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Structured examination and treatment are essential in medicine. For dental students, a structured approach to the assessment of oral mucosal lesions is missing thus far. To validate an approach, a structured questionnaire was compared with the habitually used free description of oral lesions (white lesions, ulcers, hyperplasia). Thirty-three dental students were divided into two groups (Group 1 (n = 17) used the free description; Group 2 (n = 16) used a guided questionnaire) to characterize mucosal lesions in patients and make a tentative diagnosis. Although no difference was found between the groups regarding the suspected diagnosis or the histopathological findings, there was a significant advantage of the structured questionnaire in all aspects of the description compared to the free description (p = 0.000018). Thus, a structured description is an important aspect in the evaluation of oral mucosal changes, and a guided questionnaire should be implemented in the study of dentistry.

A revision of Grimmia Hedw. (Grimmiaceae) from South Africa and Lesotho based on specimens housed in BM, BOL, G, PRE, and STU, as well as type material from B, BM, BOL, FH, G, H-BR, H-SOL, NY, and PRE, is presented. Thirteen species are recognized for South Africa and Lesotho : Grimmia consobrina Müll. Hal., Grimmia donniana Sm., Grimmia elongata Kaulf., Grimmia fuscolutea Hook., Grimmia kidderi James, Grimmia laevigata (Brid.) Brid., Grimmia longirostris Hook., Grimmia montana Bruch & Schimp., Grimmia orbicularis Wilson, Grimmia pulvinata (Hedw.) Sm., Grimmia pygmaea Müll. Hal., Grimmia sessitana De Not. and Grimmia tortuosa Hook. f. & Wilson. Keys based on morphological features, with an emphasis on costal characters, are provided. Each species is described and illustrated using key morphological and anatomical characters, such as transverse sections of leaves. Methods of specimen preparation are also explained and a glossary is supplied. Information on the geographical as well as altitudinal distribution of each species is given, with species distribution maps provided for the area covered by this study.

KRAS-mutated colorectal cancers (CRCs) are resistant to cetuximab treatment. The multifunctional Y-box binding protein 1 (YB-1) is overexpressed in CRC and is associated with chemoresistance. In this study, the effects of oncogenic mutated KRAS(G12V) and KRAS(G13D) on YB-1 phosphorylation were investigated in CRC cells. The effects of the inhibition of p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) on YB-1 phosphorylation, cell proliferation and survival were tested with and without treatment with 5-fluorouracil using pharmacological inhibitors and siRNA. YB-1 phosphorylation status and subcellular distribution in CRC patient tissues were determined by immunofluorescence staining and confocal microscopy. Endogenous expression of mutated KRAS(G13D) and conditional expression of KRAS(G12V) significantly stimulated YB-1 phosphorylation via RSK and were associated with cetuximab resistance. Inhibition of YB-1 by targeting RSK stimulated the Akt signaling pathway, and this stimulation occurred independently of KRAS mutational status. Akt activation interfered with the antiproliferative effect of the RSK inhibitor. Consequently, dual targeting of RSK and Akt efficiently inhibited cell proliferation in KRAS(G13D)-mutated HCT116 and KRAS wild-type SW48 cells. Treatment with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) significantly enhanced YB-1 phosphorylation in KRAS(G13D)-mutated HCT116 cells but not in KRAS wild-type SW48 cells. Dual targeting of Akt and RSK sensitized HCT116 cells to 5-FU by stimulating 5-FU-induced apoptosis and inhibiting repair of 5-FU-induced DNA damage. YB-1 was highly phosphorylated in CRC patient tumor tissues and was mainly localized in the nucleus. Together, dual targeting of RSK and Akt may be an alternative molecular targeting approach to cetuximab for treating CRC in which YB-1 is highly phosphorylated.

Ionizing radiation (IR) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) stimulate Y-box binding protein-1 (YB-1) phosphorylation at Ser-102 in KRAS wild-type (KRASwt) cells, whereas in KRAS mutated (KRASmut) cells, YB-1 is constitutively phosphorylated, independent of IR or EGF. YB-1 activity stimulates the repair of IR-induced DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in the nucleus. Thus far, the YB-1 nuclear translocation pattern after cell exposure to various cellular stressors is not clear. In the present study, we investigated the pattern of YB-1 phosphorylation and its possible translocation to the nucleus in KRASwt cells after exposure to IR, EGF treatment, and conditional expression of mutated KRAS(G12V). IR, EGF, and conditional KRAS(G12V) expression induced YB-1 phosphorylation in both the cytoplasmic and nuclear fractions of KRASwt cells. None of the stimuli induced YB-1 nuclear translocation, while p90 ribosomal s6 kinase (RSK) translocation was enhanced in KRASwt cells after any of the stimuli. EGF-induced RSK translocation to the nucleus and nuclear YB-1 phosphorylation were completely blocked by the EGF receptor kinase inhibitor erlotinib. Likewise, RSK inhibition blocked RSK nuclear translocation and nuclear YB-1 phosphorylation after irradiation and KRAS(G12V) overexpression. In summary, acute stimulation of YB-1 phosphorylation does not lead to YB-1 translocation from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. Rather, irradiation, EGF treatment, or KRAS(G12V) overexpression induces RSK activation, leading to its translocation to the nucleus, where it activates already-existing nuclear YB-1. Our novel finding illuminates the signaling pathways involved in nuclear YB-1 phosphorylation and provides a rationale for designing appropriate targeting strategies to block YB-1 in oncology as well as in radiation oncology.

