hadron multiplicities and flow coefficients for the 5.023 TeV Pb+Pb collisions., Comment: 4 pages, Quark Matter 2015 proceedings

We compute predictions for various low-transverse-momentum bulk observables in $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 5.023$ TeV Pb+Pb collisions at the LHC from the event-by-event next-to-leading-order perturbative-QCD + saturation + viscous hydrodynamics ("EKRT") model. In particular, we consider the centrality dependence of charged hadron multiplicity, flow coefficients of the azimuth-angle asymmetries and correlations of event-plane angles. The centrality dependencies of the studied observables are predicted to be very similar to those at 2.76 TeV, and the magnitudes of the flow coefficients and event-plane angle correlations are predicted to be close to those at 2.76 TeV. The flow coefficients may, however, offer slightly more discriminating power on the temperature dependence of QCD matter viscosity than the 2.76 TeV measurements. Our prediction for the multiplicity in the 0-5\% centrality class, obtained using the two temperature-dependent shear-viscosity-to-entropy ratios that give the best overall fit to RHIC and LHC data is $dN_{\rm ch}/d\eta\big|_{|\eta|\le 0.5} =1876\dots2046$. We also predict a power-law increase from 200 GeV Au+Au collisions at RHIC to 2.76 and 5.023 TeV Pb+Pb collisions at the LHC, $dN_{\rm ch}/d\eta\big|_{|\eta|\le 0.5} \propto s^{0.164\dots0.174}$., Comment: 8 pages, 7 figures

We introduce an event-by-event pQCD + saturation + hydro ("EKRT") framework for high-energy heavy-ion collisions, where we compute the produced fluctuating QCD-matter energy densities from next-to-leading order (NLO) perturbative QCD (pQCD) using saturation to control soft particle production, and describe the space-time evolution of the QCD matter with viscous hydrodynamics, event by event (EbyE). We compare the computed centrality dependence of hadronic multiplicities, p_T spectra and flow coefficients v_n against LHC and RHIC data. We compare also the computed EbyE probability distributions of relative fluctuations of v_n, as well as correlations of 2 and 3 event-plane angles, with LHC data. Our systematic multi-energy and -observable analysis not only tests the initial state calculation and applicability of hydrodynamics, but also makes it possible to constrain the temperature dependence of the shear viscosity-to-entropy ratio, eta/s(T), of QCD matter in its different phases. Remarkably, we can describe all these different flow observables and correlations consistently with eta/s(T) that is independent of the collision energy., Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures, contributed talk by K.J.E. at the 7th International Conference on Hard and Electromagnetic Probes of High Energy Nuclear Collisions (Hard Probes 2015), Montreal, Canada, 29 June - 3 July, 2015

We introduce an event-by-event perturbative-QCD + saturation + hydro ("EKRT") framework for ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions, where we compute the produced fluctuating QCD-matter energy densities from next-to-leading order perturbative QCD using a saturation conjecture to control soft particle production, and describe the space-time evolution of the QCD matter with dissipative fluid dynamics, event by event. We perform a simultaneous comparison of the centrality dependence of hadronic multiplicities, transverse momentum spectra, and flow coefficients of the azimuth-angle asymmetries, against the LHC and RHIC measurements. We compare also the computed event-by-event probability distributions of relative fluctuations of elliptic flow, and event-plane angle correlations, with the experimental data from Pb+Pb collisions at the LHC. We show how such a systematic multi-energy and multi-observable analysis tests the initial state calculation and the applicability region of hydrodynamics, and in particular how it constrains the temperature dependence of the shear viscosity-to-entropy ratio of QCD matter in its different phases in a remarkably consistent manner., Comment: 32 pages, 23 figures

We review the recent results from the computation of saturated next-to-leading order perturbative QCD minijet intial conditions combined with viscous hydrodynamical evolution of ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions at the LHC and RHIC. Comparison with experimental data is shown., Comment: Prepared for the Proceedings of "Hard Probes 2013", the 6th International Conference on Hard and Electromagnetic Probes of High-Energy Nuclear Collisions, Stellenbosch, South Africa, November 4-8, 2013

