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The purpose of this study was to examine various lipid classes as well as the protein content in rainbow trout ovaries. A total of 80 samples of Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum 1792) were collected from Kokernag and Verinag hatcheries (Jammu and Kashmir, India) between 2017 and 2019. The mature stage in female fish had the highest gonadosomatic index (GSI) and minimal GSI in the spent stage. Higher lipid content of the ovary was reported during the mature stage (36%), as compared to other pre-breeding stages. Similarly, lipid classes also showed fluctuation during the development of the ovary. The lipid classes, i.e. glycolipids, free fatty acids, cholesterol and triglycerides, had a higher content in the mature stage, while the phospholipid content was higher in the mature stage. The protein content was also higher in the mature ovary than in the other developmental stages. The study provides reference values for various biochemical parameters in rainbow trout that could be useful for population monitoring programs and for the development of diets and management methods for fish production under controlled conditions.

Today, the distribution and consumption of canned products have become widespread due to the convenience of using processed fish products. This study aims to evaluate elements of toxicological concern and essential elements (Cd, Al, Cu, Cr, Mn, Fe, Pb, Ni, and Zn), the fatty acid composition, and the fat-soluble vitamin and antioxidant pigment contents of various canned fish products purchased on the Bulgarian market. The estimated weekly intake and human health benefit–risk ratio based on metal elements and n-3 LC-PUFA contents in canned fish products were assessed. The contents of the analyzed elements in the canned samples were found to be below the limits set by various health organizations. Al was detected in only one sample. The profile of fatty acids showed that the canned fish had high PUFA/SFA ratios, EPA + DHA contents and low SFA, AI and TI values. The analyzed canned fish contained significant contents of fat-soluble vitamins. The Atlantic bonito in a jar sample was characterized by a high percentage of vitamin A (26.7% RDI) and vitamin D3 (142% RDI) per 100 g portion. The calculated EWI value shows that the consumption of canned fish products did not present any risk. The benefit–risk ratio indicates that the canned fish species are safe for human consumption, except for one sample regarding Cr. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the dynamic changes of serum lipid and lipoprotein profiles in 6 newborn calves during the first five days of life. From each calve blood sampling was performed daily starting from day 1 (after colostrum intake) until day 5 of life. Blood samples collected from each animal were tested for serum total lipids, phospholipids, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs), triglycerides, very low density lipoproteins (VLDLs), total cholesterol (Total-Chol), high density lipoproteins (HDLs) and low density lipoproteins (LDLs). One-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to determine the effect of days of life on the studied parameters in calves. A statistically significant effect of days of life was found on all serum lipid and lipoprotein indices measured in calves with the exception of NEFAs that showed unchanged values throughout the monitoring period. The changes observed in calves during the early postnatal period are most likely due to the transition in energy sources, from a maternal nutrient supply comprising mainly carbohydrates and amino acids to the colostrum and milk diet rich in fat.

Seafood products are a crucial dietary source of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA), which are essential for human health. However, the presence of these n-3 PUFA may be subject to changes related to different processing methods. The aim of this study was to determine the fatty acid composition, focusing on n-3 PUFA, in different processed fish and shellfish products of both EU and non-EU origin. The products were purchased from supermarkets and ethnic food shops in Messina (Italy). Gas chromatography with a flame-ionization detector (GC-FID) was used for analysis. Based on the fatty acid profile, the atherogenicity index (AI), thrombogenicity index (TI), and flesh lipid quality index (FLQ) were determined: 0.13–1.04 (AI), 0.19–0.89 (TI), and 0.41–29.90 (FLQ). The percentages of saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA), and polyunsaturated (PUFA) fatty acids fell within the following ranges: 13.55–50.48%, 18.91–65.58%, and 13.84–52.73%, respectively. Considering that all samples showed low AI and TI indices and that all processed fish products proved to be a good source of beneficial PUFAs, especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), their consumption is recommended for humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine the antioxidant activity of Borago officinalis essential oil in the thermal oxidation of fish oil. The volatile compound profile of B. officinalis essential oil (BEO) was determined using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. As a result of the analysis, 97.27 percent of the volatile components of the product were characterized. The product's major components were benzene acetaldehyde (28.59 percent) and linalool (13.60 percent). As a result of the free radical scavenging activity determined using 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) analysis, its antioxidant activity was determined, and a 50 percent inhibitory concentration value was calculated as 