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Early in the COVID-19 pandemic, the South Asian community in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) was identified as having risk factors for exposure and specific barriers to accessing testing and reliable health information, rendering them particularly vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 infection. We sought to investigate the burden of SARS-CoV-2 infection among South Asian people in the GTA, and to characterize the demographic characteristics, risk perceptions and trusted sources of health information in this group.We conducted a cross-sectional analysis from the baseline assessment of participants in a prospective cohort study. Participants from the GTA were enrolled from Apr. 14 to July 28, 2021. Seropositivity for antispike and antinucleocapsid antibodies was determined from dried blood spots, and estimates of seropositivity were age and sex standardized to the South Asian population in Ontario. Demographic characteristics, risk perceptions and sources of COVID-19 information were collected via questionnaire and reported descriptively.Among the 916 South Asian participants enrolled (mean age 41 yr), the age- and sex-standardized seropositivity was 23.6% (95% confidence interval 20.8%-26.4%). Of the 693 respondents to the questionnaire, 228 (32.9%) identified as essential workers, and 125 (19.1%) reported living in a multigenerational household. A total of 288 (49.4%) perceived that they were at high COVID-19 risk owing to their geographic location, and 149 (34.3%) owing to their type of employment. The top 3 most trusted sources of information related to COVID-19 included health care providers and public health, traditional media sources and social media.By the third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, about one-quarter of a sample of South Asian individuals in Ontario had serologic evidence of prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. Insight into factors that put certain populations at risk can help future pandemic planning and disease control efforts.

This study paper is trying to find out the difficulties in rhetorical translation and its implicit meaning. Translation of Quranic verses is seriously a difficult job because it includes the tacit relationship of meaning with the words and the structure of sentences. The translation is a scientific and civilized work through which nations rise and flourish and cultures and civilizations fertilize, so we find the nation is the foundation for itself, its civilization and its glory, for the development of the nation and benefit from the civilization of other nations resorting to translating its production in order to be inspired by the human heritage. With the above facts, the paper tries to study the translation of Surah al-Kwathar and find the lapses and shortcomings in the translation of this Surah in Urdu and English and the paper underlined the difficulties faced by the translator in understanding the quranic verses.

Objective: Postoperative complications are commonly observed during gynecologic and obstetric surgeries that could be controlled by timely management. The factors that involve in these complications could be related with patient or surgeon as well. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the frequency of immediately reported postoperative complications in gynecologic and obstetric surgeries in a tertiary care center. Methodology: A retrospective study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Hamdard hospital, Karachi. The duration of this study was 1 year from July 2018 – June 2019. A total of 200 adult female patients of 18 to 65 years having elective or emergency surgical procedure were included in the study. Data was analysed by using SPSS version-16. Mean standard deviation was calculated for age and hospitalization stay. Frequencies and percentages were calculated for presence of comorbidities such as obesity, anaemia and diabetes mellitus and postoperative complications. Results: The study results showed the mean age was reported 32.04±7.79 years and mean hospital stay was observed 3.38±1.08 days. Comorbidities revealed that 26(13.0%) were obese, 89(44.5%) were anemic and 6(3.0%) had diabetes. Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting was the most common complication observed in 110(55.0%) women followed by fever that was reported in 69(34.5%) cases. Three patients (1.5%) were found to have Paralytic lleus, 23(11.5%) reported abdominal distention, postoperative gastritis was reported in 15(7.5%) cases, bleeding per vagina observed in 7(3.5%) women. Wound dehiscence was found in 2(1.0%) cases and Wound Infection in 10(5.0%) women. Conclusion: The present study concluded that post-operative nausea and vomiting were observed in most of the patients followed by fever subsequent to gynecologic and obstetric surgeries. Additionally, the incidence of wound infection and wound dehiscence were observed low.

Objective: Preoperative anemia among women has been recognized as a risk factor for adverse postoperative complications following gynecologic and obstetric surgeries. Therefore, this retrospective analysis was conducted to assess the association of postoperative complications and comorbidities with anemia in women underwent gynecologic and obstetric surgeries. Methodology: A retrospective study was carried out in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Hamdard hospital, Karachi by using non-probability, purposive sampling technique. A total of 200 women were chosen for this study wherein 89 women were anemic and 111 were non-anemic. Duration of the study was one year from July 2018 – June 2019. Adult female patients of 18 to 65 years having elective or emergency surgical procedure were included. Chi square test was applied to evaluate the association between religion, socioeconomic status, comorbidities, and postoperative complications with anaemia. Results: The study results showed that the mean age of studied women was found 32.04±7.79 years and mean hospital stay was reported 3.38±1.08 days. Regarding Comorbidities, 89(100.0%) non diabetic were anemic while 6(5.4%) diabetic and 105(94.6%) non-diabetic were non-anemic with a significant association of diabetes with anemia (p=0.026). Regarding postoperative complications, significant association of fever was found with anemia (p