Appropriate intestinal barrier maturation during infancy largely depends on colonization with commensal bacteria. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii is an abundant obligate anaerobe that colonizes during weaning and is thought to maintain colonic health throughout life. We previously showed that F. prausnitzii induced Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) activation, which is linked to enhanced tight junction formation. Therefore, we hypothesized that F. prausnitzii enhances barrier integrity, an important factor in appropriate intestinal barrier maturation. In order to test metabolically active bacteria, we used a novel apical anaerobic co-culture system that allows the survival of both obligate anaerobic bacteria and oxygen-requiring intestinal epithelial cells (Caco-2). The first aim was to optimize the culture medium to enable growth and active metabolism of F. prausnitzii while maintaining the viability and barrier integrity, as measured by trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER), of the Caco-2 cells. This was achieved by supplementing the apical cell culture medium with bacterial culture medium. The second aim was to test the effect of F. prausnitzii on TEER across Caco-2 cell layers. Live F. prausnitzii did not improve TEER, which indicates that its benefits are not via altering tight junction integrity. The optimization of the novel dual-environment co-culturing system performed in this research will enable the investigation of new probiotics originating from indigenous beneficial bacteria.

Inappropriate activation of intestinal innate immune receptors, such as toll-like receptors (TLRs), by pathogenic bacteria is linked to chronic inflammation. In contrast, a "tonic" level of TLR activation by commensal bacteria is required for intestinal homeostasis. A technical challenge when studying this activation in vitro is the co-culturing of oxygen-requiring mammalian cells with obligate anaerobic commensal bacteria. To overcome this, we used a novel apical anaerobic co-culture system to successfully adapt a TLR activation assay to be conducted in conditions optimised for both cell types. Live Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, an abundant obligate anaerobe of the colonic microbiota, induced higher TLR2 and TLR2/6 activation than the dead bacterium. This enhanced TLR induction by live F. prausnitzii, which until now has not previously been described, may contribute to maintenance of gastrointestinal homeostasis. This highlights the importance of using physiologically relevant co-culture systems to decipher the mechanisms of action of live obligate anaerobes.

