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1. Exposure to diverse sarbecoviruses indicates frequent zoonotic spillover in human communities interacting with wildlife

Author

Evans, Tierra Smiley, Tan, Chee Wah, Aung, Ohnmar, Phyu, Sabai, Lin, Htin, Coffey, Lark L, Toe, Aung Than, Aung, Pyaephyo, Aung, Tin Htun, Aung, Nyein Thu, Weiss, Christopher M, Thant, Kyaw Zin, Htun, Zaw Than, Murray, Suzan, Wang, Linfa, Johnson, Christine Kreuder, and Thu, Hlaing Myat

Subjects
Health Services and Systems, Health Sciences, Biodefense, Emerging Infectious Diseases, Clinical Research, Infectious Diseases, Prevention, Coronaviruses, 2.2 Factors relating to the physical environment, Life on Land, Animals, Humans, Animals, Wild, Chiroptera, SARS-CoV-2, Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus, COVID-19, Zoonoses, Phylogeny, Coronavirus, Sarbecovirus, Bat, Zoonotic, Myanmar, Microbiology, Medical Microbiology, Public Health and Health Services, Clinical sciences, Epidemiology, Public health
Abstract

BackgroundSarbecoviruses are a subgenus of Coronaviridae that mostly infect bats with known potential to infect humans (SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2). Populations in Southeast Asia, where these viruses are most likely to emerge, have been undersurveyed to date.MethodsWe surveyed communities engaged in extractive industries and bat guano harvesting from rural areas in Myanmar. Participants were screened for exposure to sarbecoviruses, and their interactions with wildlife were evaluated to determine the factors associated with exposure to sarbecoviruses.ResultsOf 693 people screened between July 2017 and February 2020, 12.1% were seropositive for sarbecoviruses. Individuals were significantly more likely to have been exposed to sarbecoviruses if their main livelihood involved working in extractive industries (logging, hunting, or harvesting of forest products; odds ratio [OR] = 2.71, P = 0.019) or had been hunting/slaughtering bats (OR = 6.09, P = 0.020). Exposure to a range of bat and pangolin sarbecoviruses was identified.ConclusionExposure to diverse sarbecoviruses among high-risk human communities provides epidemiologic and immunologic evidence that zoonotic spillover is occurring. These findings inform risk mitigation efforts needed to decrease disease transmission at the bat-human interface, as well as future surveillance efforts warranted to monitor isolated populations for viruses with pandemic potential.

Published
2023

2. Simian homologues of human herpesviruses and implications for novel viral introduction to free‐living mountain gorillas

Author

Evans, Tierra Smiley, Lowenstine, Linda J, Ssebide, Benard, Barry, Peter A, Kinani, Jean Felix, Nizeyimana, Fred, Noheli, Jean Bosco, Okello, Ricky, Mudakikwa, Antoine, Cranfield, Michael R, Mazet, Jonna AK, Johnson, Christine K, and Gilardi, Kirsten V

Subjects
Zoology, Biological Sciences, Sexually Transmitted Infections, Infectious Diseases, Cancer, 2.2 Factors relating to the physical environment, Infection, Life on Land, Humans, Animals, Gorilla gorilla, Epstein-Barr Virus Infections, Herpesvirus 4, Human, Rwanda, Uganda, conservation, cytomegalovirus, herpesvirus, HSV-1, lymphocryptovirus, mountain gorilla, reintroduction, rhadinovirus, Anthropology, Behavioral Science & Comparative Psychology
Abstract