We calculate initial conditions for the hydrodynamical evolution in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions at the LHC and RHIC in an improved next-to-leading order perturbative QCD + saturation framework. Using viscous relativistic hydrodynamics, we show that we obtain a good simultaneous description of the centrality dependence of charged particle multiplicities, transverse momentum spectra and elliptic flow at the LHC and at RHIC. In particular, we discuss how the temperature dependence of the shear viscosity is constrained by these data., Comment: International Conference on the Initial Stages of High-Energy Nuclear Collisions 2013, conference proceeding

Using next-to-leading order perturbative QCD and a conjecture of saturation to suppress the production of low-energy partons, we calculate the initial energy densities and formation times for the dissipative fluid dynamical evolution of the quark-gluon plasma produced in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions. We identify the framework uncertainties and demonstrate the predictive power of the approach by a good global agreement with the measured centrality dependence of charged particle multiplicities, transverse momentum spectra and elliptic flow simultaneously for the Pb+Pb collisions at the LHC and Au+Au at RHIC. In particular, the shear viscosity in the different phases of QCD matter is constrained in this new framework simultaneously by all these data., Comment: 5 pages, 8 figures

Predictions for charged hadron, identified light hadron, quarkonium, photon, jet and gauge bosons in p+Pb collisions at sqrt s_NN = 5 TeV are compiled and compared. When test run data are available, they are compared to the model predictions., Comment: 84 pages

The present note relies on the recently published conceptual design report of the LHeC and extends the first contribution to the European strategy debate in emphasising the role of the LHeC to complement and complete the high luminosity LHC programme. The brief discussion therefore focuses on the importance of high precision PDF and $\alpha_s$ determinations for the physics beyond the Standard Model (GUTs, SUSY, Higgs). Emphasis is also given to the importance of high parton density phenomena in nuclei and their relevance to the heavy ion physics programme at the LHC.

This document provides a brief overview of the recently published report on the design of the Large Hadron Electron Collider (LHeC), which comprises its physics programme, accelerator physics, technology and main detector concepts. The LHeC exploits and develops challenging, though principally existing, accelerator and detector technologies. This summary is complemented by brief illustrations of some of the highlights of the physics programme, which relies on a vastly extended kinematic range, luminosity and unprecedented precision in deep inelastic scattering. Illustrations are provided regarding high precision QCD, new physics (Higgs, SUSY) and electron-ion physics. The LHeC is designed to run synchronously with the LHC in the twenties and to achieve an integrated luminosity of O(100) fb$^{-1}$. It will become the cleanest high resolution microscope of mankind and will substantially extend as well as complement the investigation of the physics of the TeV energy scale, which has been enabled by the LHC.

We bring the EKRT framework, which combines perturbative QCD (pQCD) minijet production with gluon saturation and hydrodynamics, to next-to-leading order (NLO) in pQCD as rigorously as possible. We chart the model uncertainties, and study the viability and predictive power of the model in the light of the RHIC and LHC measurements in central $A+A$ collisions. In particular, we introduce a new set of measurement functions to define the infrared- and collinear-safe minijet transverse energy, $E_T$, in terms of which we formulate the saturation. We update the framework with the EPS09 NLO nuclear parton distributions (nPDFs), and study the propagation of the nPDF uncertainties into the computed $E_T$, saturation scales and the final-state multiplicities. The key parameters, which need to be fixed using the measurements, are identified, and their correlation is discussed. We convert the saturated minijet $E_T$ into QCD-matter initial conditions for longitudinally boost-invariant ideal hydrodynamics. We compute the charged-particle multiplicities and identified bulk hadron $p_T$ spectra in 5% most central Au+Au collisions at RHIC and Pb+Pb at the LHC. We obtain an encouragingly good agreement with the experimental data, simultaneously at RHIC and LHC, showing that the approach has a definite predictive power., Comment: 12 pages, 5 figures