Islam looks at the animal world in a realistic way based on its importance in life and benefit to the human being, the Islamic tradition has always held animals in high esteem,” deserving the same level of consideration as humans. The Qur'an opines that “And there is no animal on the earth and no bird that flies with its two wings except for nations like you”. Therefore, we saw animal used in many areas of Islamic thought and legislation the greatest evidence for this is several surahs in the Qur’an, Allah used the titles for them names of the animal e.g. “Surah Al-Baqarah, Surah Al-Anam, Surah Al-Nahl, Surah An-Naml, Surah Al-Anqabut, Surah Al-Fil”. It honors the animal, indicating its position and determining its role in the human life. The Qur'an uses each word for its own connotation and its moral function. The paper has discussed role of animals in humans life, Did they use the apparent meaning referred to by the word or did they use elements that are not of the same type of linguistic units? Birds and animals mentioned in the Quran is an important subject which plays a major role in developing of Human thinking. These names mentioned in several verses for different purpose and action. The reason of mentioning them in Quran is a miracle of Allah. The paper presents the prevalent view of man's superiority over animals and suggests new ways of interpreting the Qur'an.

CRY2 is one of the four central proteins of the cell-autonomous molecular clock in mammals. Numerous missense SNPs have been reported in the cry2 gene which results in missense variants of CRY2. These were correlated with diverse metabolic diseases as well as autism spectrum disorders. Thus, we performed in silico analysis of the human CRY2 (hCRY2) protein, assessing the structural stability and interaction of the protein with the FBXL3 and PER2. Multiple computational tools were used in each phase of the analysis assuring the reliability of the data. The computational study suggests that among 436 missense variants of hCRY2, variants: L74P, L274P, L309P, F315V and Y485H were the most destabilizing missense mutants. These variants were found to alter hCRY2 structure and FAD binding pocket that likely affects the binding of its cofactor FAD and interfering the binding mode of other CRY activating compounds. Structural alterations also reduce the binding affinity to regulatory proteins FBXL3 and PER2, which may cause imbalance in the circadian period length in cells as well as develop multiple abnormalities. These five missense variants warrant detailed in vitro and in vivo investigations to solidify their roles in damaging the protein structure, stability, interaction with protein partners.

Love is a worldwide known phenomenon that affects many aspects of human life, including considering a romantic partner with whom to bond. Thus, developing a reliable and valid measure of love experiences is crucial. One of the most popular tools to test love levels is Sternberg's 45-item Triangular Love Scale (TLS-45), which measures three love components: Intimacy, Passion, and Commitment. However, our literature review reveals that the majority of studies (64%) use a broad variety of shortened versions of the TLS-45. To achieve scientific consensus and improve the reliability, comparability, and generalizability of results across studies, here, we develop a short version of the scale–the TLS-15–which contains 15 items with a 5-point rather than 9-point response scale. In Study 1 (N = 7,332), we re-analyzed secondary data from a large-scale multinational study that validated the original TLS-45 to establish whether the scale could be truncated. In Study 2 (N = 307), we provided evidence for the three-factor structure of the TLS-15 and its reliability. Study 3 (N = 413) confirmed convergent validity and test-retest stability of the TLS-15. Study 4 (N = 60,311) presented a large-scale validation across 37 linguistic versions of the TLS-15 on a cross-cultural sample spanning every continent of the globe. The overall results provided support for the reliability, validity, and cross-cultural invariance of the TLS-15, which could be used as a measure of love components–separately or jointly as a three-factor measure.