10. Grimmia pulvinata(Hedw.) Sm. in Engl. Bot. 24: 1728. 1807 (Fig. 12). [Fissidens pulvinatus Hedw., Sp. Musc. Frond. 158. 1801. Lectotypus (designated by Cao & Vitt, 1986: 191): Sine loC .: ���In tectis et muris vulgaris, vere maturans���, s.d., Anon. s.n. (G [G00040350]!). 5 Fissidens pulvinatus var. africanus Hedw., Sp. Musc. Frond. 159. 1801. Lectotypus (designated by Mu��oz, 1999: 168): South AfriCA : ���Ad Cap. bonae spei lecta, specimina misit O. Swartz���, s.d., Swartz s.n. (G [G0004035]!), synonymized by Magill (1981: 275). 5 Grimmia ecklonii Spreng., Syst. Veg. 4: 321. 1827. Lectotypus (designated by Mu��oz & Pando, 2000: 67): South AfriCA : Swellendam, s.d., Ecklon s.n. (BM [BM000575940]!; isolecto-: BM [BM000670219]!), synonymized by Mu��oz & Pando (2000: 67). Gametophyte. Monoicous. Female: innermost perichaetial leaf 2.2-2.5 mm long, sheathing up to apical part, tubulose, hyaline in lower part of leaf, costa excurrent to long, bluntly denticulate hair-point; male: perigonium as bud of 4 or 5 leaves, on short stalk in leaf axil on stem of fruiting plant, close to perichaetium, innermost perigonial leaf 1 mm long, sheathing up to apex, concave, ovate, apex acute or mucronate, costa vanishing below apex, hyaline except at apex, paraphyses few. Growth form: cushion dense, lax, young shoots originating from detritus, leaflets with hair-point, plants radiculose at base, erect, dichotomously branched, stems up to 15 mm high, central strand developed. Leaves in lower part of stem small, with hair-point, becoming gradually longer, up to 2.5 mm long, crowded, loosely disposed on stem, upper part of leaf slightly flexuose when dry, especially the comal ones, apical part quickly bending backwards when moistened, erecto-patent when wet, broadest part of leaf in lower third, broad-lanceolate or lanceolate from a short, ovate leaf base, apex obtuse, hair-point denticulate; leaf form in situ, leaf base widely concave or concave, laminal part widely keeled, margin recurved on one side from insertion or leaf base up to above mid-leaf, rarely on the other side and then, at most, in the middle of the leaf; in leaf base some paracostal cell rows of slightly elongate-rectangular cells, walls smooth, towards margin cells short-rectangular, at margin one or two rows of rectangular cells which may appear hyaline, transverse walls thickened, all cell walls smooth, in transitional part cells rectangular, walls sinuose, in laminal part mostly isodiametric, walls somewhat sinuose, thickened, at apex cells isodiametric, lumina rounded; lamina, seen in transverse section, unistratose, margin at insertion and leaf base unistratose, in laminal part, at least in the very apical region, several marginal cell rows are bistratose on both sides or on one side only, even completely unistratose margins may be seen. Costa, seen on dorsal side, of nearly uniform width, faintly smaller in leaf base, percurrent, seen in transverse section, on dorsal side rounded, on ventral side at insertion and leaf base slightly concave, in laminal part above widest part of leaf widely channelled, at insertion and leaf base 4 guide cells, in laminal part reduced to two, at insertion and leaf base a small band of substereids or stereids and a median group of hydroids, gradually vanishing up to apical part. Sporophyte. Seta up to 4.5 mm long, erect, twisted when old and dry, in immature and mature state arcuate or curved when wet, vaginula 0.8 mm long, cylindrical. Capsule erect when old, in immature and mature state pendent and hidden in cushion, obloid, in mature state with eight to ten ribs, exothecial cells elongated, walls curvilinear, thin, stomata numerous in short apophysis, annulus of three or four rows of cell, detaching in a spiral, cells of capsule at orifice with crenulate outer walls. Calyptra mitrate, lobed, covering upper part of capsule. Operculum with straight beak of variable length, margin crenulate, a marginal row of oval cells, cells in conical part mostly elongated of different shape. Peristome, teeth erectspreading when dry, broad at base, elongate-lanceolate, in upper half split into two or three divisions, separated down to insertion, dorsal side smooth near insertion, the upper part of dorsal side and ventral side densely covered with fine papillae, trabeculae thin, neared, slightly protruding. Spores 8-11 ��m, granulose. Diagnostic characters. ��� Gametophyte. Leaves broadest in the lower third; margin recurved on one side from insertion or leaf base up to above mid-leaf, rarely so on the other side, and if so only in the middle of the leaf; leaf with one or two basal paracostal cell rows rectangular, towards margin cells short-rectangular, at margin one or two rows rectangular with thickened transverse walls which may appear hyaline, all cell walls smooth. Distribution, habitat and ecology. ��� Grimmia pulvinata is a very widespread species that occurs on every continent except Antarctica. It is often common in temperate areas of the northern hemisphere, with some extensions northward into boreal zones, and (rarely) southward to subtropical areas. In the southern hemisphere this species is recorded from Australia, New Zealand, southern South America (Chile and Uruguay), and from southern Africa. Although frequently considered cosmopolitan, it is actually largely absent from the tropics and subtropics. In sub-Saharan Africa, for example, it appears to be largely restricted to the study area and adjacent Namibia, and is not recorded for any other country on the continent except Ethiopia. It is thus probably better considered a temperate species with some poleward extensions. In South Africa and Lesotho (Fig. 2 D), G. pulvinata is one of the two most common species of Grimmia encountered. It occurs over a broad altitudinal range (50 to 1,910 m), and in most of the major biomes, except for the various savannah and tropical thicket and forest types. Most collections are from quartzitic sandstones, but it also occurs on most other rock types (e.g. shales, granites, basalt) present in the region. Notes. ��� A total of 167 specimens were seen of which 67 had sporophytes, although only 6 had capsules that were in a suitable state for examination whilst 9 were immature, and the remaining 52 were decomposed. The leaf shape in Grimmia pulvinata is variable. Leaves can vary from short ovatelanceolate to elongated ovate-lanceolate, and small lanceolate forms also appear. The hair-points can be longer than the lamina, whilst at the other extreme some plants have leaves with only a few hyaline cells at the apex or even lack the hair-point altogether. A specimen from the summit of the Zuurberge Range (Alexander s.n., BOL) where all leaves are muticous was annotated by Dixon as ��� G. pulvinata var. submutica ���, a name that was never published. The stratosity of the leaf margins is variable. In different leaves, even on the same plant, unistratose or bistratose margins may be observed. For the correct identification of G. pulvinata, and for its differentiation from G. orbicularis, the stratosity of the leaf margins is thus not very useful. A stable distinguishing character is provided by the paracostal cell rows in the leaf base. In G. pulvinata these (Fig. 12 F, G) are slightly elongate-rectangular, becoming short-rectangular towards the margins and all cell walls are smooth. In G. orbicularis on the other hand (Fig. 11 E, F), these are elongate-rectangular, with nodulose walls towards the costa, but rectangular to quadrate with smooth walls at the margins. Other species have been subject to frequent misidentification as G. pulvinata, and amongst the material at BOL and PRE specimens of G. consobrina, G. fuscolutea, G. laevigata, and G. pygmaea were found to have been erroneously attributed to G. pulvinata. Grimmia pulvinata grows from 250 to 2,000 m in Europe and North America (records from above 2,000 m should be checked), from 1,000 to 1,800 m in Asia, and from 50 to 1,910 m in South Africa. Grimmia pulvinata thus seems to be restricted to altitudes from sea level to 2,000 m across its range. Selected specimens examined. ��� South AfriCA . Prov. Western Cape: Cape Peninsula, Silvermine NR, Silvermine Valley, just above ���Sunbird Environmental Recreation Centre���, 34��06���28���S 18��24���37���E, c. 50 m, 6.IV.2000, Hedderson 13148 (BOL); Ceres District, Oliphants River Mountains. Beaverlac area, Ratel���s River, c. 400 m, 32��54���27���S 19��04���01���E, 8.I.2001, Hedderson 13601 (BOL); Citrusdal Region, Cederberg, Cederberg State Forest, Welbedacht Kloof, 900- 1300 m, 32��24���30���S 19��10���24���E, 17.II.2001, Hedderson 13677 (BOL); c. 4 km along R355 from intersection with R46 between Ceres and Touwsrivier Steep, c. 850 m, 33��11���10���S 19��47���05���E, 4.VI.2001, Hedderson 13851 (BOL)., Published as part of Eva Maier, Michelle J. Price & Terry A. Hedderson, 2017, A revision of Grimmia (Grimmiaceae) from South Africa and Lesotho, pp. 199-230 in Candollea 72 (1) on pages 220-223, DOI: 10.15553/c2017v721a12, http://zenodo.org/record/888344, {"references":["Cao, T. & D. H. Vitt (1986). A taxonomic revision and phylogenetic analysis of Grimmia and Schistidium (Bryopsida, Grimmiaceae) in China. J. Hattori Bot. Lab. 61: 123 - 247.","Munoz, J. (1999). A revision of Grimmia (Musci, Grimmiaceae) in the Americas. 1: Latin America. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 86: 118 - 191.","Magill, R. E. (1981). Bryophyta. I (1). In: Leistner, O. A. (ed.), Fl. Southern Africa.","Munoz, J. & F. Pando (2000). A world synopsis of the genus Grimmia (Musci, Grimmiaceae). Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 83."]}