In hydrodynamicalmodeling of heavy-ion collisions the initial state spatial anisotropies translate into momentum anisotropies of the final state particle distributions. Thus, understanding the origin of the initial anisotropies and quantifying their uncertainties is important for the extraction of specific QCD matter properties, such as viscosity, from the experimental data. In this work we study the wounded nucleon approach in the Monte Carlo Glauber model framework, focusing especially on the uncertainties which arise from the modeling of the nucleon-nucleon interactions between the colliding nucleon pairs and nucleon-nucleon correlations inside the colliding nuclei. We compare the black disk model and a probabilistic profile function approach for the inelastic nucleon-nucleon interactions, and study the effects of initial state correlations using state-of-theart modeling of these., Comment: Contribution to the Sixth International Conference on Quarks and Nuclear Physics (QNP12), April 16-20, 2012 Palaiseau (France)

The physics programme and the design are described of a new collider for particle and nuclear physics, the Large Hadron Electron Collider (LHeC), in which a newly built electron beam of 60 GeV, up to possibly 140 GeV, energy collides with the intense hadron beams of the LHC. Compared to HERA, the kinematic range covered is extended by a factor of twenty in the negative four-momentum squared, $Q^2$, and in the inverse Bjorken $x$, while with the design luminosity of $10^{33}$ cm$^{-2}$s$^{-1}$ the LHeC is projected to exceed the integrated HERA luminosity by two orders of magnitude. The physics programme is devoted to an exploration of the energy frontier, complementing the LHC and its discovery potential for physics beyond the Standard Model with high precision deep inelastic scattering measurements. These are designed to investigate a variety of fundamental questions in strong and electroweak interactions. The physics programme also includes electron-deuteron and electron-ion scattering in a $(Q^2, 1/x)$ range extended by four orders of magnitude as compared to previous lepton-nucleus DIS experiments for novel investigations of neutron's and nuclear structure, the initial conditions of Quark-Gluon Plasma formation and further quantum chromodynamic phenomena. The LHeC may be realised either as a ring-ring or as a linac-ring collider. Optics and beam dynamics studies are presented for both versions, along with technical design considerations on the interaction region, magnets and further components, together with a design study for a high acceptance detector. Civil engineering and installation studies are presented for the accelerator and the detector. The LHeC can be built within a decade and thus be operated while the LHC runs in its high-luminosity phase. It thus represents a major opportunity for progress in particle physics exploiting the investment made in the LHC.

In hydrodynamical modeling of heavy-ion collisions, the initial-state spatial anisotropies are translated into momentum anisotropies of the final-state particle distributions. Thus, understanding the origin of the initial-state anisotropies and their uncertainties is important before extracting specific QCD matter properties, such as viscosity, from the experimental data. In this work we review the wounded nucleon approach based on the Monte Carlo Glauber model, charting in particular the uncertainties arising from modeling of the nucleon-nucleon interactions between the colliding nucleon pairs and nucleon-nucleon correlations inside the colliding nuclei. We discuss the differences between the black disk model and a probabilistic profile function approach for the inelastic nucleon-nucleon interactions, and investigate the influence of initial-state correlations using state-of-the-art modeling of these., Comment: 9 pages, 6 figures

We review the current status of the global DGLAP analysis of nuclear parton distribution functions, nPDFs, focusing on the recent EPS09 analysis, whose output, EPS09NLO, is the best-constrained NLO nPDF set on the market. Collinear factorization is found to work very well in the kinematical region studied. With the error sets released in the EPS09 package one can compute how the nPDF-related uncertainties propagate into factorizable nuclear hard-process cross sections. A comparison with the other existing NLO nPDF sets is shown, and the BRAHMS forward-$\eta$ hadron data from d+Au collisions are discussed in the light of the EPS09 nPDFs and their error sets., Comment: 9 pages. Plenary talk given by K.J.E. at the Hard Probes 2010, Eilat, Israel, 10-15 October, 2010. To appear in the Proceedings of the conference

In this talk, we introduce our recently completed next-to-leading order (NLO) global analysis of the nuclear parton distribution functions (nPDFs) called EPS09 - a higher order successor to the well-known leading-order (LO) analysis EKS98 and also to our previous LO work EPS08. As an extension to similar global analyses carried out by other groups, we complement the data from deep inelastic $l+A$ scattering and Drell-Yan dilepton measurements in p+$A$ collisions by inclusive midrapidity pion production data from d+Au collisions at RHIC, which results in better constrained gluon distributions than before. The most important new ingredient, however, is the detailed error analysis, which employs the Hessian method and which allows us to map out the parameter-space vicinity of the best-fit to a collection of nPDF error sets. These error sets provide the end-user a way to compute how the PDF-uncertainties will propagate into the cross sections of his/her interest. The EPS09 package to be released soon, will contain both the NLO and LO results for the best fits and the uncertainty sets., Comment: A talk given in the 4th international workshop on High-pT physics at LHC 09, Prague