This retrospective cohort study of cancer decedents during 2004–2015 examined end-of-life cancer care quality indicators (QIs) in the provinces of British Columbia (BC), Ontario, and Nova Scotia (NS). These included: emergency department use, in-patient hospitalization, intensive care unit admissions, physician house calls, home care visits, and death experienced in hospital. Ontario saw the greatest 12-year decrease in in-hospital deaths from 52.8% to 41.1%. Hospitalization rates within 30 days of death decreased in Ontario, increased in NS, and remained the same in BC. Ontario’s usage of aggressive end-of-life measures changed very little, while BC increased their utilization rates. Supportive care use increased in both NS and Ontario. Those who were male or living in a lower income/smaller community (in Ontario) were associated with a decreased likelihood of receiving supportive care. Despite the shift in focus to providing hospice and home care services, approximately 50% of oncology patients are still dying in hospital and 11.7% of patients overall are subject to aggressive care measures that may be out of line with their desire for comfort care. Supportive care use is increasing, but providers must ensure that Canadians are connected to palliative services, as its utilization improves a wide variety of outcomes.

open access article The “Trust Building” initiative, launched in the United Kingdom in April 2016, aimed to dispel myths about Islam and build trust between Muslims and the wider community. This community-led initiative involved trained Trust Building “Ambassadors” delivering workshops at places of work and other community settings to talk about Islam and facilitate open dialogue. Previously, the project reported trust among participants had significantly improved, but the reasons for this were not explored. In this paper, we unpack how and why trust was being built. Providing a forum that permits open dialogue between Muslims and the wider community allowed opportunities for stories and experiences to be shared, enabling negative stereotypes to be uncovered and addressed, and for mutual values to be recognised. With negative media portrayal and rise in hate crime towards minorities, this research is a promising model that has important implications to address the trust deficit seen within our society.

IntroductionSouth Asians are more likely to develop gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) than white Europeans. Diet and lifestyle modifications may prevent GDM and reduce undesirable outcomes in both the mother and offspring. Our study seeks to evaluate the effectiveness and participant acceptability of a culturally tailored, personalised nutrition intervention on the glucose area under the curve (AUC) after a 2-hour 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in pregnant women of South Asian ancestry with GDM risk factors.Methods and analysisA total of 190 South Asian pregnant women with at least 2 of the following GDM risk factors—prepregnancy body mass index>23, age>29, poor-quality diet, family history of type 2 diabetes in a first-degree relative or GDM in a previous pregnancy will be enrolled during gestational weeks 12–18, and randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to: (1) usual care, plus weekly text messages to encourage walking and paper handouts or (2) a personalised nutrition plan developed and delivered by a culturally congruent dietitian and health coach; and FitBit to track steps. The intervention lasts 6–16 weeks, depending on week of recruitment. The primary outcome is the glucose AUC from a three-sample 75 g OGTT 24–28 weeks’ gestation. The secondary outcome is GDM diagnosis, based on Born-in-Bradford criteria (fasting glucose>5.2 mmol/L or 2 hours post load>7.2 mmol/L).Ethics and disseminationThe study has been approved by the Hamilton Integrated Research Ethics Board (HiREB #10942). Findings will be disseminated among academics and policy-makers through scientific publications along with community-orientated strategies.Trial registration numberNCT03607799.

This article aims to describe the impact of government policies on learning from home and the effects on student perspectives on learning Online learning. The method used is descriptive qualitative with observation instruments, online surveys, discussion group forums with the research subjects of students majoring in Arabic language education graduates of Islamic boarding schools in 2019 at UIN Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang, Indonesia. Research results are utilized on campus e-learning, which is integrated with SIAKAD and other applications such as WhatsApp and Zoom as well as Google Meet for teleconference facilities during student presentations and discussions. Islamic boarding school graduate students can take online lectures well. The student's perspective on online lectures after the learning from home policy is not suitable due to internet connection constraints and lectures using the assignment method only. Keywords: Learning from Home; online; digital learning; students perspective, higher education Abstrak Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan dampak kebijakan pemerintah pada pembelajaran dari rumah dan pengaruhnya terhadap perspektif mahasiswa dalam pembelajaran Online. Metode yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kualitatif dengan instrumen observasi, survei online, forum diskusi kelompok dengan subjek penelitian mahasiswa jurusan bahasa Arab lulusan pesantren tahun 2019 di UIN Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang, Indonesia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kampus memanfaatkan e-learning kampus yang terintegrasi dengan SIAKAD dan aplikasi lain seperti WhatsApp dan Zoom serta fasilitas Google Meet untuk telekonferensi untuk presentasi dan diskusi. Mahasiswa alumni pondok pesantren bisa mengikuti perkuliahan online dengan baik. Perspektif mahasiswa terhadap perkuliahan online setelah kebijakan belajar dari rumah kurang baik. Hal ini karena kendala koneksi internet dan perkuliahan hanya menggunakan metode tugas. Kata Kunci: Belajar dari rumah; online; pembelajaran digital; perspektif mahasiswa, pendidikan tinggi