13. Grimmia tortuosa Hook. f. & Wilson in London J. Bot. 3: 540. 1844 (Fig. 15). Lectoypus (designated by Mu��oz, 1999: 174): United Kingdom . Falkland Islands Dependencies: ��� Antarct. Exp. 1938-1843���, s.d., Hooker s.n. (BM [BM001007061]!; isolecto-: NY [NY01162773]!). Gametophyte. Monoicous (fide Cao & Churchill, 1995 and Mu��oz, 1999). Neither sporophytes nor perigonia seen. Growth form: cushions dense, compact, adherent to substrate by smooth rhizoids, plants sap green, radiculose at base, ascending, branched, stems up to 10 mm high, central strand well-developed or not at all, with intermediate states on one and the same stem. Leaves on lower part of stem muticous, 0.3- 1.0 mm long, suddenly becomimg markedly longer, up to 2-3 mm long, crowded, contorted, forming comal tuft when dry, scarcely moving when moistened, erecto-patent, stiff when wet, from elongate leaf base lanceolate, tapering to acute or obtuse apex, hair-point of different lengths, bluntly denticulate; leaf form in situ, at insertion and in leaf base concave, in transitional part widely keeled, in lower laminal part keeled, in upper laminal part narrowly or very narrowly so, margins plane throughout; basal cells hyaline, elongate-rectangular, longitudinal and transverse walls of even thickness, thin and smooth, scarcely nodulose, towards margin the hyaline cell rows gradually vanishing, outermost row reaching up to the broadest part of leaf, thus forming between hyaline basal cells and thicker walled chlorophyllose lamina cells a more or less well expressed delimitation, running obliquely from costa to margin, lamina cells isodiametric, lumina rounded; lamina, seen in transverse section, unistratose throughout, margin unistratose at leaf base, in upper half of leaf some cell rows bistratose or tristratose. Costa, seen on dorsal side, small at leaf base, markedly stout in laminal part, indistinct at apex, percurrent or excurrent to hair-point, seen in transverse section, at insertion and leaf base rounded, from there up to apex prominent, on ventral side at insertion plane, in transitional zone widely channelled, in upper half of leaf narrowly channelled, from insertion up to below apical part 4 guide cells, in apical part 2 guide cells, at insertion and leaf base costa composed of nearly uniform substereids, transformed in laminal part to a large band of stereids, dorsal cells with large lumina, no hydroids seen throughout. Sporophyte. Not seen. Diagnostic characters. ��� Gametophyte. Leaves with margins plane on both sides throughout. Costa in laminal part prominent, with a large band of stereids, and hydroids lacking. Distribution, habitat and ecology. ��� Grimmia tortuosa is currently known only from the type locality in the Falkland Islands, and the locality newly reported here from the study area. In South Africa and Lesotho (Fig. 2 F), Grimmia tortuosa is currently known from a single locality at 1,940 m on the Waiihoekberge, at the southern end of the Hex River Mountains, where it occurs on damp, hard, quartzitic sandstone slabs in a shallow ravine where snow occasionally lies in late winter. Other species associated with it (e.g. Blindia magellanica M��ll. Hal., Platyneurum praealtum (Mitt.) Ochyra & Bednarek- Ochyra) also exhibit similar disjunctive distributions. Notes. ��� The description here is based on a unique, sterile specimen (Hedderson 14459, BOL). The descriptions given by Cao & Churchill (1995) and Mu��oz (1999) as well as the protologue in Hooker & Wilson (1844) have also been taken into consideration for the description. Although geographically incongruous, the plants from South Africa match with both the description and the types of G. tortuosa, including the distinctive characters of a costa that is exceptionally rich in stereids below the middle of the leaf (see Fig. 15 E). Specimen examined. ��� South AfriCA . Prov. Western Cape: Ceres area, Waaihoek Berge, Waaihoek Peak, c. 1940 m, 33��28���15���S 19��18���54���E, 18.III.2002, Hedderson 14459 (BOL)., Published as part of Eva Maier, Michelle J. Price & Terry A. Hedderson, 2017, A revision of Grimmia (Grimmiaceae) from South Africa and Lesotho, pp. 199-230 in Candollea 72 (1) on page 227, DOI: 10.15553/c2017v721a12, http://zenodo.org/record/888344, {"references":["Munoz, J. (1999). A revision of Grimmia (Musci, Grimmiaceae) in the Americas. 1: Latin America. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 86: 118 - 191.","Cao, T. & S. P. Churchill (1995). An assessment of Grimmia tortuosa Hook. f. & Wils. (Bryopsida: Grimmiaceae). Nova Hedwigia 60: 515 - 518.","Hooker, W. J. & W. Wilson (1844). Musci antarctici. London J. Bot. 3: 533 - 556."]}