We present a next-to-leading order (NLO) global DGLAP analysis of nuclear parton distribution functions (nPDFs) and their uncertainties. Carrying out an NLO nPDF analysis for the first time with three different types of experimental input -- deep inelastic $\ell$+A scattering, Drell-Yan dilepton production in p+$A$ collisions, and inclusive pion production in d+Au and p+p collisions at RHIC -- we find that these data can well be described in a conventional collinear factorization framework. Although the pion production has not been traditionally included in the global analyses, we find that the shape of the nuclear modification factor $R_{\rm dAu}$ of the pion $p_T$-spectrum at midrapidity retains sensitivity to the gluon distributions, providing evidence for shadowing and EMC-effect in the nuclear gluons. We use the Hessian method to quantify the nPDF uncertainties which originate from the uncertainties in the data. In this method the sensitivity of $\chi^2$ to the variations of the fitting parameters is mapped out to orthogonal error sets which provide a user-friendly way to calculate how the nPDF uncertainties propagate to any factorizable nuclear cross-section. The obtained NLO and LO nPDFs and the corresponding error sets are collected in our new release called {\ttfamily EPS09}. These results should find applications in precision analyses of the signatures and properties of QCD matter at the LHC and RHIC., Comment: 34 pages, 16 figures. The version accepted for publication

We use perfect-fluid hydrodynamical model to predict the elliptic flow coefficients in Pb + Pb collisions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The initial state for the hydrodynamical calculation for central $A + A$ collisions is obtained from the perturbative QCD + saturation (EKRT) model. The centrality dependence of the initial state is modeled by the optical Glauber model. We show that the baseline results obtained from the framework are in good agreement with the data from the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), and show predictions for the $p_T$ spectra and elliptic flow of pions in Pb + Pb collisions at the LHC. Also mass and multiplicity effects are discussed., Comment: 11 pages, 10 figures

We present an improved leading-order global DGLAP analysis of nuclear parton distribution functions (nPDFs), supplementing the traditionally used data from deep inelastic lepton-nucleus scattering and Drell-Yan dilepton production in proton-nucleus collisions, with inclusive high-$p_T$ hadron production data measured at RHIC in d+Au collisions. With the help of an extended definition of the $\chi^2$ function, we now can more efficiently exploit the constraints the different data sets offer, for gluon shadowing in particular, and account for the overall data normalization uncertainties during the automated $\chi^2$ minimization. The very good simultaneous fit to the nuclear hard process data used demonstrates the feasibility of a universal set of nPDFs, but also limitations become visible. The high-$p_T$ forward-rapidity hadron data of BRAHMS add a new crucial constraint into the analysis by offering a direct probe for the nuclear gluon distributions -- a sector in the nPDFs which has traditionally been very badly constrained. We obtain a strikingly stronger gluon shadowing than what has been estimated in previous global analyses. The obtained nPDFs are released as a parametrization called EPS08., Comment: 26 pages, 14 figures; for v2, we have revised the Table 1 and Fig. 13, and added the Fig. 14 and the Table 3 along with some more discussion

This writeup is a compilation of the predictions for the forthcoming Heavy Ion Program at the Large Hadron Collider, as presented at the CERN Theory Institute 'Heavy Ion Collisions at the LHC - Last Call for Predictions', held from May 14th to June 10th 2007., Comment: LaTeX, 185 pages, uses iop styles; writeup of the CERN Theory Institute 'Heavy Ion Collisions at the LHC - Last Call for Predictions', held from May 14th to June 10th 2007

We determine the decoupling surfaces for the hydrodynamic description of heavy ion collisions at RHIC and LHC by comparing the local hydrodynamic expansion rate with the microscopic pion-pion scattering rate. The pion $p_T$ spectra for nuclear collisions at RHIC and LHC are computed by applying the Cooper-Frye procedure on the dynamical-decoupling surfaces, and compared with those obtained from the constant-temperature freeze-out surfaces. Comparison with RHIC data shows that the system indeed decouples when the expansion rate becomes comparable with the pion scattering rate. The dynamical decoupling based on the rates comparison also suggests that the effective decoupling temperature in central heavy ion collisions remains practically unchanged from RHIC to LHC., Comment: 7 pages, 9 figures