Salinity has a significant negative impact on production of rice. To cope with the increased soil salinity due to climate change, we need to develop salt tolerant rice varieties that can maintain their high yield. Rice landraces indigenous to coastal Bangladesh can be a great resource to study the genetic basis of salt adaptation. In this study, we implemented a QTL analysis framework with a reciprocal mapping population developed from a salt tolerant landrace Horkuch and a high yielding rice variety IR29. Our aim was to detect genetic loci that contributes to the salt adaptive responses of the two different developmental stages of rice which are very sensitive to salinity stress. We identified 14 QTLs for 9 traits and found that most are unique to specific developmental stages. In addition, we detected a significant effect of the cytoplasmic genome on the QTL model for some traits such as leaf total potassium and filled grain weight. This underscores the importance of considering cytoplasm-nuclear interaction for breeding programs. Finally, we identified QTLs co-localization for multiple traits that highlights the possible constraint of multiple QTL selection for breeding programs due to different contributions of a donor allele for different traits.

Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) has been reported as a key enzyme not only for intracellular folate homeostasis but also for metabolism. A particular variant (G677A) leads to an altered amino acid, which ultimately causes decreased enzyme activity and may modulate the risk of causing several chronic diseases. The purpose of this study was to detect the pervasiveness of this variant MTHFR rs1801133 G677A in the Bangladeshi population. We applied allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (AS-PCR) to determine the genotypes at the rs1801133 in the Bangladeshi population. We performed targeted sequencing of the AS-PCR product of randomly selected samples. Out of the 181 Bangladeshi individuals, 71.8% had homozygous 677GG genotype, while 28.2% comprised of heterozygous 677GA genotype. No individual with the homozygous 677AA genotype was found in this representative Bangladeshi population. The 677G alleles had higher frequency (0.856) compared to 677A alleles (0.144) at the rs1801133 locus. Though the more risky homozygous 677AA genotype at the rs1801133 locus is absent in the Bangladeshi population, further association studies can be performed to identify the role of MTHFR mutation in the susceptibility to different multifactorial diseases.

Educational policies are being made in any country to support more rigorous educational programs as evidenced in history. In all policies and plans, some important foundations are considered as essential for the required level of learners. Being a Muslim nation, Pakistan has always thought of a strong base of Islam because it is a fundamental element in the preparation of any policy. This study aims to provide a review of each educational policy setting from 1947 to the 2009 instructive plan. The main findings of the study are that all of these plans have some good suggestions for providing information on Muslim qualities, but ironically, steps related to Islamic knowledge are taken for granted. Only 1978 policy has given stress on Islamic Education and the establishment of institutions like Maktab School etc. So in the light of the evaluation, it is suggested that strong preparations has to be made to give greater attention to Islamic knowledge for secondary level learners because multicultural development occurs at this stage and it is necessary for good student behavior.

An attempt was made to standardize the appropriate concentration of different growth regulators for successful in vitro growth of different explants (leaf, node and internode) of Aloe vera L. Results demonstrated best in vitro growth in leaf explants in MS medium supplemented with BAP (1.0 mg/l) and NAA (1.0 mg/l) at 26 ± 2ºC) with pH 5.70 using agar solidified medium and 16 hrs photoperiod.

PurposeThis study aims to test the Malthusian and Kremer theories by exploring the relationship between population and economic growth in a low middle-income economy of India.Design/methodology/approachThe autoregressive distributed lag approach is employed based on the nature of time-series data to achieve the study objectives. In this study, regressand is economic growth measured by real GDP, and the regressors are population growth rate, investment, life expectancy and inflation rate from 1980 to 2018.FindingsEmpirical results confirm the applicability of Kremer’s theory. In this theory, population growth has a significant and positive impact on economic growth in the short and long run. Moreover, investment and life expectancy variables have a positive and significant impact on economic growth, whereas inflation rate has a negative association with economic growth. Empirical results support the population-growth-driven economic growth hypothesis, which indicates that population growth stimulates economic growth and development.Practical implicationsEmpirical findings in this study provide guides for management authorities in formulating the right and relatable policies on population growth whilst promoting economic growth and social welfare.Originality/valueAchieving a desirable level of economic growth is the prime objective of every country. The role of the population in the process of economic growth and development cannot be overlooked. Malthus' and Kremer's views are opposite. Extant literature exhibits that scant research has been carried out on this significant topic in developing countries. Therefore, empirically investigating the effect of population on the growth performance of India as a developing country is necessary and will significantly contribute to the literature.Peer reviewThe peer review history for this article is available at:https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/IJSE-08-2019-0496