The endangered mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) in Rwanda, Uganda, and the Democratic Republic of Congo is frequently in contact with humans through tourism, research activities, and illegal entry of people into protected gorilla habitat. Herpesviruses, which are ubiquitous in primates, have the potential to be shared in any setting where humans and gorillas share habitat. Based on serological findings and clinical observations of orofacial ulcerated lesions resembling herpetic lesions, an alpha-herpesvirus resembling human herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) has long been suspected to be present in human-habituated mountain gorillas in the wild. While the etiology of orofacial lesions in the wild has not been confirmed, HSV-1 has been suspected in captively-housed mountain gorillas and confirmed in a co-housed confiscated Grauer's gorilla (Gorilla beringei graueri). To better characterize herpesviruses infecting mountain gorillas and to determine the presence/absence of HSV-1 in the free-living population, we conducted a population-wide survey to test for the presence of orally shed herpesviruses. DNA was extracted from discarded chewed plants collected from 294 individuals from 26 groups, and samples were screened by polymerase chain reaction using pan-herpesvirus and HSV-1-specific assays. We found no evidence that human herpesviruses had infected free-ranging mountain gorillas. However, we found gorilla-specific homologs to human herpesviruses, including cytomegaloviruses (GbbCMV-1 and 2), a lymphocryptovirus (GbbLCV-1), and a new rhadinovirus (GbbRHV-1) with similar characteristics (i.e., timing of primary infection, shedding in multiple age groups, and potential modes of transmission) to their human counterparts, human cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, respectively.

Published
2023

3. Sylvatic Transmission of Chikungunya Virus among Nonhuman Primates in Myanmar - Volume 28, Number 12—December 2022 - Emerging Infectious Diseases journal - CDC

Author

Evans, Tierra Smiley, Aung, Ohnmar, Cords, Olivia, Coffey, Lark L, Wong, Talia, Weiss, Christopher M, Maw, Min Thein, Yee, JoAnn, Venkateswaran, Kodumudi, Venkateswaran, Neeraja, Nham, Peter, Van Rompay, Koen KA, Morris, Mary Kate, Oceguera, Leo, Werthimer, William, Hanson, Carl, Valitutto, Marc, Tun, Kyaw Yan Naing, Win, Ye Tun, Thein, Wai Zin, Murray, Susan, Thu, Hlaing Myat, and Johnson, Christine K

Subjects
Medical Microbiology, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Emerging Infectious Diseases, Biodefense, Vector-Borne Diseases, Infectious Diseases, Good Health and Well Being, Animals, Humans, Chikungunya virus, Myanmar, Arboviruses, Chikungunya Fever, Primates, Japanese encephalitis virus, Zika virus, chikungunya virus, communicable diseases, vector-borne infections, viruses, zoonoses, Clinical Sciences, Public Health and Health Services, Microbiology, Clinical sciences, Epidemiology, Health services and systems
Abstract

Nonhuman primates living in proximity to humans increase risks for sylvatic arbovirus transmission. We collected serum samples from nonhuman primates in Hlawga National Park near Yangon, Myanmar, and detected antibodies against chikungunya (33%) and Japanese encephalitis (4%) viruses. Buffer zones between primate and human communities might reduce cross-species arbovirus transmission.

Published
2022

4. Seroepidemiologic Survey of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in Logging Communities, Myanmar - Volume 27, Number 6—June 2021 - Emerging Infectious Diseases journal - CDC

Author

Evans, Tierra Smiley, Myat, Theingi Win, Hom, Nang Sarm, Ricks, Keersten Michelle, Maw, Min Thein, Oo, Zaw Min, Toe, Aung Than, Aung, Nyein Thu, Aung, Pyaephyo, Aung, Tin Htun, Kuehnert, Paul, Thant, Kyaw Zin, Win, Ye Tun, Thein, Wai Zin, Gardner, Nicole Rae, Schoepp, Randal Joseph, Johnson, Christine Kreuder, and Thu, Hlaing Myat

Subjects
Medical Microbiology, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Vector-Borne Diseases, Biodefense, Infectious Diseases, Emerging Infectious Diseases, Tickborne Diseases, Good Health and Well Being, Animals, Asia, Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Crimean-Congo, Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean, Myanmar, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, communicable diseases, occupational exposure, tickborne diseases, vector-borne infections, viruses, zoonoses, Clinical Sciences, Public Health and Health Services, Microbiology, Clinical sciences, Epidemiology, Health services and systems
Abstract

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is endemic in Asia, infecting many animal hosts, but CCHFV has not been reported in Myanmar. We conducted a seroepidemiologic survey of logging communities in Myanmar and found CCHFV exposure was common (9.8%) and exposure to wild animal blood and body fluids was associated with seropositivity.