7. Grimmia longirostris Hook. , Musc. Exot. 1: 62. 1818 (Fig. 9). Lectotypus (designated by Deguchi, 1984: 21): eCuAdor : sine loc., s.d., Humboldt 76 [H 2669] (BM [BM000671051]!; isolecto-: BM [BM000670951]!). Gametophyte. Mostly monoicous. Female: innermost perichaetial leaf up to 4 mm long, sheathing up to 2/3 of leaf length, leaf base elongated, in broadest part suddenly narrowed to subulate apical part, at margin, from insertion up to broadest part of leaf, a broad band of hyaline cells present, vanishing gradually in upper leaf, costa excurrent in denticulate hair-point; male: perigonia not seen. Growth form: in dense cushions, adherent to substrate with rhizoids, from which young shoots with scale-like leaflets originate, apices patent, muticous, acute, plants erect, branched, radiculose at base, stems up to 30 mm high, central strand well-developed. Lower leaves scale-like, upper stem leaves up to 3 mm long, loosely disposed on stem, apices may be contorted, imbricate when dry, bending backwards when moistened, erecto-patent when wet, from ovate base gradually narrowed to lanceolate lamina, tapering to acute apex, hair-point short, faintly to strongly denticulate; leaf form in situ, at base concave, one side plicate, in laminal part keeled, narrowly so below apex, margin on larger side from insertion up to mid-leaf recurved or revolute, other side mostly plane; basal paracostal cells elongate-rectangular, walls nodulose, thickened, transverse walls thin, often oblique, cells near margin quadrate to rectangular, walls smooth, transverse walls thickened, in some specimens hyaline up to broadest part of leaf, in transitional part paracostal cells short-rectangular, walls thickened, nodulose or smooth, upper lamina cells rounded-quadrate, walls thickened, faintly sinuose; seen in transverse section, basal cells unistratose, in transitional and lower laminal part uni- to bistratose, in upper part bistratose, at margin several rows of cells bistratose except at leaf base. Costa, seen on dorsal side, of nearly uniform breadth, slightly smaller at insertion, obscure in keeled part, percurrent, seen in transverse section, costa on dorsal side at insertion and leaf base widely rounded, in lower laminal part unevenly rounded, somewhat angulate, and slightly contracted at origin of lamina, becoming indistinct in upper laminal and keeled part, on ventral side at insertion and leaf base widely channelled, in laminal part channelled, at insertion and leaf base 6 guide cells, rarely only 4, in upper part 5 or 4, in indistinct part 2 guide cells, from insertion up to indistinct part a central band of stereids or substereids, occasionally a central group of hydroids, vanishing in upper part of leaf. Sporophyte. Seta straight, 1-5 mm long, vaginula 0.9- 1.2 mm long, cylindrical, with ochrea. Capsule exserted, emergent or immersed, erect, cylindrical, oblong-ovoid, with short neck, narrowed at orifice, smooth, in immature state shrivelled, exothecial cells multiform, elongated, walls curvilinear, stomata at transition above neck and at base of capsule, annulus of three or four rows of cells, detaching in a spiral. Calyptra mitrate, mostly with a single slit, covering upper third of capsule. Operculum rostellate, beak straight or slightly oblique, margin crenulate, one or two rows of rounded marginal cells, in conical part rhombic, rounded-rectangular, thick-walled. Peristome erect when dry, teeth lanceolate, entire or split into two or three branches, on dorsal side two or three plates smooth, the consequent dorsal part covered with fine papillae, the upper third of dorsal side and ventral side densely covered with conspicuous papillae, trabeculae small in lower part, thin in upper part. Spores 10-12 ��m, smooth. Diagnostic characters. ��� Gametophyte. Leaf apically keeled, margin recurved on broader side. Costa, in lower part of lamina, unevenly rounded, somewhat angulate. Distribution, habitat and ecology. ��� Grimmia longirostris is a very widely distributed species that is often associated with montane or sub-montane habitats in temperate and arctic regions. This species is found on all continents except Antarctica. It also occurs widely throughout the tropics in higher mountain systems. In South Africa and Lesotho (Fig. 2 A) this species is restricted to the high Drakensberg (1,860-3,370 m) and associated ranges, where it occurs on basalt in high-altitude grasslands. Notes. ��� A total of 56 specimens were seen, 16 with sporophytes but only 4 with capsules in a suitable state for examination, 3 were immature and 9 were decomposed. Misidentifications of this species appear largely to be responsible D for the persistent records of G. ovalis (Hedw.) Lindb. from South Africa, (see under Excluded species for South Africa and Lesotho below). A syntype of Grimmia longirostris is extant at G [G00281576]). Selected specimens examined. ��� South AfriCA . Prov. Natal: Bergville Dist., Mnweni area, Drakensberg, 2740 m, VII.1953, Esterhuysen 21637 (BOL); Bethlehem Division, Drakensberg, Mont-aux-Sources, Crows��� Nest, VII.1947, Schelpe 2116 (BOL [3 specimens]); Drakensberg: Umgatsheni valley S aspect bank, c. 2130 m, s.d., Esterhuysen 35931 (BOL)., Published as part of Eva Maier, Michelle J. Price & Terry A. Hedderson, 2017, A revision of Grimmia (Grimmiaceae) from South Africa and Lesotho, pp. 199-230 in Candollea 72 (1) on pages 215-216, DOI: 10.15553/c2017v721a12, http://zenodo.org/record/888344, {"references":["Deguchi, H. (1984). Studies on some Patagonian species of Grimmiaceae (Musci, Bryophyta). In: Inoue, H. (ed), Studies on Cryptogams in Southern Chile: 17 - 72. Tokyo."]}