A series of novel cyanopyrimidine-hydrazone hybrids were synthesized and characterized with various spectroscopic techniques. The synthesized compounds were tested at NCI, USA, on a 60-cell line panel and most of the compounds showed remarkable cytotoxic activity against different cancer cell lines. Compound 5a was found to be the most potent compound of the series and it was further selected for five dose assays wherein it exhibited GI

People across the world and throughout history have gone to great lengths to enhance their physical appearance. Evolutionary psychologists and ethologists have largely attempted to explain this phenomenon via mating preferences and strategies. Here, we test one of the most popular evolutionary hypotheses for beauty-enhancing behaviors, drawn from mating market and parasite stress perspectives, in a large cross-cultural sample. We also test hypotheses drawn from other influential and non-mutually exclusive theoretical frameworks, from biosocial role theory to a cultural media perspective. Survey data from 93,158 human participants across 93 countries provide evidence that behaviors such as applying makeup or using other cosmetics, hair grooming, clothing style, caring for body hygiene, and exercising or following a specific diet for the specific purpose of improving ones physical attractiveness, are universal. Indeed, 99% of participants reported spending >10 min a day performing beauty-enhancing behaviors. The results largely support evolutionary hypotheses: more time was spent enhancing beauty by women (almost 4 h a day, on average) than by men (3.6 h a day), by the youngest participants (and contrary to predictions, also the oldest), by those with a relatively more severe history of infectious diseases, and by participants currently dating compared to those in established relationships. The strongest predictor of attractiveness-enhancing behaviors was social media usage. Other predictors, in order of effect size, included adhering to traditional gender roles, residing in countries with less gender equality, considering oneself as highly attractive or, conversely, highly unattractive, TV watching time, higher socioeconomic status, right-wing political beliefs, a lower level of education, and personal individualistic attitudes. This study provides novel insight into universal beauty-enhancing behaviors by unifying evolutionary theory with several other complementary perspectives., National Science Center, Poland [2019/33/N/HS6/00054]; Basic Research Program at the National Research University Higher School of Economics (HSE University); Basic Research Program at HSE University, RF; FCT [UID/PSI/03125/2021, SFRH/BD/126304/2016]; UTAR Research Centre Excellence Award; Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman [2019 -CAP (6401/0019)], This work is the result of the research project funded by the National Science Center, Poland (2019/33/N/HS6/00054). Dmitry Grigoryev was supported by the Basic Research Program at the National Research University Higher School of Economics (HSE University).; Dmitrii Dubrov was supported by the Basic Research Program at HSE University, RF.; Patricia Arriaga was supported by the FCT through funds from the research center UID/PSI/03125/2021. Anabela C. Santos was supported by the FCT through funds from a PhD grant SFRH/BD/126304/2016. Kavitha Nalla Muthu and Chee-Seng Tan were supported by the UTAR Research Centre Excellence Award 2019 -CAP (6401/0019) from the Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman.

AIMS To determine whether HbA1c mismatches (HbA1c levels that are higher or lower than expected for the average glucose levels in different individuals) could lead to errors if diagnostic classification is based only on HbA1c levels. METHODS In a cross-sectional study, 3106 participants without known diabetes underwent a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (fasting glucose and 2-h glucose) and a 50-g glucose challenge test (1-h glucose) on separate days. They were classified by oral glucose tolerance test results as having: normal glucose metabolism; prediabetes; or diabetes. Predicted HbA1c was determined from the linear regression modelling the relationship between observed HbA1c and average glucose (mean of fasting glucose and 2-h glucose from the oral glucose tolerance test, and 1-h glucose from the glucose challenge test) within oral glucose tolerance test groups. The haemoglobin glycation index was calculated as [observed - predicted HbA1c ], and divided into low, intermediate and high haemoglobin glycation index mismatch tertiles. RESULTS Those participants with higher mismatches were more likely to be black, to be men, to be older, and to have higher BMI (all P