Published
2021

5. The status of primates and primatology in Myanmar

Author

Thompson, Carolyn, Lwin, Ngwe, Aung, Pyae Phyo, Aung, Tin Htun, Htike, Thura Soe Min, San, Aye Mi, Thant, Naw May Lay, Roos, Christian, Fan, Peng-Fei, van Rompay, Koen, Grindley, Mark, Tin, Phyu Pyar, Wai, No No, Lwin, Htoo Htoo Aung, Gilardi, Kirsten V., Momberg, Frank, Cheyne, Susan M., and Evans, Tierra Smiley

Published
2023
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6. NONINVASIVE SAMPLING FOR DETECTION OF ELEPHANT ENDOTHELIOTROPIC HERPESVIRUS AND GENOMIC DNA IN ASIAN (ELEPHAS MAXIMUS) AND AFRICAN (LOXODONTA AFRICANA) ELEPHANTS

Author

Jeffrey, Alison, Evans, Tierra Smiley, Molter, Christine, Howard, Lauren L, Ling, Paul, Goldstein, Tracey, and Gilardi, Kirsten

Subjects
Veterinary Sciences, Agricultural, Veterinary and Food Sciences, Zoology, Biological Sciences, Infectious Diseases, Life on Land, Animal Feed, Animals, Animals, Zoo, Betaherpesvirinae, Blood Specimen Collection, Elephants, Feces, Female, Food Microbiology, Herpesviridae Infections, Ireland, Male, Specimen Handling, Elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus, elephant gamma herpesvirus-1, Elephas maximus, feces, Loxodonta africana, noninvasive, elephant γ herpesvirus-1, Veterinary sciences
Abstract

Elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus (EEHV) hemorrhagic disease (EEHV-HD) threatens Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) population sustainability in North America. Clusters of cases have also been reported in African elephants (Loxodonta africana). Risk to range country elephant populations is unknown. Currently, EEHV detection depends upon sampling elephants trained for invasive blood and trunk wash collection. To evaluate noninvasive sample collection options, paired invasively collected (blood, trunk wash and oral swabs), and noninvasively collected (chewed plant and fecal) samples were compared over 6 wk from 9 Asian elephants and 12 African elephants. EEHV shedding was detected simultaneously in a paired trunk wash and fecal sample from one African elephant. Elephant γ herpesvirus-1 shedding was identified in six chewed plant samples collected from four Asian elephants. Noninvasively collected samples can be used to detect elephant herpesvirus shedding. Longer sampling periods are needed to evaluate the clinical usefulness of noninvasive sampling for EEHV detection.

Published
2020

7. Global shifts in mammalian population trends reveal key predictors of virus spillover risk.

Author

Johnson, Christine K, Hitchens, Peta L, Pandit, Pranav S, Rushmore, Julie, Evans, Tierra Smiley, Young, Cristin CW, and Doyle, Megan M

Subjects
Animals, Animals, Wild, Mammals, Chiroptera, Humans, Viruses, Communicable Diseases, Emerging, Zoonoses, Ecosystem, Population Dynamics, Global Health, exploitation, habitat loss, spillover, threatened species, virus, zoonotic disease, Wild, Communicable Diseases, Emerging, Biological Sciences, Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Medical and Health Sciences
Abstract

Emerging infectious diseases in humans are frequently caused by pathogens originating from animal hosts, and zoonotic disease outbreaks present a major challenge to global health. To investigate drivers of virus spillover, we evaluated the number of viruses mammalian species have shared with humans. We discovered that the number of zoonotic viruses detected in mammalian species scales positively with global species abundance, suggesting that virus transmission risk has been highest from animal species that have increased in abundance and even expanded their range by adapting to human-dominated landscapes. Domesticated species, primates and bats were identified as having more zoonotic viruses than other species. Among threatened wildlife species, those with population reductions owing to exploitation and loss of habitat shared more viruses with humans. Exploitation of wildlife through hunting and trade facilitates close contact between wildlife and humans, and our findings provide further evidence that exploitation, as well as anthropogenic activities that have caused losses in wildlife habitat quality, have increased opportunities for animal-human interactions and facilitated zoonotic disease transmission. Our study provides new evidence for assessing spillover risk from mammalian species and highlights convergent processes whereby the causes of wildlife population declines have facilitated the transmission of animal viruses to humans.