In this talk, we shortly report results from our recent global DGLAP analysis of nuclear parton distributions. This is an extension of our former EKS98-analysis improved with an automated $\chi^2$ minimization procedure and uncertainty estimates. Although our new analysis show no significant deviation from EKS98, a sign of a significantly stronger gluon shadowing could be seen in the RHIC BRAHMS data., Comment: Talk given at EPS HEP 2007

In this talk, we present the results from our recent global reanalysis of nuclear parton distribution functions (nPDFs), where the DGLAP-evolving nPDFs are constrained by nuclear hard process data from deep inelastic $l+A$ scattering (DIS) and the Drell-Yan (DY) process in $p+A$ collisions, and by sum rules. The main improvements over our earlier work {\em EKS98} are the automated $\chi^2$ minimization, better controllable fit functions and possibility for error estimates. The obtained 16-parameter fit to N=514 datapoints is good, $\chi^2/{\rm d.o.f}=0.82$. Fit quality comparison and the error estimates obtained show that the old {\em EKS98} parametrization is fully consistent with the present automated reanalysis. Comparison with other global nPDF analyses is presented as well. Within the DGLAP framework we also discuss the possibility of incorporating a clearly stronger gluon shadowing, which is suggested by the RHIC BRAHMS data from d+Au collisions., Comment: 10 pages, talk given at the workshop "High-pT physics at LHC", March 23-27, 2007, Department of Physics, University of Jyvaskyla, Finland

We have previously predicted multiplicities and transverse momentum spectra of hadrons for the most central LHC Pb+Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=5.5$ TeV using initial state for hydrodynamic evolution from pQCD + final state saturation model. By considering binary collision and wounded nucleon profiles we extend these studies to non-central collisions, and predict the $p_{T}$ dependence of minimum bias $v_{2}$ for pions at the LHC. For protons we also show how the $p_{T}$ dependence of $v_2$ changes from RHIC to the LHC., Comment: 2 pages, 2 figures, to be presented at the workshop "Heavy Ion Collisions at the LHC: Last Call for Predictions" at CERN 29 May - 2 June

We compute the initial energy density and net baryon number density in 5% most central Pb+Pb collisions at $\sqrt s=5.5$ TeV from pQCD + (final state) saturation, and describe the evolution of the produced system with boost-invariant transversely expanding hydrodynamics. In addition to the total multiplicity at midrapidity, we give predictions for the multiplicity of charged hadrons, pions, kaons and (anti)protons, for the total transverse energy and net-baryon number, as well as for the $p_T$-spectrum of charged hadrons, pions and kaons. We also predict the region of applicability of hydrodynamics by comparing these results with high-$p_T$ hadron spectra computed from pQCD and energy losses., Comment: 2 pages, 2 figures, to be presented at the workshop "Heavy Ion Collisions at the LHC: Last Call for Predictions" at CERN 29 May - 2 June

The present status of the heavy-quark production theory is critically reviewed in the first contribution. The second contribution summarises the present heavy flavour data from HERA and gives an outlook of what can be expected from HERA-II. The potential of the LHC experiments for charm and beauty physics is reviewed in the 3rd contribution. Then the relevance of saturation and small-x effects to heavy quark production at HERA and at the LHC are discussed. The non-perturbative aspects of heavy-quark fragmentation and their relevance to HERA and LHC are discussed in the next contribution. Finally, a comparison of different theoretical predictions for HERA and LHC based on different approaches is presented., Comment: 98 pages, HERA-LHC Workshop Proceedings: Summary report of Working Group 3, corrected list of authors