2. Grimmia donniana Sm. in Engl. Bot. 18: 1259. 1804 (Fig. 4). Lectotypus (designated by Mu��oz, 1998: 378): united Kingdom [WAleS]: Pales at Beddgelart [Beddgelert], VII.1802, Turner s.n. (BM [BM000918087!]). Gametophyte. Monoicous. Female: innermost perichaetial leaf to 2.5 mm long, sheathing to mid-leaf, not very different from stem leaves in shape and cell pattern, lower part of leaf hyaline, costa percurrent, hair-point long, denticulate; male: perigonia on short subperichaetial branches as buds on short stalks in leaf axils, innermost perigonial leaf 0.8 mm long, sheathing to broadest part, ovate, obtuse or mucronate, muticous or with acute hyaline end cell, in lower part or from base to below leaf tip hyaline, costa weak, percurrent, antheridia with few paraphyses. Growth form: dense, compact cushions, adherent to substrate by rhizoids, young shoots originating from rhizoids or older stem parts, leaflets muticous, apex acute, stems to 20 mm long, plants erect, branched, radiculose at base, central strand developed. Leaves in lower part of stem small, muticous, in upper part to 2.4 mm long, loosely arranged on stem, apices slightly bent towards stem when dry, longer leaves bending backwards, shorter leaves moving slightly when moistened, erecto-patent when wet, from narrow base elongate-lanceolate, tapering to rounded or obtuse apex, hair-point elongate, smoothly denticulate; leaf form in situ, at insertion and in leaf base concave, lower laminal part keeled, upper part narrowly so, margins plane throughout; basal paracostal cells elongate-rectangular, walls smooth, towards margin some rows of elongate-rectangular, hyaline cells present, longitudinal and transverse walls evenly thin, smooth, the rows gradually vanishing, outermost row reaching to above broadest part of leaf, thus forming a delimitation between hyaline and thicker walled chlorophyllose cells running obliquely from costa to margin, cells in transitional part near costa rectangular, walls sinuose, towards margin some hyaline cells with finely sinuose walls, lower lamina cells short-rectangular, walls more or less sinuose, thickened, in upper laminal part cells mostly isodiametric, walls thickened, smooth or sinuose; seen in transverse section, lamina unistratose or bistratose in places, occasionally totally bistratose, margin unistratose in leaf base, in laminal part several rows bi- or tristratose. Costa, seen on dorsal side, small in leaf base, becoming gradually broader in laminal part, indistinct at apex, percurrent or excurrent, seen in transverse section, on dorsal side at insertion and in leaf base angulate or rounded, in laminal part rounded or occasionally prominent, on ventral side at insertion nearly plane, in leaf base widely channelled, in lower part of lamina channelled, in upper part narrowly so, at insertion and in leaf base 4 guide cells, from transitional part to apical part 2 guide cells, from insertion to upper laminal part a median group of hydroids, at insertion and in leaf base costal cells substereid. Sporophyte. Seta of different lengths, 0.8-3.0 mm long, straight, occasionally curved, vaginula 0.8 mm long, cylindrical, ochrea broad. Capsule erect, horizontal at curved seta, ovoid, smooth, bright-coloured when mature, with age turning brownish, exothecial cells irregular, quadrate, hexagonal, elongate, thin-walled, seen in transverse section of capsule, exterior walls smooth, stomata large above capsule base, neck lacking, annulus of 2 rows of cells, if detaching then singly, seen in surface view cells round with small lumina. Calyptra mitrate, lobed, covering operculum. Operculum conical, mammillate, base smooth, cells rounded, thick-walled. Peristome teeth incurved or recurved when dry, broad at base, mostly entire at apex, separated down to insertion or at least to the lowermost plates, dorsal side in lower half covered with minute papillae, upper half of dorsal side and ventral side densely covered with fine papillae, trabeculae small, close together or distant, prominent in lower half, scarcely marked in upper part. Spores 8-9 ��m, smooth. Diagnostic characters. ��� Gametophyte. Leaf base with marginal rows of elongate-rectangular, hyaline cells, with longitudinal and transverse walls that are evenly thin, extending to broadest part of leaf (see Fig. 4 D); margin never recurved; calyptra mitrate. Distribution, habitat and ecology. ��� Grimmia donniana is disjunctively distributed in boreo-montane areas of the northern hemisphere, with extensions southwards in alpine areas. This species is also known in the southern hemisphere from New Zealand, southern Africa and Bolivia. In South Africa and Lesotho (Fig. 1 C) G. donniana is rare and known only from two high-altitude (> 3,000 m) sites in Lesotho, where it occurs on basalt in alpine grasslands. Specimens examined. ��� leSotho: Leribe, slopes and cliffs N of Bokong Headwaters, 3100 m, 29��5���S 28��21���E, 16.I.1995, Duckett, Hodgetts & Matcham 3274a (herb. Matcham); Kotisephola Pass, between Sani Top and Mokhotlong, 3240 m, II.1987, van Rooy 3407 (PRE)., Published as part of Eva Maier, Michelle J. Price & Terry A. Hedderson, 2017, A revision of Grimmia (Grimmiaceae) from South Africa and Lesotho, pp. 199-230 in Candollea 72 (1) on pages 207-208, DOI: 10.15553/c2017v721a12, http://zenodo.org/record/888344, {"references":["Munoz, J. (1998). A taxonomic revision of Grimmia subgenus Orthogrimmia (Musci, Grimmiaceae). Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 85: 367 - 403."]}