Published
2020

9. Detection of viruses using discarded plants from wild mountain gorillas and golden monkeys

Author

Evans, Tierra Smiley, Gilardi, Kirsten VK, Barry, Peter A, Ssebide, Benard Jasper, Kinani, Jean Felix, Nizeyimana, Fred, Noheri, Jean Bosco, Byarugaba, Denis K, Mudakikwa, Antoine, Cranfield, Michael R, Mazet, Jonna AK, and Johnson, Christine K

Subjects
Genetics, Infectious Diseases, Infection, Life on Land, Animals, Epidemiological Monitoring, Feces, Gorilla gorilla, Haplorhini, Humans, Plants, Viruses, mountain gorilla, golden monkey, pathogen, non-invasive, sampling, Zoology, Anthropology, Behavioral Science & Comparative Psychology
Abstract

Infectious diseases pose one of the most significant threats to the survival of great apes in the wild. The critically endangered mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) is at high risk for contracting human pathogens because approximately 60% of the population is habituated to humans to support a thriving ecotourism program. Disease surveillance for human and non-human primate pathogens is important for population health and management of protected primate species. Here, we evaluate discarded plants from mountain gorillas and sympatric golden monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis kandti), as a novel biological sample to detect viruses that are shed orally. Discarded plant samples were tested for the presence of mammalian-specific genetic material and two ubiquitous DNA and RNA primate viruses, herpesviruses, and simian foamy virus. We collected discarded plant samples from 383 wild human-habituated mountain gorillas and from 18 habituated golden monkeys. Mammalian-specific genetic material was recovered from all plant species and portions of plant bitten or chewed by gorillas and golden monkeys. Gorilla herpesviral DNA was most consistently recovered from plants in which leafy portions were eaten by gorillas. Simian foamy virus nucleic acid was recovered from plants discarded by golden monkeys, indicating that it is also possible to detect RNA viruses from bitten or chewed plants. Our findings show that discarded plants are a useful non-invasive sampling method for detection of viruses that are shed orally in mountain gorillas, sympatric golden monkeys, and potentially other species. This method of collecting specimens from discarded plants is a new non-invasive sampling protocol that can be combined with collection of feces and urine to evaluate the most common routes of viral shedding in wild primates. Am. J. Primatol. 78:1222-1234, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Published
2016

10. Exposure to diverse sarbecoviruses indicates frequent zoonotic spillover in human communities interacting with wildlife

Author

Evans, Tierra Smiley, primary, Tan, Chee Wah, additional, Aung, Ohnmar, additional, Phyu, Sabai, additional, Lin, Htin, additional, Coffey, Lark L., additional, Toe, Aung Than, additional, Aung, Pyaephyo, additional, Aung, Tin Htun, additional, Aung, Nyein Thu, additional, Weiss, Christopher M., additional, Thant, Kyaw Zin, additional, Htun, Zaw Than, additional, Murray, Suzan, additional, Wang, Linfa, additional, Johnson, Christine Kreuder, additional, and Thu, Hlaing Myat, additional

Published
2023
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11. Sylvatic Transmission of Chikungunya Virus among Nonhuman Primates in Myanmar.