Highlights • BMI is used to characterize nutritional status but may not accurately depict body composition in CF. • DXA and bioelectrical impedance are the most commonly used methods for assessing BC. • Lower fat-free mass associates with worse pulmonary function and greater CF disease severity. • Fat-free mass associates with greater bone mineral density in individuals with CF., Because nutritional status is intimately linked with pulmonary function and survival, nutrition has been at the mainstay of cystic fibrosis (CF) care. Body Mass Index (BMI) is traditionally used to define nutritional status because of the ease with which it can be calculated, but it has a number of limitations including its inability to differentiate fat mass (FM) from lean body mass (LBM), the latter thought to confer health advantage. A number of tools are available to quantify body composition including dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), bioelectrical impedance, MRI, CT, air displacement plethysmography, and stable isotopes, and these have been used to varying degrees in studies of CF. In CF, LBM tends to be lower for a given BMI, particularly at lower BMI. In adults, lower fat-free mass (FFM) correlates with greater CF disease severity, lower pulmonary function and higher inflammatory markers. FFM is also positively associated with greater bone mineral density, while greater FM is associated with greater loss of lumbar spine bone mineral density over 2 years. In youth, LBM is positively associated with pulmonary function. The predictive value of body composition for functional and clinical outcomes and the role of improving LBM on these outcomes remain undefined. With improvements in BMI accompanying highly-effective modulator therapy, closer evaluations of body composition may inform risk for more traditional, non-CF adult outcomes in CF.

ObjectivesWe aim to determine what threshold of compressive stress small bowel and colon tissues display evidence of significant tissue trauma during laparoscopic surgery.DesignThis study included 10 small bowel and 10 colon samples from patients undergoing routine gastrointestinal surgery. Each sample was compressed with pressures ranging from 100 kPa to 600 kPa. Two pathologists who were blinded to all study conditions, performed a histological analysis of the tissues. Experimentation: November 2018–February 2019. Analysis: March 2019–May 2020.SettingAn inner-city trauma and ambulatory hospital with a 40-bed inpatient general surgery unit with a diverse patient population.ParticipantsPatients were eligible if their surgery procured healthy tissue margins for experimentation (a convenience sample). 26 patient samples were procured; 6 samples were unusable. 10 colon and 10 small bowel samples were tested for a total of 120 experimental cases. No patients withdrew their consent.InterventionsA novel device was created to induce compressive “grasps” to simulate those of a laparoscopic grasper. Experimentation was performed ex-vivo, in-vitro. Grasp conditions of 0–600 kPa for a duration of 10 s were used.ResultsSmall bowel (10), M:F was 7:3, average age was 54.3 years. Colon (10), M:F was 1:1, average age was 65.2 years. All 20 patients experienced a significant difference (pConclusionsA threshold was discovered that corresponded to both significant serosal thickness change and a positive histological trauma score rating. This “force limit” could be used in novel sensorized laparoscopic tools to avoid intraoperative tissue injury.

The article discusses modern media used during teaching Arabic to non-native speakers, especially e-learning which has become required in the new world, especially in the spread of infectious diseases. This situation urges the teaching system to switch to E-learning, which helps in studies, particularly during the lockdown period in the pandemic. It benefits the teaching by modern technologies and media in transmitting the language to learners. Learning Arabic has increased in recent times, and learners as a modern generation are using modern technologies to learn. This research on E-teaching of Arabic to non-native speakers in a pandemic is urgent, especially in the pandemic era. It must use media in teaching, especially in teaching Arabic. With the emergence of the Corona pandemic that has spread throughout the world, the demand raises high. The results were as following: use of media in education makes teaching more effective and integrated, give effective results, raises the competence of the teacher and the recipient of the language, increases attention and excitement among students, and develops the ability to teach with communication, and the media facilitate the education process even in the spread of diseases and does not interrupt the chain of education between the learner and the teacher. We arrived with results that the necessity of acquaintance with modern methods and technical means and using them will give fruitful results.

Previous literature has examined the direct relationship between the concept of corporate social responsibility & organizational citizenship behavior. Present study is investigating the mediated link between CSR & OCB through organizational justice & organizational identification. Theory of Social exchange & social identity are supporting our study by providing foundations for interpretation that organizational social responsible behavior can influence OCB of employees through justice and their identification perception. Tests applied to the randomly selected data of 212 employees from different organizations of Pakistan. Our findings show fully mediated relationship between CSR & OCB through organizational justice and organizational identification. CSR towards employees has a strong relationship with OCB. The findings in this study will help in enhancing role of CSR for employees OCB

The purpose of the study was to investigate the motivation of secondary school teachers in District Mardan. The sample of 100 teachers from 20 secondary schools of boys and girls in District Mardan were randomly selected for this study. For data collection self-developed, a questionnaire was administered. The questionnaire was consist of thirty-nine items. Items were covered seven constructs of teachers motivation. The findings of the study showed that the motivational level of the teachers was positive. Gender wise differences were found. The study should provide to maintain teachers motivation where the teachers motivation is lacking.