8. Grimmia montanaBruch & Schimp. in Bruch et al., Bryol. Eur. 3: 128. 1845 (Fig. 10). Lectotypus (designated by Cao & Vitt, 1986: 161): germAny : “ Felsen auf dem Donnersberg ”, IV.1843, Gümbel s.n. (BM [BM000670468]!). 5 Grimmia argyrotricha Müll. Hal. in Flora 73: 485. 1890. Neotypus (designated by Maier, 2010: 224): tAnzAniA : “Kilimandscharo, unter Schnee in Felsspalten nach W. vorspringendem Grat der Mawenzi- Spitze”, 4600 m, 31.X.1893, Volkens 1347 (H-BR!), synonymized by Maier (2010: 224). Gametophyte. Dioicous. Female: innermost perichaetial leaf 2.7-3.5 mm long, sheathing up to broadest part, at lower third of leaf cells transparent, some rows of hyaline marginal cells vanishing at broadest part, costa small at leaf base, stout in upper part, excurrent to long-excurrent and forming a denticulate hair-point; male plants in separate cushions, perigonia as multifoliose buds terminal or in leaf-axils, often several in one plant, innermost perigonial leaf 1 mm long, strongly sheathing, concave, apex acute or blunt, costa percurrent, paraphyses numerous. Growth form: cushion compact, interwoven with young shoots originating from rhizoids or older stem parts, leaflets appressed to stem, apices slightly patent, plants erect, radiculose at base, stems up to 20 mm high, central strand developed. Lower leaves small, muticous, suddenly longer, 1.8-2.5 mm long, lower part appressed to stem, apical part of longer leaves slightly twisted when dry, slowly bending backwards when moistened, erectopatent when wet, at transitional part from broad, ovate leaf base restricted to lanceolate laminal part, thus forming shoulder, tapering to acuminate apex, hairpoints of variable length, densely and bluntly denticulate; leaf form in situ, concave from leaf base up to upper part of leaf, upper third keeled, margins in laminal part from leaf base up to apical part gradually becomng plane or incurved; basal cells near costa rectangular, towards margin two or three rows of short-rectangular or quadrate cells, walls smooth, transverse walls markedly thicker than longitudinal walls, at margin some rows of hyaline cells, above shoulder at margin a longitudinal row of transversely oval cells, lamina cells small, more or less isodiametric, lumina rounded, lamina cells, seen in transverse section, short-rectangular, exterior cell walls smooth; leaf base unistratose, in transitional part lamina bistratose in places, in upper part bistratose, occasionally unistratose near costa, margin unistratose at leaf base, in laminal part bistratose, below apex occasionally tristratose. Costa, seen on dorsal side, small at leaf base, enlarged, prominent in laminal part, excurrent, costa, seen in transverse section, on dorsal side at leaf base rounded, in lower laminal part prominent, slightly angulate, in upper laminal part rounded, on ventral side at insertion widely channelled, in laminal part channelled or narrowly channelled, at insertion and leaf base 4 guide cells, occasionally enlarged to 5 cells, in laminal part reduced to 2, from insertion to mid-leaf with a central median group of hydroids, transformed to substereids in upper part, vanishing in apical part. Sporophyte. Seta up to 3.5 mm long, straight, vaginula 0.8 mm long, cylindrical. Capsule emergent, erect, obloid, occasionally slightly asymmetric, smooth, exothecial cells mostly elongated, rarely pentagonal, walls thin or thick, depending on orientation and focusing, curvilinear, stomata none, at orifice several rows of transversely rectangular cells, the two upper rows suggesting a persistent annulus. Calyptra cucullate, covering part of capsule. Operculum conical, rostrate or rostellate, beak straight or oblique, blunt, margin uneven, some rows of small, rounded marginal cells, in conical part larger oval or rounded cells. Peristome teeth erect when dry, lanceolate, irregularly perforated or slit to two unequal branches, lower dorsal part smooth, subsequent plates sparsely covered with fine papillae, upper dorsal and ventral sides densely covered with fine papillae, trabeculae thin, in lower part close together, in upper part distant, slightly protruding. Spores 10-12 µm, smooth. Diagnostic characters. – Gametophyte. Leaves with cells at basal margin short-rectangular to quadrate, with transverse walls strongly thickened, above shoulder margins with a row of transversely oval cells; in transverse section lamina cells shortrectangular, with exterior cell walls smooth; margins in laminal part plane or incurved. Distribution, habitat and ecology. – Grimmia montana is widely, but highly disjunctively distributed. In the northern hemisphere, it occurs in the warm and dry western interior of North America, extending south to Mexico and north to a few localities in the Yukon and Alaska, and with a few localities in eastern Canada and Greenland. It also occurs in Europe and adjacent North Africa, including Macaronesia, western and central Asia, and Hawaii. In the southern hemisphere it occurs only in Africa (Tanzania and southern Africa) and New Zealand. In South Africa and Lesotho (Fig. 2 B) most of the known populations of Grimmia montana are on seasonally wet quartzitic sandstone, often on slabs that receive water from melting snow, in the higher peaks (mostly above 1,500 m, but rarely down to 1,300 m) in the Cape Fold Mountains from the Hantamsberg and Northern Cederberg, south and eastwards to the Swartberg. Two disjunct populations occur on basalt at high altitude (>3,200 m) in the Drakensberg. This species is also likely to be found on the higher peaks of the Great Escarpment in the Eastern Cape; these areas remain bryologically poorly explored. Notes. – A total of 27 specimens were seen all of which were sterile. In female plants the basal cells may be elongated, and the loss of chlorophyll may give the leaf base a hyaline aspect. In the local specimens available for this study, no sporophytes were found in appropriate condition for the description of their characters. The name Grimmia argyrotricha Müll. Hal. has been used in various works on the bryophyte flora of Africa, e.g. O’Shea (2006: 92) and Van Rooy & Perold (2006: 15). The type specimen of G. argyrotricha, collected by Dr. Hans Meyer in the Kilimandscharo Massif in 1880 was destroyed at B and a neotype has been selected by Maier (2010: 232). Selected specimens examined. – South AfriCA . Prov. Western Cape: Citrusdal Area, Cederberg Apex Peak area, 1500 m. 32°35’34”S 19°12’27”E, 9.I.2001, Hedderson 13645 (BOL); Cederberg, Cederberg State Forest, E side of Langberg, 1550-1870 m 32°23’20”S 19°10’25”E, 17.II.2001, Hedderson 13706 (BOL); Cederberg, Sneeuberg, Ridge to NW of main peak, 1500-1700 m, 32°29’58”S 19°08’51”E, 7.IV.2002, Hedderson 14482 (BOL, G); ibid. loc., Hedderson 14491 (BOL); ibid. loc., Hedderson 14501 (BOL); Cederberg Wilderness Area, slopes on West side of Shadow Peak, 1850 m, 32°23’20”S 19°10’25”E, 22.II.2003, Hedderson 14990 (BOL).