Author

Evans, Tierra Smiley, Evans, Tierra Smiley, Aung, Ohnmar, Cords, Olivia, Coffey, Lark L, Wong, Talia, Weiss, Christopher M, Maw, Min Thein, Yee, JoAnn, Venkateswaran, Kodumudi, Venkateswaran, Neeraja, Nham, Peter, Van Rompay, Koen KA, Morris, Mary Kate, Oceguera, Leo, Werthimer, William, Hanson, Carl, Valitutto, Marc, Tun, Kyaw Yan Naing, Win, Ye Tun, Thein, Wai Zin, Murray, Susan, Thu, Hlaing Myat, Johnson, Christine K, Evans, Tierra Smiley, Evans, Tierra Smiley, Aung, Ohnmar, Cords, Olivia, Coffey, Lark L, Wong, Talia, Weiss, Christopher M, Maw, Min Thein, Yee, JoAnn, Venkateswaran, Kodumudi, Venkateswaran, Neeraja, Nham, Peter, Van Rompay, Koen KA, Morris, Mary Kate, Oceguera, Leo, Werthimer, William, Hanson, Carl, Valitutto, Marc, Tun, Kyaw Yan Naing, Win, Ye Tun, Thein, Wai Zin, Murray, Susan, Thu, Hlaing Myat, and Johnson, Christine K

Abstract

Nonhuman primates living in proximity to humans increase risks for sylvatic arbovirus transmission. We collected serum samples from nonhuman primates in Hlawga National Park near Yangon, Myanmar, and detected antibodies against chikungunya (33%) and Japanese encephalitis (4%) viruses. Buffer zones between primate and human communities might reduce cross-species arbovirus transmission.

Published
2022

12. Seroepidemiologic Survey of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in Logging Communities, Myanmar.

Author

Evans, Tierra Smiley, Evans, Tierra Smiley, Myat, Theingi Win, Hom, Nang Sarm, Ricks, Keersten Michelle, Maw, Min Thein, Oo, Zaw Min, Toe, Aung Than, Aung, Nyein Thu, Aung, Pyaephyo, Aung, Tin Htun, Kuehnert, Paul, Thant, Kyaw Zin, Win, Ye Tun, Thein, Wai Zin, Gardner, Nicole Rae, Schoepp, Randal Joseph, Johnson, Christine Kreuder, Thu, Hlaing Myat, Evans, Tierra Smiley, Evans, Tierra Smiley, Myat, Theingi Win, Hom, Nang Sarm, Ricks, Keersten Michelle, Maw, Min Thein, Oo, Zaw Min, Toe, Aung Than, Aung, Nyein Thu, Aung, Pyaephyo, Aung, Tin Htun, Kuehnert, Paul, Thant, Kyaw Zin, Win, Ye Tun, Thein, Wai Zin, Gardner, Nicole Rae, Schoepp, Randal Joseph, Johnson, Christine Kreuder, and Thu, Hlaing Myat

Abstract

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is endemic in Asia, infecting many animal hosts, but CCHFV has not been reported in Myanmar. We conducted a seroepidemiologic survey of logging communities in Myanmar and found CCHFV exposure was common (9.8%) and exposure to wild animal blood and body fluids was associated with seropositivity.