736.06 ppm. In order to determine the protective effect of the BEO on fish oil oxidation, 0% (BEO0), 0.1% (BEO0.1), 0.5% (BEO0.5), 1% (BEO1), and 3% (BEO3) ratios of BEO were added to the fish oil, and the experimental groups were kept at 70 °C for 24 h with continuous ventilation for the thermal oxidation process. As a result of the oxidation study, it was determined that the addition of BEO suppressed fish oil oxidation, and the oxidation radicals in the product decreased significantly (p < 0.05) depending on the BEO concentration. In conclusion, it was determined that 1 percent BEO supplementation minimized the oxidation of fish oil under various temperature and ventilation conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the change of white blood cell count, serum concentration of cortisol, C-reactive protein, albumin and globulin fractions in horse after road transport, and to assess the linkage among hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA) and inflammatory reaction. From 10 horses blood samples were collected at rest, before road transport (218 km) (BT); after unloaded (AT), 30 and 60 min after unloaded (AT30 and AT60) in order to assess white blood cell count (WBC), serum cortisol, C-reactive protein (CRP), total proteins, albumin, α1-, α-2, β1-, β2- and γ-globulins. WBC, cortisol, CRP, α1-, α-2 and β2-globulins values increased after road transport than rest condition (p < 0.001). Albumin and A/G ratio showed lower values after road transport than rest (p < 0.001). Pearson's test showed a negative correlation between cortisol and the values of WBC, CRP, α1-, α2-, β1-, β2- globulins, and a positive correlation between WBC and serum concentration of CRP, α1- and α2-, β1-, β2-globulins at AT and AT30. The results showed that road transport evokes an inflammatory like-status in horses. Moreover, the activation of HPA and the onset of acute phase reaction in response to road transport seem to be interconnected with effects on horse's immune status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Circadian rhythms promote mammals' temporal organization as an evolutionary mechanism of adaptation. It is well-known that the physiological status and well-being of domestic animals may be influenced by endogenous and exogenous parameters. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the circadian rhythm of the blood cell count and leukocyte subpopulations in horses maintained in different housing conditions during the four seasons. All hematological parameters and leukocyte cells showed a different trend influenced by housing conditions and seasons. All hematological parameters showed a daily rhythmicity during spring in horses housed in a loose box and paddock. Lymphocytes and neutrophils showed a daily rhythm in horses housed in loose boxes during spring and summer and in paddocks during winter. The aim of our study was to analyze circadian rhythm of the hematological profile of horses housed in a loose box and paddock during the different seasons (spring, summer, autumn, and winter). Blood samples were performed every 4 h for 48 consecutive hours. Red blood cells (RBCs), hemoglobin (HGB), hematocrit (HCT), white blood cells (WBCs), platelets (PLTs), and leukocyte subpopulations (neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes) were analyzed, and, at the same time, environmental conditions were recorded. A statistically significant effect of housing conditions (p < 0.0001) was observed on all hematological values except for WBC during winter and for neutrophils (p < 0.0001) during spring and autumn. A statistically significant effect of season (p < 0.0001) was found for RBC, HCT, and PLT and for all leukocyte cells (p < 0.0001) except for basophils. The single Cosinor method revealed a daily rhythm of hematological parameters during spring in both groups, and a daily rhythm for lymphocytes and neutrophils was observed during spring and summer in horses kept in a loose box and during winter in horses housed in a paddock. Our results revealed that the response of the immune system is regulated by circadian physiology. Knowledge of the periodic temporal structure of mammals should be considered when evaluating animals' adaptation to temporizations imposed by the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the role of planktonic organisms in the fishery value of the Caspian Sea and in addition to the increase in the plankton population in the Caspian Sea, there are few detailed studies regarding the determination of the planktonic organisms in the Caspian Sea. In the present investigation, we aimed to study the cell abundance and diversity of the phyto- and zooplankton in the eastern part of the Middle Caspian Sea in the spring of 2016. The composition of phytoplankton consisted of 50 species belonging to 4 systematic groups which were registered in the eastern part of the Middle Caspian: Cyanophyta (7), Bacillariophyta (24), Dinoflagellata (13), and Chlorophyta (6). Zooplankton were represented by 9 taxa: Cladocera—6, Copepod—1, and other groups—2. The most important phytoplankton species were Rhizosolenia calcar-avis, Anabaena bergii, Exuviaella cordata, and Binuclearia lauterbornii. The 0–50 m layer in the eastern Middle Caspian was the most productive, where the biomass varied from 98 mg/m3 to 109 mg/m3, consisting largely of diatoms. The cladoceran Evadne anonyx typica, the copepod Acartia tonsa, and the larvae of barnacle crustaceans (Cirripedia) were widely distributed in this layer. Zooplankton abundance decreased markedly with the depth. The maximum zooplankton concentrations were confined to depths down to 200 m. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]