By studying the Paschos-Wolfenstein (PW) ratio of deep inelastic $\nu{\rm Fe}$ and $\bar \nu{\rm Fe}$ scattering cross sections, we show that it should be possible to explain the NuTeV $\sin ^2 \theta_{\rm W}$ anomaly with quite conventional physics, by introducing mutually different nuclear modifications for the valence-$u$ and valence-$d$ quark distributions of the protons in iron. Keeping the EKS98 nuclear modifications for $u_V+d_V$ as a baseline, we find that some 20-30 % nuclear modifications to the $u_V$ and $d_V$ distributions account for the change induced in the PW ratio by the NuTeV-suggested increase $\Delta \sin ^2 \theta_{\rm W}=0.005$. We show that introduction of such nuclear modifications in $u_V$ and $d_V$ individually, does not lead into contradiction with the present global DGLAP analyses of the nuclear parton distributions, where deep inelastic $lA$ scattering data and Drell-Yan dilepton data from $pA$ collisions are used as constraints. We thus suggest that the NuTeV result serves as an important further constraint in pinning down the nuclear effects of the bound nucleon PDFs. We also predict that if the NuTeV anomaly is explained by this mechanism, the NOMAD experiment should see an increase in the weak mixing angle quite close to the NuTeV result., Comment: 17 pages, 7 figures

The HERA electron--proton collider has collected 100 pb$^{-1}$ of data since its start-up in 1992, and recently moved into a high-luminosity operation mode, with upgraded detectors, aiming to increase the total integrated luminosity per experiment to more than 500 pb$^{-1}$. HERA has been a machine of excellence for the study of QCD and the structure of the proton. The Large Hadron Collider (LHC), which will collide protons with a centre-of-mass energy of 14 TeV, will be completed at CERN in 2007. The main mission of the LHC is to discover and study the mechanisms of electroweak symmetry breaking, possibly via the discovery of the Higgs particle, and search for new physics in the TeV energy scale, such as supersymmetry or extra dimensions. Besides these goals, the LHC will also make a substantial number of precision measurements and will offer a new regime to study the strong force via perturbative QCD processes and diffraction. For the full LHC physics programme a good understanding of QCD phenomena and the structure function of the proton is essential. Therefore, in March 2004, a one-year-long workshop started to study the implications of HERA on LHC physics. This included proposing new measurements to be made at HERA, extracting the maximum information from the available data, and developing/improving the theoretical and experimental tools. This report summarizes the results achieved during this workshop., Comment: Part A: plenary presentations, WG1: parton density functions, WG2: Multi-Jet final states and energy flows. 326 pages Part B: WG3: Heavy Quarks (Charm and Beauty), WG4: Diffraction, WG5: Monte Carlo Tools, 330 pages

The HERA electron--proton collider has collected 100 pb$^{-1}$ of data since its start-up in 1992, and recently moved into a high-luminosity operation mode, with upgraded detectors, aiming to increase the total integrated luminosity per experiment to more than 500 pb$^{-1}$. HERA has been a machine of excellence for the study of QCD and the structure of the proton. The Large Hadron Collider (LHC), which will collide protons with a centre-of-mass energy of 14 TeV, will be completed at CERN in 2007. The main mission of the LHC is to discover and study the mechanisms of electroweak symmetry breaking, possibly via the discovery of the Higgs particle, and search for new physics in the TeV energy scale, such as supersymmetry or extra dimensions. Besides these goals, the LHC will also make a substantial number of precision measurements and will offer a new regime to study the strong force via perturbative QCD processes and diffraction. For the full LHC physics programme a good understanding of QCD phenomena and the structure function of the proton is essential. Therefore, in March 2004, a one-year-long workshop started to study the implications of HERA on LHC physics. This included proposing new measurements to be made at HERA, extracting the maximum information from the available data, and developing/improving the theoretical and experimental tools. This report summarizes the results achieved during this workshop., Comment: Part A: plenary presentations, WG1: parton density functions, WG2: Multi-Jet final states and energy flows. 326 pages Part B: WG3: Heavy Quarks (Charm and Beauty), WG4: Diffraction, WG5: Monte Carlo Tools, 330 pages. Figure 6 on page 411 replaced

We study the transverse spectra of hadrons in nearly central $AA$ collisions at RHIC and LHC in a broad transverse momentum range Low-$p_T$ spectra are calculated by using boost-invariant hydrodynamics with initial energy and net-baryon densities from the EKRT pQCD+saturation model. High-$p_T$ spectra are obtained from pQCD jet calculation including the energy loss of the parton in the matter prior to its fragmentation to final hadrons., Comment: 4 pages, 2 figures, proceedings for Quark Matter 2005