Published
2021

13. Socializing One Health: an innovative strategy to investigate social and behavioral risks of emerging viral threats

Author

Saylors, Karen, Wolking, David J., Hagan, Emily, Martinez, Stephanie, Francisco, Leilani, Euren, Jason, Olson, Sarah H., Miller, Maureen, Fine, Amanda E., Thanh, Nga Nguyen Thi, Tran Minh, Phuc, Kalengkongan, Jusuf D., Kusumaningrum, Tina, Latinne, Alice, Pamungkas, Joko, Safari, Dodi, Saputro, Suryo, Bamba, Djeneba, Coulibaly, Kalpy Julien, Dosso, Mireille, Laudisoit, Anne, N'guettia Jean, Kouassi Manzan, Dutta, Shusmita, Islam, Ariful, Shano, Shahanaj, Mwanzalila, Mwokozi I., Trupin, Ian P., Gbakima, Aiah, Bangura, James, Yondah, Sylvester T., Karmacharya, Dibesh, Shrestha, Rima D., Kamta, Marcelle Annie Matsida, Mouiche, Mohamed Moctar Mouliom, Ndolo, Hilarion Moukala, Niama, Fabien Roch, Onikrotin, Dionne, Daszak, Peter, Johnson, Christine K., Mazet, Jonna A. K., Abaneh, Ola, Ababneh, Mustafa, Rafia, Jum, Sukor, Abd, Abdullah, Mohd Lufti, Abedin, Josefina, Abu-Basha, Ehab, Ali, Mohamed, Beal Akoundze, Junior, Akpaki, Joel, Al Hanandeh, Sief Addeen, Al Omari, Bilal, Al Shakil, Abdullah, Al-Zghoul, Mohammed, Albart, Stephenie Ann, Alshammari, Abdullah, Amarneh, Basil H., Ampofo, William, Andrew, Victoria, Ahn, Dao Le, Ankhanbaatar, Ulaankhuu, Anthony, Simon, Antonjaya, Ungke, Araya, Kidan, Arku, Jallah, Arshat, Norsharina, Asigbee, Theodore, Aung, Ohnmar, Awuni, Joseph, Ayukebong, James, Azian, Mohammed, Aziz, Nor Adilah, Ba, Aminata, Bassan, Ganzorig, Bagato, Ola, Bamba, Aboubacar, Bamba, Djenba, Barkhasbaatar, Ariunbaatar, Barrera, June, Basaraba, Cale, Bel-nono, Samuel, Belaganahalli, Manjunatha, Belay, Desalgen, Belkharia, Jaber, Binol, Ridzki M. F., Bird, Brian, Bista, Manisha, Biswas, Pitu, Blake, Matthew, Boatemaa, Linda, Bonason, Margret, Brandful, James, Brown, Joseph, Brownstein, John, Camara, Mamadi, Camara, Salif, Chai, Daniel, Chakraborty, Debapriyo, Chale, Hannah, Chaudhary, Ashok, Chea, Sokha, Chmura, Aleksei, Goossens, Benoit, Chow, Andrew, Churchill, Carolina, Commey, Abraham, Couacy-Hymann, Emmanuel, Coulibaly, Julien Kalpy, Cranfield, Michael, Damanik, Wirda, Damdinjav, Batchullum, Danial, Norhidayah, Dasak, Peter, David, Runie, Dawson, Patrick, Dembele, Arjouma, Deme, Awa, Desmond, James, Dewantari, Arghianditya Kresno, Dhanota, Jaseet, Dhole, Tapan, Diep, Nguyen Thi, Dionkounda, Artistide, Diop, Gaye Laye, Dodd, Kimberly, Dogby, Otilia, Dorjnyam, Tumendemberel, Dosso, Mireielle, Doumbouya, Kalil, Doumbouya, Mohamed Idriss, Doyle, Megan, Dramou, Simone, Drazenovich, Tracy, Duc Ahn, Dang, Duc Luu, Bach, Duendkae, Prateep, Duoc, Vu Trong, Duong, Tran Nhu, Duong, Veasna, Dursman, Huda, Dussart, Phillipe, Ee, Tan Jun, Ekiri, Abel, El Rifay, Amira S., El Shesheny, Rabel, El Taween, Ahmed N., Emmanuel, Zena Babu, Epstein, Jonathan H., Evans, Tierra Smiley, Fahmawi, Alaa, Fahn, Simeon, Feferholtz, Yasha, Ferdous, Jinnat, Fine, Amanda, Flora, Meerjady, Fransisco, Leilani, Fui Fui, Lem, Gabourie, Taylor, Gani, Millawati, Garbo, Michael, Gardner, Nicole, Gbamele, Marie, Ge, Xingyi, Gee, Lee Heng, Genovese, Brooke, Gibson, Alexandra, Gilardi, Kirsten, Gilbert, Martin, Gillis, Amethyst, Ginsos, Andrew, Godji Gnabro, Privat, Goldstein, Tracey, Gomaa, Moktar, Gomis, Jules, Gonzalez, Kevin, Grange, Zoe, Greig, Denise, Grodus, Michael, Gueu, Kpon Kakeuma Romeo, Gutierrez, Leticia, Haba, Dan Marcelin, Hamid, Suraya, Harris, Daniel K., Hashim, Abdul Kadir Abu, Hassan, Moushumi, Hassan, Quazar Nizamuddin, He, Qun, Hemachudha, Thiravat, Henry, Helen, Herbert, Ronald, Hijazeen, Zaidoun, Hilarion, Moukala Ndolo, Hill, Rebecca, Hoa, Nguyen Thi, Horwood, Paul, Hossain, Md. Enayet, Hossain, Saddam, Htun, Moh Moh, Hu, Ben, Hughes, Tom, Hul, Vibol, Van, Vo, Hussein, Fatima, Indola, Ghislain Dzeret, Iskandriati, Diah, Islam, Md. Tarikul, Islam, Shariful, Isnaim Ismail, Mohd, Ismail, Zuhair Bani, Iyanya, Jacques, Jaimin, Joel Judson, Jambai, Amara, Japning, Jeffrine Rovie Ryan, Japrin, Alexter, Jean Louis, Frantz, Joe, Titus, Johnson, Erica, Joly, Damien, Joshi, Jyotsna, Kalengkongan, Jusuf, Kalivogui, Douokoro, Kamara-Chieyoe, Nenneh, Kamau, Joseph, Kambale Syaluha, Eddy, Kandeil, Ahmed, Kane, Yogouba, Karesh, William, Kargo, Kandeh, Kasenda, Novie, Kayali, Ghazi, Kayed, Ahmed S., Kazwala, Rudovick, Ke, Changwen, Keates, Lucy, Kebede, Nigatu, Khamphaphongphane, Bouaphanh, Kheong, Chong Chee, Kilonzo, Christopher, Koffa, Ma-Sue, Kollie, Amos G., Kondiano, Marcel Sidik, Koropo, Michel, Kouamé Kouakou, Valere, Kouassi Koffi, Eugene, Kourouma, Mariam, Koutate, Abdoulaye Ousmane, Kowel, Citra Liv, Krou, Hermann Assemien, Kumakamba, Charles, Kutkat, Omnia, Lamah, François, Lan, Nguyen Thi, Lane, Jennifer, Lange, Christian, Larmouth, Emmanuel, Le Doux, Joseph Diffo, Leasure, Elizabeth, Leasure, Katherine, LeBreton, Mat, Lee, Jimmy, Lee, Helen, Lee, Mei Ho, Leno, Amara, Li, Hongying, Liang, Eliza, Liang, Neal, Lim, Dorothy, Lipkin, W. Ian, Liu, Jun, Lo, Modou Moustafa, Lojivis, Leonoris, Long, Nguyen Van, Lucas, Ashley, Lukusa, Jean Paul, Lungay, Victor, Lushima, Shongo, Lutwama, Julius, Ma, Wenjun, Machalaba, Catherine, Maganga, Grace, Magesa, Walter Simon, Mahmoud, Sara H., Makuwa, Maria, Makweta, Asha, Mamun, Abdullah Al, Manandhar, Prajwol, Maneeorn, Patarapol, Mann, Harjeet, Maomy, Bhele, Maptue, Victorine, Mathew, Alice, Mavoungou, Yanne Vanessa, Maw, Min Thein, Mazet, Jonna, Mbala, Placide, Mbuba, Emmanuel, Mbunwe, Eric, McIver, David, Mendelsohn, Emma, Miegakanda, Valchy Bel-Bebi, Minh, Phan Quang, Mkali, Happy, Moatasim, Yassmin, Mombouli, Jean Vivien, Monagin, Corina, Montecino-Latorre, Diego, Mossoun Mossoun, Arsene, Mostafa, Ahmed, Mouiche, Moctar, Mpassi, Romain Bagamboula, Msigwa, Alphonce, Mudakikwa, Antoine, Mugok, Laura Benedict, Mulembakani, Prime, Murray, Suzan, Musa, Fakhrul Hatta, Musabimana, Pacifique, Mutura, Samson, Mwamlima, Tunu, Mwanzanilla, Mwokozi, Myaing, Tin Tin, Myat, Theingi Win, Myo Chit, Aung, N’faly, Magassouba, N’Guettia, Manzan Jean, N’télo, Anatole, Nakimera, Sylivia, Nam, Vu Sinh, Napit, Rajindra, Nathan, Senthilvel K. S. 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Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Behavioral risk, medicine.medical_specialty, Behavioural sciences, Disease, Community integration, Basic Behavioral and Social Science, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Clinical Research, 2.3 Psychological, Behavioral and Social Science, Agency (sociology), medicine, 2.2 Factors relating to the physical environment, GE1-350, Aetiology, One health, Social science research, business.industry, Prevention, Research, Public health, PREDICT Consortium, Public relations, Focus group, Environmental sciences, Good Health and Well Being, 030104 developmental biology, One Health, Multi-disciplinary surveillance, social and economic factors, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270, Infection, Psychology, International development, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