The human gastrointestinal tract is colonised by trillions of commensal bacteria, most of which are obligate anaerobes residing in the large intestine. Appropriate bacterial colonisation is generally known to be critical for human health. In particular, the development and function of the immune system depends on microbial colonisation, and a regulated cross-talk between commensal bacteria, intestinal epithelial cells and immune cells is required to maintain mucosal immune homeostasis. This homeostasis is disturbed in various inflammatory disorders, such as inflammatory bowel diseases. Several in vitro and in vivo studies indicate a role for Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Bacteroides fragilis, Akkermansia muciniphila and segmented filamentous bacteria in maintaining intestinal immune homeostasis. These obligate anaerobes are abundant in the healthy intestine but reduced in several inflammatory diseases, suggesting an association with protective effects on human health. However, knowledge of the mechanisms underlying the effects of obligate anaerobic intestinal bacteria remains limited, in part due to the difficulty of co-culturing obligate anaerobes together with oxygen-requiring human epithelial cells. By using novel dual-environment co-culture models, it will be possible to investigate the effects of the unstudied majority of intestinal microorganisms on the human epithelia. This knowledge will provide opportunities for improving human health and reducing the risk of inflammatory diseases.

The North American endemic moss Dicranum howellii Renauld & Cardot, described in 1888 based on material from Oregon, U.S.A., had yet to be validly typified. A lectotype for D. howellii is designated herein based on one of two potential type specimens in the Renauld collection in PC. Dicranum howellii is currently known from western North America in Canada (British Colombia) and the U.S.A (Alaska, California, Idaho, Montana, Oregon and Washington). Traditionally it has been considered as close to, or a synonym of, Dicranum scoparium Hedw. and specimens of it are frequently confused with the latter species. Dicranum howellii can be distinguished from D. scoparium based on its suddenly narrowed inner perichaetial leaves that end in a long, flexuose point; leaves that are concave below and tubulose above; slightly decurrent leaf bases; in transverse section, leaf cell-walls that are of variable thickness; and the presence of a sulcus on the dorsal side of the costa.

In the bryophyte collection in G a total of 138 types have been located for 97 specific and infraspecific names either described under Coscinodon Spreng., Grimmia Hedw., Racomitrium Brid., Schistidium Brid., or later transferred into one of these genera. These represent 63 currently recognised taxa, 58 from the Grimmiaceae, two that are now in the Pottiaceae and three that are in the Orthotrichaceae, Ptychomitriaceae and Seligeriaceae. Of the 138 types identified 33 are holotypes or lectotypes, 75 are isotypes or isolectotypes, 19 are syntypes or paratypes, 1 is a neotype and 10 are of uncertain designation. Four original specimens for three nomina nuda were also located. A previously un-documented original Hedwig specimen for Trichostomum heterostichum Hedw. was found recently and details on it are given herein. Newly identified potential type specimens from the Nees von Esenbeck herbarium, for 11 names described in Bryologia Germanica, are included. A list of problematic material and types that are cited in the literature as present in G but that were not located in the herbarium has been compiled. This catalogue includes the basionym and current name, protologue type citation, specimen label information, G barcode and typification information for each of the 154 specimens treated.

Work on a catalogue of the Grimmiaceae in g revealed that the typification of Grimmia cribrosa Hedw. [≡ Coscinodon cribrosus (Hedw.) Spruce] was problematic. The specimen in g that was previously treated as the holotype for this name does not constitute original Hedwig material and could not have been seen by him when originally describing this species as it was collected after he died. The original Hedwig herbarium sheet for Grimmia cribrosa, in the Hedwig-Schwagrichen collection in g, contains eight different elements of different temporal and geographic origins as well as specimens of two different taxa (C. cribrosus and Grimmia plagiopodia Hedw.). To ensure the correct interpretation and application of this name a lectotype has been proposed herein from amongst the elements on the original Hedwig herbarium sheet in g.

Lactobacilli are thought to be beneficial for human health, with lactobacilli-associated infections being confined to immune-compromised individuals. However, Lactobacillus fermentum AGR1487 negatively affects barrier integrity in vitro so we hypothesized that it caused a pro-inflammatory response in the host. We compared germ-free rats inoculated with AGR1487 to those inoculated with another L. fermentum strain, AGR1485, which does not affect in vitro barrier integrity. We showed that rats inoculated with AGR1487 had more inflammatory cells in their colon, higher levels of inflammatory biomarkers and increased colonic gene expression of pro-inflammatory pathways. In addition, our in vitro studies showed that AGR1487 had a greater capacity to activate TLR signaling and induce pro-inflammatory cytokines in immune cells. This study indicates the potential of strains of the same species to differentially elicit inflammatory responses in the host and highlights the importance of strain characterization in probiotic approaches to treat inflammatory disorders.