We study the hadron spectra in nearly central $A$+$A$ collisions at RHIC and LHC in a broad transverse momentum range. We cover the low-$p_T$ spectra using longitudinally boost-invariant hydrodynamics with initial energy and net-baryon number densities from the perturbative QCD (pQCD)+saturation model. Build-up of the transverse flow and sensitivity of the spectra to a single decoupling temperature $\Tdec$ are studied. Comparison with RHIC data at $\ssNN=130$ and 200 GeV suggests a rather high value $\Tdec=150$ MeV. The high-$p_T$ spectra are computed using factorized pQCD cross sections, nuclear parton distributions, fragmentation functions, and describing partonic energy loss in the quark-gluon plasma by quenching weights. Overall normalization is fixed on the basis of p+$\bar{\rm p}$(p) data and the strength of energy loss is determined from RHIC Au+Au data. Uncertainties are discussed. With constraints from RHIC data, we predict the $p_T$ spectra of hadrons in 5 % most central Pb+Pb collisions at the LHC energy $\ssNN=5500$ GeV. Due to the closed framework for primary production, we can also predict the net-baryon number at midrapidity, as well as the strength of partonic energy losses at the LHC. Both at the LHC and RHIC, we recognize a rather narrow crossover region in the $p_T$ spectra, where the hydrodynamic and pQCD fragmentation components become of equal size. We argue that in this crossover region the two contributions are to a good approximation mutually independent. In particular, our results suggest a wider $p_T$-region of applicability for hydrodynamical models at the LHC than at RHIC., Comment: 45 pages, 16 eps-figures

We study the suppression of high-pT hadron spectra in nuclear collisions, supplementing the perturbative QCD factorized formalism with radiative parton energy loss. We find that the nuclear modification factor which quantifies the degree of suppression, is almost pT-independent both for RHIC (in agreement with data) and for the LHC. This is a consequence of the shape of the partonic pT-spectrum in elementary collisions which implies that for the same value of the nuclear modification factor at higher pT, an increasingly smaller fraction of parton energy loss is needed. When the values of the time-averaged transport coefficient exceed 5 GeV^2/fm, the nuclear modification factor gradually loses its sensitivity to the corresponding produced energy density. This is due to particle production in the outer corona of the medium, which remains almost unsuppressed even for extreme densities. Thus, even for the highest experimentally accessible transverse momentum at the LHC and in contrast to jets, the measurement of leading partons via leading hadrons is not a penetrating probe of the dense matter, but a rather fragile probe which fragments for the opacities reached below the skin of the medium. Relating the transport coefficient to the energy density produced in the collision region, we find and discuss a phenomenon reminiscent of the opacity problem of elliptic flow: namely, the interaction of the hard parent parton with the medium appears to be much stronger than that expected for perturbative interactions of the hard parton with an ideal quark gluon plasma., Comment: 22 pages Latex, 10 eps figures

We have studied the effects of nonlinear scale evolution of the parton distribution functions to charm production in $pp$ collisions at center-of-mass energies of 5.5, 8.8 and 14 TeV. We find that the differential charm cross section can be enhanced up to a factor of 4-5 at low $p_T$. The enhancement is quite sensitive to the charm quark mass and the renormalization/factorization scales., Comment: 4 pages, 3 eps-figures. To appear in the proceedings of the seventeenth international conference on Ultra-Relativistic Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions (Quark Matter 2004)

When nonlinear effects on the gluon evolution are included with constraints from HERA, the gluon distribution in the free proton is enhanced at low momentum fractions, x < 0.01, and low scales, Q^2 < 10 GeV^2, relative to standard, DGLAP-evolved, gluon distributions. Consequently, such gluon distributions can enhance charm production in pp collisions at center of mass energy 14 TeV by up to a factor of five at midrapidity, y \sim 0, and transverse momentum p_T -> 0 in the most optimistic case. We show that most of this enhancement survives hadronization into D mesons. Assuming the same enhancement at leading and next-to-leading order, we show that the D enhancement may be measured by D^0 reconstruction in the K^-\pi^+ decay channel with the ALICE detector., Comment: 15 pages, 4 figures, final version accepted by J. Phys. G