In an effort to strengthen global capacity to prevent, detect, and control infectious diseases in animals and people, the United States Agency for International Development’s (USAID) Emerging Pandemic Threats (EPT) PREDICT project funded development of regional, national, and local One Health capacities for early disease detection, rapid response, disease control, and risk reduction. From the outset, the EPT approach was inclusive of social science research methods designed to understand the contexts and behaviors of communities living and working at human-animal-environment interfaces considered high-risk for virus emergence. Using qualitative and quantitative approaches, PREDICT behavioral research aimed to identify and assess a range of socio-cultural behaviors that could be influential in zoonotic disease emergence, amplification, and transmission. This broad approach to behavioral risk characterization enabled us to identify and characterize human activities that could be linked to the transmission dynamics of new and emerging viruses. This paper provides a discussion of implementation of a social science approach within a zoonotic surveillance framework. We conducted in-depth ethnographic interviews and focus groups to better understand the individual- and community-level knowledge, attitudes, and practices that potentially put participants at risk for zoonotic disease transmission from the animals they live and work with, across 6 interface domains. When we asked highly-exposed individuals (ie. bushmeat hunters, wildlife or guano farmers) about the risk they perceived in their occupational activities, most did not perceive it to be risky, whether because it was normalized by years (or generations) of doing such an activity, or due to lack of information about potential risks. Integrating the social sciences allows investigations of the specific human activities that are hypothesized to drive disease emergence, amplification, and transmission, in order to better substantiate behavioral disease drivers, along with the social dimensions of infection and transmission dynamics. Understanding these dynamics is critical to achieving health security--the protection from threats to health-- which requires investments in both collective and individual health security. Involving behavioral sciences into zoonotic disease surveillance allowed us to push toward fuller community integration and engagement and toward dialogue and implementation of recommendations for disease prevention and improved health security. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s42522-021-00036-9.