Various pion and photon production mechanisms in high-energy nuclear collisions at RHIC and LHC are discussed. Comparison with RHIC data is done whenever possible. The prospect of using electromagnetic probes to characterize quark-gluon plasma formation is assessed., Comment: Writeup of the working group "Photon Physics" for the CERN Yellow Report on "Hard Probes in Heavy Ion Collisions at the LHC", 134 pages. One figure added in chapter 5 (comparison with PHENIX data). Some figures and correponding text corrected in chapter 6 (off-chemical equilibrium thermal photon rates). Some figures modified in chapter 7 (off-chemical equilibrium photon rates) and comparison with PHENIX data added

We have studied how parton distributions based on the inclusion of nonlinear scale evolution and constraints from HERA data affect charm production in $pp$ collisions at center-of-mass energies of 5.5, 8.8 and 14 TeV. We find that, while the resulting enhancement can be substantial, it is very sensitive to the charm quark mass and the scale entering the parton densities and the strong coupling constant., Comment: 14 pages, 5 eps-figures

This manuscript is the outcome of the subgroup ``PDFs, shadowing and $pA$ collisions'' from the CERN workshop ``Hard Probes in Heavy Ion Collisions at the LHC''. In addition to the experimental parameters for $pA$ collisions at the LHC, the issues discussed are factorization in nuclear collisions, nuclear parton distributions (nPDFs), hard probes as the benchmark tests of factorization in $pA$ collisions at the LHC, and semi-hard probes as observables with potentially large nuclear effects. Also, novel QCD phenomena in $pA$ collisions at the LHC are considered. The importance of the $pA$ program at the LHC is emphasized., Comment: The writeup of the working group "PDFs, shadowing and $pA$ collisions" for the CERN Yellow Report on Hard Probes in Heavy Ion Collisions at the LHC, 121 pages. Subgroup convenors: K.J. Eskola, J.w. Qiu (theory) and W. Geist (experiment). Editor: K.J. Eskola

The effects of the first nonlinear corrections to the DGLAP equations are studied in light of the HERA data. Saturation limits are determined in the DGLAP+GLRMQ approach for the free proton and for the Pb nucleus., Comment: 5 pages, 3 eps figures. Contribution to CERN Yellow Report on Hard Probes in Heavy Ion Collisions at the LHC

The DGLAP analyses of the nuclear parton distribution functions (nPDF) based on the global fits to the data are reviewed, and the results from EKS98 and HKM are compared. The usefulness of measuring hard probes in $pA$ collisions, at the LHC in particular, is demonstrated., Comment: 10 pages, 3 figures. Contribution to CERN Yellow Report on Hard Probes in Heavy Ion Collisions at the LHC

The effects of the first nonlinear corrections to the DGLAP evolution equations are studied by using the recent HERA data for the structure function $F_2(x,Q^2)$ of the free proton and the parton distributions from CTEQ5L and CTEQ6L as a baseline. By requiring a good fit to the H1 data, we determine initial parton distributions at $Q_0^2=1.4$ GeV$^2$ for the nonlinear scale evolution. We show that the nonlinear corrections improve the agreement with the $F_2(x,Q^2)$ data in the region of $x\sim 3\cdot 10^{-5}$ and $Q^2\sim 1.5$ GeV$^2$ without paying the price of obtaining a worse agreement at larger values of $x$ and $Q^2$. For the gluon distribution the nonlinear effects are found to play an increasingly important role at $x\lsim 10^{-3}$ and $Q^2\lsim10$ GeV$^2$, but rapidly vanish at larger values of $x$ and $Q^2$. Consequently, contrary to CTEQ6L, the obtained gluon distribution at $Q^2=1.4$ GeV$^2$ shows a power-like growth at small $x$. Relative to the CTEQ6L gluons, an enhancement up to a factor $\sim6$ at $x=10^{-5}$, $Q_0^2=1.4$ GeV$^2$ reduces to a negligible difference at $Q^2\gsim 10$ GeV$^2$., Comment: 13 pages, 5 eps-figures; revision: references added, Fig. 3 revised