Published
2021
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16. Spillover and pandemic properties of zoonotic viruses with high host plasticity.

Author

Johnson, Christine Kreuder, Hitchens, Peta L., Evans, Tierra Smiley, Goldstein, Tracey, Thomas, Kate, Clements, Andrew, Joly, Damien O., Wolfe, Nathan D., Daszak, Peter, Karesh, William B., and Mazet, Jonna K.

Subjects
INFECTIOUS disease transmission, PATHOGENIC microorganisms, GENE amplification, VIRAL transmission, DISEASE vectors
Abstract

Most human infectious diseases, especially recently emerging pathogens, originate from animals, and ongoing disease transmission from animals to people presents a significant global health burden. Recognition of the epidemiologic circumstances involved in zoonotic spillover, amplification, and spread of diseases is essential for prioritizing surveillance and predicting future disease emergence risk. We examine the animal hosts and transmission mechanisms involved in spillover of zoonotic viruses to date, and discover that viruses with high host plasticity (i.e. taxonomically and ecologically diverse host range) were more likely to amplify viral spillover by secondary human-to-human transmission and have broader geographic spread. Viruses transmitted to humans during practices that facilitate mixing of diverse animal species had significantly higher host plasticity. Our findings suggest that animal-to-human spillover of new viruses that are capable of infecting diverse host species signal emerging disease events with higher pandemic potential in that these viruses are more likely to amplify by human-to-human transmission with spread on a global scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2015
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